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Christianity in Lebanon

Flag of Lebanon, thecedar of Lebanon is a historical Lebanese Christian symbol
Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon
Total population
2,234,300 (41%) (2024)[1][2]
Religions
Maronite Church Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch Melkite Greek Catholic Church Armenian Apostolic Church (SeeReligion in Lebanon)

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Christianity has a long and continuous history inLebanon.Biblical scriptures show thatPeter andPaul evangelized thePhoenicians, leading to the dawn of the ancientPatriarchate of Antioch. As such, Christianity in Lebanon is as old as the Christian faith itself. Christianity spread slowly in Lebanon due topagans who resisted conversion, but it ultimately spread throughout the country. Even after centuries ofliving under Muslim Empires, Christianity remains the dominant faith of theMount Lebanon region and has substantial communities elsewhere.

TheMaroniteCatholics and theDruze founded modern Lebanon in the nineteenth century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in theMount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.^[3] Lebanon has the second highest proportion of Christians of anyMiddle Eastern country (afterCyprus),^[4] estimated to be between 37% and 43%; Egypt and Syria are next, at roughly 10%. Lebanese Christians constitute the majority of theLebanese diaspora worldwide.

Before the Christian faith reached the territory of Lebanon,Jesus had traveled to its southern parts nearTyre where the scripture tells that he cured a possessed Canaanite child.^{[nb 1][5][6]}Christianity inLebanon is as old asgentile Christian faith itself. Early reports relate the possibility thatSaint Peter himself was the one whoevangelized thePhoenicians whom he affiliated to the ancientPatriarchate of Antioch.^[7] Paul also preached in Lebanon, having lingered with the early Christians inTyre andSidon.^[8] Even though Christianity was introduced to Lebanon after the first century AD, its spread was very slow, particularly in the mountainous areas wherepaganism was still unyielding.^[9]

The earliest indisputable tradition of Christianity in Lebanon can be traced back toSaint Maron in the 4th century AD, being of Greek/Eastern/Antiochian Orthodox origin and the founder of national and ecclesiastical Maronitism. Saint Maron adopted an ascetic and reclusive life on the banks of the Orontes river in the vicinity ofHoms–Syria and founded a community of monks which began to preach the gospel in the surrounding areas.^[7] By faith, liturgy, rite, religious books and heritage, theMaronites were ofEastern origin.^[9] The Saint Maron Monastery was too close to Antioch to grant the monks their freedom and autonomy, which promptedSaint John Maron, the first Maronite patriarch-elect, to lead his monks into theLebanese mountains to escape emperorJustinian II's persecution, finally settling in theQadisha valley.^[7] Nevertheless, the influence of the Maronite establishment spread throughout the Lebanese mountains and became a considerablefeudal force. The existence of the Maronites was largely ignored by the western world until theCrusades.^[7] In the 16th century, theMaronite Church adopted the catechism of theCatholic Church and reaffirmed its relationship with it.^[9] Moreover, Rome dispatchedFranciscan,Dominican and laterJesuitmissionaries to Lebanon toLatinise the Maronites.^[7]

The relationship between theDruze andChristians has been characterized byharmony and peacefulcoexistence,^{[10][11][12][13]} with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including1860 Mount Lebanon civil war.^[14][15]

Due to their turbulent history, the Maronites formed a secluded identity in the mountains and valleys of Lebanon, led by the Maronite patriarch who voiced his opinion on contemporary issues. They identify themselves as a unique community whose religion and culture is distinct from the predominantlyMuslimArab world.^[9] The Maronites played a major part in the definition of and the creation of the state of Lebanon. The modern state of Greater Lebanon was established byFrance in 1920 after the instigation of ambitious Maronite leaders headed by patriarchElias Peter Hoayek, who presided over delegations to France followingWorld War I and requested the re-establishment of the entity of the Principality of Lebanon (1515AD–1840AD). With the creation of the state of Lebanon, Arabism was overcome byLebanism, which emphasizes Lebanon's Mediterranean and Phoenician heritage. In theNational Pact, an unwritten gentleman's agreement between theMaronite PresidentBshara el-Khoury andSunni prime ministerRiad as-Solh, the seats of presidency were distributed between the main Lebanese religious denominations. According to the pact, the President of theLebanese republic shall always be a Maronite. Furthermore, the pact also states that Lebanon is a state with an "Arab face" (not an Arab identity).^[16]

In 2014, according to *وقائع إنتخابية عن لبنان، حسب لوائح الناخبين الرسمية الصادرة عن وزارة الداخلية اللبنانية لسنة ٢٠١٤*,^[19] Christians made up 36.66% of registered voters aged 21 and above: 19.97% Maronites, 7.69% Orthodox, 5.01% Melkites and 4.22% other Christian minorities.In 2022,^[20] based on the registered voters aged 21+ for the elections, Christian represented 37.46%: 19.94% Maronites, 7.82% Orthodox, 5.26% Melkite and 4.75% other Christian minorities.The overall proportions remained very stable between 2014 and 2022, with only slight increases in all groups.

Year	Christians
	Total		Maronites		Orthodox		Melkites		Other Christians
2014[23]	1 299 175		701 920		270 180		167 736		159 348
2022[24]	1 510 305		797 174		312 725		210 541		189 872
Growth	+211 130		+95 254		+42 545		+42 805		+30 526
% growth	13.97%		11.95%		13.60%		20.33%		16.01%

Note that the following percentages are estimates only. As the last Lebanese census was conducted in 1932, it is difficult to have precise population estimates.

Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians of any country in the Middle East, but exact size of this population has been disputed for many years. One estimate of the Christian share of Lebanon's population, as of 2012, was 40.5%.^[35] And more recently, in 2018 the CIA World Factbook estimated that Christians constituted 33.7%^[36] of Lebanon's population.^[37][36]

Half of the Lebanese Christians, around a million, dwell in districts where they constitute the majority (75-95%): Matn (governorate of Mount Lebanon), Byblos and Kesrwan (governorate of Keserwan-Jbeil), Batroun, Bsharri, Koura and Zgharta (in the North governorate). These districts form a strip with Beirut in the South, Tripoli in the North, the Mediterranean sea in the West, and the Mount Lebanon range in the East. The district of Jezzine forms a pocket with a Christian majority in the South governorate. Christians constitute important minorities in the districts of Baadba, Aley and Chouf (Mount Lebanon governorate), Zahle (Beqaa), and Beirut.

TheMaronite Church, anEastern Catholic church infull communion with theCatholic Church, is the largest and politically most active and influential denomination of Lebanon's Christians. The Catholic Church also includes other Eastern Catholic churches, such as theMelkite Catholic Church. TheGreek Orthodox Church forms the second-largest proportion of Lebanese Christians. TheArmenian Apostolic Church also forms a large portion of the Christian population in Lebanon.

The othersix smaller Christian sects are considered ethnicAssyrians (Syriac Orthodox,Syriac Catholics,Assyrian Church of the East andChaldean Catholics).

In theLebanese Parliament, Christians hold 64 seats in tandem with 64 seats forLebanese Muslims. TheMaronites are allotted 34 seats, theEastern Orthodox 14,Melkites eight, theArmenians Apostolics five,Catholic Armenians one,Protestants one, and otherChristian minority groups, one.

The head of theMaronite Church is the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, who is elected by the bishops of the Maronite church and now resides inBkerké, north of Beirut (but in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months).^[38] The current Patriarch (from 2011) is MarBechara Boutros al-Rahi.^[39] When a new patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastic communion from the Pope, thus maintaining communion within the Catholic Church. Patriarchs may also be accorded the status of cardinals, in the rank of cardinal-bishops.^[39]

The Seat of theMaronite Catholic Church is in Bkerké.^[39]Monasteries in Lebanon are run by both the Maronite and Orthodox churches. The Holy Monastery of Saint George inDeir El Harf and Saint John the Baptist Monastery inDouma both date back to the 5th century. TheBalamand Monastery inTripoli is a very prominent Orthodox monastery that has aseminary and a university associated with it.^[40]

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As of May 2022, theLebanese Forces is the biggest Christian political party in Lebanon.^[41]

Under the terms of an agreement known as theNational Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, thepresident of the country must be aMaronite, thePrime Minister must be aSunni, and theSpeaker of Parliament must be aShiite.

TheTaif Agreement helped establish a power-sharing system between the Christian and Muslim Lebanese political parties.^[42] The political and economic situation in Lebanon had improved greatly. Lebanon had rebuilt its infrastructure. Historical and contemporary conflicts between Hezbollah and Israel have threatened to deteriorate Lebanon's political and economic situation, with growing tension between the 8 March and 14 March alliances and threatening Lebanon with renewed strife. The Christian community is currently divided, with some aligned with theKataeb party,Michel Aoun'sFree Patriotic Movement, theEl Marada Party headed bySuleiman Frangieh, Jr., theLebanese Forces Movement Samir Geagea, and others within the collection of various 14 March Christian leaders. Although the Taif agreement was widely considered by Christians to degrade their role in Lebanon, by removing much of thePresident's role (which is allocated to theMaronites), and bolstering the roles of thePrime Minister (aSunni) and theSpeaker of Parliament (Shia), the Lebanese President nevertheless still wields considerable power.^{[citation needed]} The constitutional remit of the president includes the role of Commander in Chief of the armed forces, as well as the sole ability to form and dissolve governments. Many Lebanese leaders, as well as global powers, continue to lobby to roll back features of the Taif Agreement that eroded the constitutional powers of the president of the republic.^{[citation needed]} The role of president of the Lebanese Central bank is also a position reserved for Lebanese Christians.^[43] This is due to the historical and contemporary influence of Lebanese Christians among the key bankers of the Middle East region.

Although Lebanon is asecular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages conducted in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

Non-religion is not recognized by the state. But theMinister of the InteriorZiad Baroud made it possible in 2009 to have religious affiliation removed from theLebanese identity card. This does not, however, deny the religious authorities' complete control over civil family issues inside the country.^[44][45]

TheMaronite Christians of Lebanon are the largest Christian denomination among the Lebanese people, representing 21% of the Lebanese population.^[46]

The Maronite Church's full communion with the Catholic Church was reaffirmed in 1182, after hundreds of years of isolation in Mount Lebanon. By the terms of union, they retain their rites and canon law and use Arabic and Aramaic in their liturgy, as well the Karshuni script with old Syriac letters. Their origins are uncertain. One version traces them to John Maron of Antioch in the seventh century A.D.; another points toSt. Maron, a monk in the late fourth and early fifth centuries (who is considered by many to be the true origin of the Maronite Church). The words "maron" or "marun" in Syriac mean "small lord."

In the late seventh century, as a result of persecutions from other Christians for the heterodox views they had adopted, the Maronites withdrew from the coastal regions into the mountainous areas of Lebanon and Syria. During the Ottoman era (1516–1914) they remained isolated and relatively independent in these areas. In 1857 and 1858 the Maronites revolted against the large landowning families. The revolt was followed by a further struggle between the Druzes and Maronites over land ownership, political power, and safe passage of community members in the territory of the other. The conflict led France to send a military expedition to the area in 1860. The disagreements diminished in intensity only after the establishment of the Mandate and a political formula whereby all denominations achieved a degree of political representation.^{[citation needed]}

Besides the Beirut archdiocese, nine other archdioceses and dioceses are in the Middle East: Aleppo, Damascus, Jubayl-Al Batrun, Cyprus, Baalbek, Tripoli, Tyre, Sidon, and Cairo. Parishes and independent dioceses are situated in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal. There are four minor seminaries in Lebanon (Al Batrun, Ghazir, Ayn Saadah, and Trablous) and a faculty of theology at the University of the Holy Spirit at Al Kaslik, which is run by the Maronite Monastic Order. The patriarch is elected in a secret ceremony by a synod of bishops and confirmed by the Pope.

Leaders of the Rite have considered Maronite Christianity as the "foundation of the Lebanese nation". The Maronites have been closely associated with the political system of independent Lebanon; it was estimated that in pre-Civil War Lebanon, members of this Rite held a large portion of the leading posts. However, roles were shifted due to the Taif Agreement's theoretical balancing of power.^[47]

Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christianity is the second largest Christian denomination among the Lebanese people, representing 8% of the Lebanese population.^[46]TheGreek Orthodox Church of Antioch adheres to theEastern Orthodox Church, which is actually a group of autocephalous churches using theByzantine rite and arethe second largest Christian denomination within Christianity in Lebanon. Historically, these churches grew out of the four Eastern Patriarchates (Jerusalem,Antioch,Alexandria, andConstantinople) of the original five major episcopal sees (thePentarchy) of the Roman Empire which included Rome. The final split took place in 1054. From that time, the Eastern Churches have continued to reject the claims of the Patriarchate of Rome (the Catholic Church) to universal supremacy and have rejected the concept of papal infallibility. Doctrinally, the main point at issue between the Eastern and Western Churches is that of the procession of the Holy Spirit and there are also divergences in ritual and discipline.

The Eastern Orthodox Christians include many free-holders, and the community is less dominated by large landowners than other Christian denominations. In present-day Lebanon, the Lebanese Greek Orthodox have become increasingly urbanized, and form a major part of the commercial and professional class ofBeirut and other cities. Many are found in the Southeast (Nabatieh/Beqaa) andNorth, nearTripoli. They are highly educated and well-versed in finance. The church has often served as a bridge between Lebanese Christians and the Arab countries, because it exists in various parts of the Arab world. Members of the rite constitute 8% of the population.^[48][49]

Melkite Christianity in Lebanon is the third-largest Christian denomination, representing 5% of the Lebanese population.^[46]

TheMelkite Catholics emerged as a distinct group from 1724 when they split from the Greek Orthodox Church over a disputed election of the Patriarch of Antioch. The elected man was considered too 'pro-Roman' and another faction, the larger, elected a rival who was supported by the Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople (the see of Antioch had ignored the split between the two which occurred in 1054 and was canonically in union with both in 1724). Although they fully accept Catholic doctrines as defined by theHoly See, they have generally remained close to the Greek Orthodox Church, retaining more of the ancient rituals and customs than have the Maronites. They employ Arabic and Greek and follow the Byzantine rite.

The highest official of the church since 1930 has been the Patriarch of Antioch, who resides at Ayn Traz, about twenty-four kilometers southeast of Beirut. The patriarch is elected by bishops in a synod and confirmed by the Pope in Rome, who sends him a pallium (a circular band of white wool worn by archbishops) in recognition of their communion. Greek Catholic churches, like those of the Greek Orthodox, contain icons but no statues.TheMelkite Greek Catholics live primarily in the central and eastern parts of the country, dispersed in many villages. Members of this rite are concentrated in Beirut, Zahlah, and the suburbs of Sidon. They have a relatively higher level of education than other denominations. Proud of their Arab heritage, Greek Catholics have been able to strike a balance between their openness to the Arab world and their identification with the West. Greek Catholics are estimated to constitute 5% of the population.

TheProtestants of Lebanon form the fourth-largest Christian group, representing 1% of the Lebanese population.^[46]

MostProtestants in Lebanon were converted by missionaries, primarily English and American, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They are divided into a number of Reformed denominations, including Presbyterian, Congregational, and Anglican. They are perceived by some to number disproportionately highly among the professional middle class. They constitute nearly 1 percent of the population (around 40,000) and live primarily in Beirut (Greater Beirut).^[47]

TheLebanese Baptist Evangelical Convention was founded in 1955 by various churches, they number around 1,600 people.^[50]

TheArmenians in Lebanon mostly descend from refugees who had fled Turkey during and after theArmenian genocide duringWorld War I.^[51]

TheArmenian Apostolic Church was organized in the third century and became autocephalous as a national church in the fourth century. In the sixth century, it modified the formulations of the Council of Chalcedon of 451 that confirmed the dual nature of Christ in one person. Instead, the Armenian Apostolic Church adopted a form ofMiaphysitism that believes in the united nature of divine and human in Christ, a belief shared by the Copts and the Syrian Orthodox Church (Oriental Orthodox Church). The Armenian Apostolic Church has twocatholicoi (Sis andEtchmiadzin Cathedral) and two patriarchs (Constantinople and Jerusalem).

The Armenians in Lebanon reside mostly in Beirut and its northern suburbs, as well as inAnjar. During the civil war, the main stance of the Armenians was not to pick a side between Muslims or Christians and stay exempt mostly from the fighting. The largest Armenian community in Lebanon is found inBourj Hammoud.^[47]

Among theArmenians in Lebanon there are some who belong to theArmenian Catholic Church. They are also refugees who had fled Turkey during and after World War I and theArmenian genocide.^[51]

TheLatin Catholic Church in Lebanon consists mainly of a small group ofLatin Catholics who are of at least partialFrench orItalian descent.^[52][53]

TheAssyrians in Lebanon were refugees who had fled theirnative lands in southeastern Turkey during and after World War I due to theAssyrian genocide. Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq into Syria, Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq.

The Archdiocese of Lebanon and Syria of the Assyrian Church of the East is based in the Mar Gewargis Church of Sad El Bouchrieh, Beirut, Lebanon. After the recent passing of the archdiocese's late ArchbishopMar Narsai D'Baz, ArchbishopMar Meelis Zaia of Australia and New Zealand temporarily took over the archdiocese, handling all church related issues in Lebanon. The current bishops, the Bishop of Europe and the Bishop of Syria, oversee their individual dioceses until a new Metropolitan is appointed.

The members of theSyriac Catholic Church are also refugees who had fled southeastern Turkey (present dayMardin region) during and after World War I due to theAssyrian/Syriac genocide. Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq and northeastern Syria into Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq and Syria.

TheSyriac Catholic Eparchy of Beirut is the proper archeparchy (Eastern Catholic (archdiocese) of theSyriac Catholic Church's (Antiochian Rite inSyriac language)Patriarch of Antioch in his actual seat, Beirut, Lebanon.^{[clarification needed]}

The members of theSyriac Orthodox Church are also refugees who had fled southeastern Turkey (present dayMardin region) during and after World War I due to theAssyrian/Syriac genocide. Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq and northeastern Syria into Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq and Syria.

There are several archdioceses and dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church on the territory of Lebanon.^[54] The church follows the Syriac liturgy of St. James and has an independent hierarchy under the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, whose seat was formerly atMardin inTurkey and is now atDamascus,Syria.^[47]

The members of theChaldean Catholic Church are also refugees who had fled southeastern Turkey (present dayMardin region) during and after World War I due to theAssyrian/Syriac genocide. Even today, refugees continue to flee from northern Iraq and northeastern Syria into Lebanon or Jordan due to continuous unrest in Iraq and Syria.

TheChaldean Catholic Eparchy of Beirut is the sole eparchy (Eastern Catholic diocese) of theChaldean Catholic Church and is immediately dependent on theChaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylon inBaghdad,Iraq.

TheCopts in Lebanon were immigrants or refugees who had fled their native lands in Egypt, Libya and Sudan.

According to tradition, theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria was established by Saint Mark, an apostle and evangelist, in the middle of the 1st century (approximately AD 42). The ethnic Copts in Lebanon are estimated to number 3,000–4,000,^[55] and the Coptic Orthodox Church is one of the 18 religious sects recognized by the Lebanese Constitution.

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• List of cathedrals in Lebanon
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• Christianity in the Middle East
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