Notes above from the Dr. Lambertsen'sCV dated May 2008.
Christian James Lambertsen (May 15, 1917 – February 11, 2011) was an American medical researcher. He was aenvironmental medicine anddiving medicine specialist who was principally responsible for developing theUnited States Navyfrogmen'srebreathers in the early 1940s for underwater warfare. Lambertsen designed a series of rebreathers in 1940 (patent filing date: 16 Dec 1940) and in 1944 (patent issue date: 2 May 1944)[1] and first called his inventionbreathing apparatus. Later, after the war, he called itLaru (acronym forLambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit) and finally, in 1952, he changed his invention's name again to SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus).[2] Althoughdiving regulator technology was invented byÉmile Gagnan andJacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943 and was unrelated to rebreathers, the current use of the word SCUBA is largely attributed tothe Gagnan-Cousteau invention. The US Navy considers Lambertsen to be "the father of the Frogmen".[3][4]
Major Lambertsen served in theU.S. Army Medical Corps from 1944 to 1946. He invented the first Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and demonstrated it to theOffice of Strategic Services (OSS) (after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy) in a pool at a hotel in Washington, D.C.[8] OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Major Lambertsen to lead the program and build-up the dive element of their maritime unit.[8] He was vital in establishing the first cadres of U.S. military operationalcombat swimmers during lateWorld War II. The OSS was also the predecessor of theCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the maritime element still exists inside theirSpecial Activities Division.[9]
His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including theLambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS "Operational Swimmer Group".[3][4] Following World War II, he trained U.S. forces in methods for submerged operations, including composite fleetsubmarine / operational swimmers activity.
From 1946 to 1953, Lambertsen served on the faculty of the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, though he did spend a year as a Visiting Research Associate Professor from 1951 to 1952 for the Department ofPhysiology atUniversity College London,England. Lambertsen spent the 1950s concentrating on national research needs in undersea medicine (see National Service Activities below). He again took an appointment as Professor of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1962. He was also named Professor of Medicine in 1972 and Professor at the University of Pennsylvania School ofVeterinary Medicine in 1976. Each of these appointments were held until 1987. In 1985, he becameEmeritus Distinguished Professor of Environmental Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
The University of Pennsylvania's annual Christian J. Lambertsen Honorary Lecture is named for him. On May 31, 2007, the guest speaker was Professor Marc Feldmann, head ofImperial College's Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology who is recognised for his discovery of anti-TNF treatment forrheumatoid arthritis. Dr. Lambertsen was in attendance.
Floyd, T.F.; J.M. Clark; R. Gelfand; J.A. Detre; S. Ratcliffe; D. Guvakov; C.J. Lambertsen; R.G. Eckenhoff (December 2003). "Independent cerebral vasoconstrictive effects of hyperoxia and accompanying arterial hypocapnia at 1 ATA".J. Appl. Physiol.95 (6):2453–61.doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00303.2003.PMID12937024.
Clark, J. M.; C. J. Lambertsen; R. Gelfand; N. D. Flores; J. B. Pisarello; M. D. Rossman & J. A. Elias (January 1999). "Effects of prolonged oxygen exposure at 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 ATA on pulmonary function in men (predictive studies V)".J. Appl. Physiol.86 (1):243–59.doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.1.243.PMID9887137.
Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ, Clark JM, Hopkin E (January 1998). "Hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity in men is not reduced by prolonged hyperoxia (Predictive Studies V and VI)".J. Appl. Physiol.84 (1):292–302.doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.292.PMID9451649.
Lambertsen CJ (August 1998). "Invited editorial on "Fast and slow components of cerebral blood flow response to step decreases in end-tidal PCO2 in humans"".J. Appl. Physiol.85 (2):386–7.doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.386.PMID9688709.S2CID938076.
Clark JM, Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ, Stevens WC, Beck G, Fisher DG (April 1995). "Human tolerance and physiological responses to exercise while breathing oxygen at 2.0 ATA".Aviat Space Environ Med.66 (4):336–45.PMID7794226.
Clark JM, Jackson RM, Lambertsen CJ, Gelfand R, Hiller WD, Unger M (September 1991). "Pulmonary function in men after oxygen breathing at 3.0 ATA for 3.5 h".J. Appl. Physiol.71 (3):878–85.doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.878.PMID1757324.
Lambertsen, C. J. Physiologic factors in human organ oxygen tolerance extension. SPUMS 20(2): 109–120, April–May 1990.
Lambertsen CJ (1988). "Extension of oxygen tolerance in man: philosophy and significance".Exp. Lung Res. 14 Suppl:1035–58.doi:10.3109/01902148809064191.PMID3061791.
Dise CA, Clark JM, Lambertsen CJ, Goodman DB (February 1987). "Hyperbaric hyperoxia reversibly inhibits erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid turnover".J. Appl. Physiol.62 (2):533–8.doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.533.PMID3558213.
Marsh RR, Lambertsen CJ, Schwartz DM, Clark JM, Wetmore RF (June 1985). "Auditory and vestibular function in hyperbaric oxygen".Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.93 (3):390–3.doi:10.1177/019459988509300319.PMID3927236.S2CID39065754.
Torbati D, Lambertsen CJ (September 1985). "The relationship between cortical electrical activity and regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in rats exposed to 3 atmospheres absolute oxygen".Brain Res.344 (1):186–90.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91208-9.PMID4041867.S2CID37492904.
Torbati D, Lambertsen CJ, Greenberg J (April 1984). "Regional cerebral glucose utilization rates in rats during asymptomatic period of exposure to 1, 2 and 3 atmospheres absolute of oxygen".Neuroscience.11 (4):947–50.doi:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90205-7.PMID6738861.S2CID25195474.
Torbati D, Lo P, Lambertsen CJ (September 1984). "Local cerebral glucose utilization rate following intermittent exposures to 2 atmosphere absolute oxygen".Neurosci. Lett.50 (1–3):79–84.doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90466-X.PMID6493640.S2CID21236378.
Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ, Strauss R, Clark JM, Puglia CD (January 1983). "Human respiration at rest in rapid compression and at high pressures and gas densities".J Appl Physiol.54 (1):290–303.doi:10.1152/jappl.1983.54.1.290.PMID6402472.
Torbati D, Greenberg J, Lambertsen CJ (March 1983). "Correlation of brain glucose utilization and cortical electrical activity during development of brain oxygen toxicity".Brain Res.262 (2):267–73.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)91017-X.PMID6301635.S2CID439141.
Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ, Peterson RE (March 1980). "Human respiratory control at high ambient pressures and inspired gas densities".J Appl Physiol.48 (3):528–39.doi:10.1152/jappl.1980.48.3.528.PMID6768702.
Ranade A, Lambertsen CJ, Noordergraaf A (1980). "Inert gas exchange in the middle ear".Acta Otolaryngol Suppl.371:1–23.doi:10.3109/00016488009136996.PMID6272533.
Cowley JR, Allegra C, Lambertsen CJ (July 1979). "Subcutaneous tissue gas space pressure during superficial isobaric counterdiffusion".J Appl Physiol.47 (1):224–7.doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.47.1.224.PMID468665.
Dueker CW, Lambertsen CJ, Rosowski JJ, Saunders JC (December 1979). "Middle ear gas exchange in isobaric counterdiffusion".J Appl Physiol.47 (6):1239–44.doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.47.6.1239.PMID536296.
Spencer J, Findling A,Bachrach AJ, Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ, Karreman G (October 1979). "Tremor and somatosensory studies during chamber He-O2 compressions to 13.1, 25.2, 37.3, and 49.4 ATA".J Appl Physiol.47 (4):804–12.doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.47.4.804.PMID511689.
Takano N, Lever MJ, Lambertsen CJ (February 1979). "Acid-base curve nomogram for chimpanzee blood and comparison with human blood characteristics".J Appl Physiol.46 (2):381–6.doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.46.2.381.PMID33940.
Gelfand, R., C.J. Lambertsen, J.M. Clark, N. Egawa and C.D. Puglia. Ventilatory and cardiac adjustments during rapid compressions to pressure equivalents of 400-800-1200-1600 feet of sea water. Med. Aeronaut. Spatiale Med. Subaquat. Hyperbare. 17(65): 114–116, 1978.
Lambertsen, C.J., J.P.W. Cunnington and J.R.M. Cowley. The dynamics and composition of spontaneous, continuous gas embolism in the pig during isobaric gas counterdiffusion. Fed. Proc. 34: 452, 1975.
Lambertsen, C.J.; R. Gelfand; R.E. Peterson; R. Strauss; W.B. Wright; J.G. Dickson Jr.; C. Puglia; R.W. Hamilton Jr. (September 1977). "Human tolerance to He, Ne, and N2 at respiratory gas densities equivalent to He-O2 breathing at depths to 1200, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of sea water (predictive studies III)".Aviat Space Environ Med.48 (9):843–53.PMID303098.
Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ, Peterson RE, Slater A (July 1976). "Pneumotachograph for flow and volume measurement in normal and dense atmospheres".J Appl Physiol.41 (1):120–4.doi:10.1152/jappl.1976.41.1.120.PMID972125.
Lambertsen CJ, Idicula J (September 1975). "A new gas lesion syndrome in man, induced by "isobaric gas counterdiffusion"".J Appl Physiol.39 (3):434–43.doi:10.1152/jappl.1975.39.3.434.PMID170242.
Gelfand R, Lambertsen CJ (December 1973). "Dynamic respiratory response to abrupt change of inspired CO2 at normal and high PO2".J Appl Physiol.35 (6):903–13.doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.6.903.PMID4765831.
Alexander WC, Leach CS, Fischer CL, Lambertsen CJ, Johnson PC (July 1973). "Hematological, biochemical, and immunological studies during a 14-day continuous exposure to 5.2 per cent O 2 in N 2 at pressure equivalent to 100 FSW (4 ATA)".Aerosp Med.44 (7):850–4.PMID4123806.
Johnson PC, Driscoll TB, Alexander WC, Lambertsen CJ (July 1973). "Body fluid volume changes during a 14-day continuous exposure to 5.2 per cent O 2 in N 2 at pressure equivalent to 100 FSW (4 ATA)".Aerosp Med.44 (7):860–3.PMID4716937.
Lambertsen CJ, Wright WB (July 1973). "Multiday exposure to 5.2 per cent O 2 at 4 ATA. Scope of program".Aerosp Med.44 (7):828–33.PMID4716933.
Lambertsen CJ, Wright WB (July 1973). "Multiday exposure of men to high nitrogen pressure and increased airway resistance at natural expired oxygen tension: a 14-day continuous exposure to 5.2 per cent O 2 in N 2 at 4.0 atmospheres absolute pressure".Aerosp Med.44 (7):826–7.PMID4716932.
Lambertsen CJ, Bardin H (July 1973). "Decompression from acute and chronic exposure to high nitrogen pressure".Aerosp Med.44 (7):834–6.PMID4716934.
Lambertsen, C.J.; R. Gelfand; M.J. Lever; G. Bodammer; N. Takano; T.A. Reed; J.G. Dickson & P.T. Watson. (July 1973). "Respiration and gas exchange during a 14-day continuous exposure to 5.2 per cent O2 in N2 at pressure equivalent to 100 FSW (4 ATA)".Aerosp Med.44 (7):844–9.PMID4716936.
Leach CS, Alexander WC, Fischer CL, Lambertsen CJ, Johnson PC (July 1973). "Endocrine studies during a 14-day continuous exposure to 5.2 per cent O 2 in N 2 at pressure equivalent to 100 FSW (4 ATA)".Aerosp Med.44 (7):855–9.PMID4352047.
Wright WB, Fisher AB, Hendricks PL, Brody JS, Lambertsen CJ (July 1973). "Pulmonary function studies during a 14-day continuous exposure to 5.2 per cent O2 in N2 at pressure equivalent to 100 FSW (4 ATA)".Aerosp Med.44 (7):837–43.PMID4716935.
Nichols CW, Yanoff M, Hall DA, Lambertsen CJ (April 1972). "Histologic alterations produced in the eye by oxygen at high pressure".Arch. Ophthalmol.87 (4):417–21.doi:10.1001/archopht.1972.01000020419011.PMID5018246.
Clark JM, Lambertsen CJ (May 1971). "Rate of development of pulmonary O2 toxicity in man during O2 breathing at 2.0 Ata".J Appl Physiol.30 (5):739–52.doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.30.5.739.PMID4929472.
Clark JM, Lambertsen CJ (May 1971). "Alveolar-arterial O2 differences in man at 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.5 Ata inspired PO2".J Appl Physiol.30 (5):753–63.doi:10.1152/jappl.1971.30.5.753.PMID5572798.
Fisher AB, DuBois AB, Hyde RW, Knight CJ, Lambertsen CJ (January 1970). "Effect of 2 months' undersea exposure to N2-O2 at 2.2 Ata on lung function".J Appl Physiol.28 (1):70–4.doi:10.1152/jappl.1970.28.1.70.PMID5409792.
Lambertsen CJ, Bullard RW (November 1970). "Introduction—the scope of the symposium".Aerosp Med.41 (11): 1265.PMID5490162.
Lambertsen, C.J., and R.W. Bullard (eds.). Temperature limitations in manned undersea and aerospace operations. Aerospace Med. 41: 1263–1288, 1970.
Nichols CW, Lambertsen CJ, Clark JM (April 1969). "Transient unilateral loss of vision associated with oxygen at high pressure".Arch. Ophthalmol.81 (4):548–52.doi:10.1001/archopht.1969.00990010550015.PMID5777761.
Lambertsen, C.J. (ed.). Modern aspects of treatment of decompression sickness. Aerospace Med. 39: 1055–1093, 1968.
Lambertsen CJ (October 1968). "Concepts for advances in the therapy of bends in undersea and aerospace activity".Aerosp Med.39 (10):1086–93.PMID5678083.
Puy RJ, Hyde RW, Fisher AB, Clark JM, Dickson J, Lambertsen CJ (April 1968). "Alterations in the pulmonary capillary bed during early O2 toxicity in man".J Appl Physiol.24 (4):537–43.doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.24.4.537.PMID5643401.
Fisher AB, Hyde RW, Puy RJ, Clark JM, Lambertsen CJ (April 1968). "Effect of oxygen at 2 atmospheres on the pulmonary mechanics of normal man".J Appl Physiol.24 (4):529–36.doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.24.4.529.PMID5643400.
Lambertsen CJ (1968). "Limitations and breakthroughs in manned undersea activity".Triangle.8 (5):167–77.PMID5760415.
Reivich M, Dickson J, Clark J, Hedden M, Lambertsen CJ (1968). "Role of hypoxia in cerebral circulatory and metabolic changes during hypocarbia in man: studies in hyperbaric milieu".Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl.102:IV–B.doi:10.3109/00365516809168978.PMID4283874.
MacInnis J, Dickson JG, Lambertsen CJ (April 1967). "Exposure of mice to a helium-oxygen atmosphere at pressure to 122 atmospheres".J Appl Physiol.22 (4):694–8.doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.22.4.694.PMID6023182.
Downes JJ, Lambertsen CJ (March 1966). "Dynamic characteristics of ventilatory depression in man on abrupt administration of O".J Appl Physiol.21 (2):447–53.doi:10.1152/jappl.1966.21.2.447.PMID5934447.
Lambertsen, C.J. (April 1963). "The philosophy of extremes for the gaseous environment of manned, closed ecological systems".Aerosp Med.34:291–9.PMID13928280.
Lambertsen, C.J. (1963). "Physiological interactions and gaseous environment in manned exploration of space".Fed. Proc.22:1046–50.PMID14046275.
Alexander, S.C.; R.D. Workman; C.J. Lambertsen (June 1962). "Hyperthermia, lactic acid infusion, and the composition of arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid".Am. J. Physiol.202 (6):1049–54.doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.202.6.1049.PMID13860364.
Toole; J. F.; L.J. Barrows; C.J. Lambertsen; B. Roberts (March 1961). "Cerebral ischemia and infarction".Am Pract Dig Treat.12:147–54.PMID13777430.
Lambertsen, C.J.; S.J.G. Semple; M.G. Smyth & R. Gelfand (May 1961). "H and pCO2 as chemical factors in respiratory and cerebral circulatory control".J Appl Physiol.16 (3):473–84.doi:10.1152/jappl.1961.16.3.473.PMID13758471.
Marshall, J.R.; C.J. Lambertsen (January 1961). "Interactions of increased pO2 and pCO2 effects in producing convulsions and death in mice".J Appl Physiol.16:1–7.doi:10.1152/jappl.1961.16.1.1.PMID13767222.
Lambertsen, C.J.; S.G. Owen (1960). "Continuous, constant-rate sampling modification of nitrous oxide method for cerebral blood flow in man".Methods Med Res.8:262–9.PMID14413615.
Lambertsen, C.J.; H. Wendel (January 1960). "An alveolar carbon dioxide tension control system: its use to magnify respiratory depression by meperidine".J Appl Physiol.15:43–8.doi:10.1152/jappl.1960.15.1.43.PMID14413616.
Lambertsen, C.J.; J.M. Benjamin Jr. (September 1959). "Breath-by-breath sampling of end-expiratory gas".J Appl Physiol.14 (5):711–6.doi:10.1152/jappl.1959.14.5.711.PMID14413613.
Lambertsen, C.J.; S.G. Owen; H. Wendel; M.W. Stroud; A.A. Luria; W. Lochner; G.F. Clark (November 1959). "Respiratory and cerebral circulatory control during exercise at .21 and 2.0 atmospheres inspired p02".J Appl Physiol.14 (6):966–82.doi:10.1152/jappl.1959.14.6.966.PMID14413614.
Lambertsen, C.J.; J.H. Ewing; R.H. Kough; R.A. Gould; M.W. Stroud 3rd (November 1955). "Oxygen toxicity; arterial and internal jugular blood gas composition in man during inhalation of air, 100% O2 and 2% CO2 in O2 at 3.5 atmospheres ambient pressure".J Appl Physiol.8 (3):255–63.doi:10.1152/jappl.1955.8.3.255.PMID13271251.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Daly, M.deB.; C.J. Lambertsen; A. Schweitzer (August 1953). "Some observations on the carotid body blood flow in the cat".Am. J. Med. Sci.226 (2): 230.PMID13065304.
Lambertsen, C.J.; R.H. Kough; D.Y. Cooper; G.L. Emmel; H.H. Loeschcke & C.F. Schmidt (March 1953). "Oxygen toxicity; effects in man of oxygen inhalation at 1 and 3.5 atmospheres upon blood gas transport, cerebral circulation and cerebral metabolism".J Appl Physiol.5 (9):471–86.doi:10.1152/jappl.1953.5.9.471.PMID13034675.
Lambertsen, C.J.; Kough, R.H.; Cooper, D.Y.; Emmel, G.L.; Loeschcke, H.H.; Schmidt, C.F. (1953). "Comparison of relationship of respiratory minute volume to PCO2 and pH of arterial and internal jugular blood in normal man during hyperventilation produced by low concentrations of CO2 at 1 atmosphere and by O2 at 3.0 atmospheres".J. Appl. Physiol.5 (12):803–813.doi:10.1152/jappl.1953.5.12.803.
Lambertsen, C.J.; M.W. Stroud 3rd; J.H. Ewing; C. Mack (December 1953). "Oxygen toxicity; effects of oxygen breathing at increased ambient pressure upon pCO2 of subcutaneous gas depots in men, dogs, rabbits and cats".J Appl Physiol.6 (6):358–68.doi:10.1152/jappl.1953.6.6.358.PMID13117765.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Lambertsen, C.J.; M.W. Stroud 3rd; R.A. Gould; R.H. Kough; J.H. Ewing; C.F. Schmidt (March 1953). "Oxygen toxicity; respiratory responses of normal men to inhalation of 6 and 100 per cent oxygen under 3.5 atmospheres pressure".J Appl Physiol.5 (9):487–93.doi:10.1152/jappl.1953.5.9.487.PMID13034676.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Lambertsen, C.J.; P.L. Bunce; D.L. Drabkin & C.F. Schmidt (June 1952). "Relationship of oxygen tension to hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the arterial blood of normal men".J Appl Physiol.4 (12):873–85.doi:10.1152/jappl.1952.4.12.873.PMID14946085.
Lambertsen CJ, Clark JK (December 1949). "The pulmonary oxygen diffusion coefficient".Am. J. Med. Sci.218 (6): 715.PMID15393997.
Lambertsen, C.J. Problems of shallow water diving. Report based on experiences of operational swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services. Occup. Med. 3: 230–245, 1947.
Lambertsen, C.J., and L. Godfrey. A small efficient hood for oxygen therapy. J.A.M.A. 125: 492–493, 1944.
Lambertsen, C.J. A diving apparatus for life saving work. J.A.M.A. 116: 1387–1389, 1941.
Atkinson, W.J. Jr., J.L. Dean, E.H. Kennerdell and C.J. Lambertsen. A multiple anomaly of the human heart and pulmonary veins. Anat. Record 78(3): 383–388, 1940.
^Conklin, Sean."Scenes from 2016 Scotch Plains-Fanwood HS Hall of Fame Induction", TAPinto.net, November 16, 2016. Accessed August 12, 2019. "Dr. Christian Lambertsen, (deceased) Class of 1934, a Major in the U.S. Army Medical Corps from 1944-46, Lambertsen invented the Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA)."
