| Christian II | |
|---|---|
_-_Bildnis_Christians_II.%2c_K%25C3%25B6nig_von_D%25C3%25A4nemark_(MbK%2c_Leipzig).jpg) Portrait byLucas Cranach the Elder,c. 1523 | |
| King of Denmark andNorway (more...) | |
| Reign | 22 July 1513 – 20 January 1523 |
| Coronation | 11 June 1514,Copenhagen 23 July 1514,Oslo |
| Predecessor | John |
| Successor | Frederick I |
| Viceroy of Norway | |
| Reign | 1506 - 20 January 1513 |
| Monarch | John |
| King of Sweden (more...) | |
| Reign | 1 November 1520 – 23 August 1521 |
| Coronation | 4 November 1520 Storkyrkan, Stockholm |
| Predecessor | John II |
| Successor | Gustav I |
| Born | 1 July 1481 Nyborg Castle |
| Died | 25 January 1559(1559-01-25) (aged 77) Kalundborg Castle (as prisoner) |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| Issue more... | |
| House | Oldenburg |
| Father | John, King of Denmark |
| Mother | Christina of Saxony |
| Signature |  |
Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559), a monarch under theKalmar Union, reigned asKing of Denmark andNorway from 1513 until 1523. He was brieflyKing of Sweden from 1520 until 1521. As king of Denmark and Norway, he was concurrentlyDuke of Schleswig andHolstein in joint rule with his uncleFrederick.
As king, Christian tried to maintain the Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries which brought him to war with Sweden, lasting between 1518 and 1523. Though he captured the country in 1520, the subsequent slaughter of leading Swedish nobility, churchmen, and others, known as theStockholm Bloodbath, caused the Swedes to rise against his rule. He was deposed in a rebellion led by the nobleman and later king of SwedenGustav Vasa. He attempted to bring in a radical reform of the Danish state in 1521–22, which would have strengthened the rights of commoners at the expense of the nobles and clergy. The nobility rose against him in 1523, and he was exiled to the Netherlands, ceding the Danish throne to his uncleFrederick. After attempting to reclaim the thrones in 1531, he was arrested and held in captivity for the rest of his life, first inSønderborg Castle and later atKalundborg Castle. Supporters tried to restore him to power both during his exile and his imprisonment but they were defeated decisively during theCount's Feud in 1536. Christian died at Kalundborg in 1559.
In 1515, Christian marriedIsabella of Austria, granddaughter ofMaximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Isabella died in 1526, after which her family took Christian's three children from him. His relationship with his mistress,Dyveke Sigbritsdatter, pre-dated his marriage and continued until her death in 1517. Christian's persecution of her supposed murderer contributed to his political isolation and downfall. Dyveke's mother,Sigbrit Willoms, became an influential councillor and followed Christian into exile.
Christian was born atNyborg Castle in 1481 as the son ofJohn, King of Denmark and his wife,Christina of Saxony. Christian descended, throughValdemar I of Sweden, from theHouse of Eric, and from Catherine, daughter ofInge I of Sweden, as well as from Ingrid Ylva, granddaughter ofSverker I of Sweden. His rivalGustav I of Sweden descended only fromSverker II of Sweden and theHouse of Sverker.[citation needed]
Christian took part in his father'sconquest of Sweden in 1497 and in theDano-Swedish War (1501–1512).[citation needed] He was appointedviceroy of Norway in 1506, and succeeded in maintaining control of the country.[1] During his administration in Norway, he attempted to deprive the Norwegian nobility of its traditional influence exercised through theRigsraadet privy council, leading to controversy with the latter.[citation needed]
In 1513, he succeeded his father as king of Denmark and Norway.[1] Christian's succession to the thrones of Norway and Denmark was confirmed at theHerredag assembly of notables from the three northern kingdoms, which met atCopenhagen in 1513. The Swedish delegates said, "We have the choice between peace at home and strife here, or peace here and civil war at home, and we prefer the former." A decision as to the Swedish succession was therefore postponed.[2] Christian's coronations as king of Denmark in Copenhagen and of Norway in Oslo took place in the summer of 1514.[1]
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Whilst visitingBergen in 1507 or 1509, Christian fell in love with a Norwegian girl of Dutch heritage, namedDyveke Sigbritsdatter. She became hismistress and remained with him until Dyveke's death. Their relationship was not interrupted by Christian's marriage toIsabella of Austria, the granddaughter of Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian I. Theymarried by proxy on 11 June 1514 inBrussels.[3][4] Isabella was brought toCopenhagen a year later, and the marriage was ratified on 12 August 1515 atCopenhagen Castle, in a ceremony conducted by Birger Gunnersen,Archbishop of Lund.[3]
Dyveke died in 1517, and Christian was led to believe that the magnateTorben Oxe had poisoned her. Oxe's status meant that he should have been tried by theCouncil of State, but instead he was brought to trial by a common jury at Solbjerg outside Copenhagen. He was found guilty and executed in November 1517. This act precipitated the division between the king and aristocracy that ultimately led to Christian's deposition.[5]
Christian's chief counsellor was Dyveke's mother,Sigbrit Willoms. Christian appointed her controller of theSound Dues ofØresund, and took her advice on all financial matters.[5] A bourgeoise herself, she acted to extend the influence of the middle classes, and formed an inner council, which competed with theRigsraadet for power.[2] Her influence was resented by the aristocracy, who blamed her for the king's favouring the working classes.
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Christian was meanwhile preparing for the inevitable war with Sweden. The anti-Danish faction, headed by the regentSten Sture the Younger, was opposed by the pro-Danish party led by ArchbishopGustav Trolle. In 1517 Christian dispatched ships and soldiers to the relief of the archbishop's fortress ofStäket, but was defeated by Sture and his peasant levies atVedila. A second attempt the following year was also frustrated by Sture's victory at theBattle of Brännkyrka.[5][2]
A third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French, German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful. Sture was mortally wounded at theBattle of Bogesund on 19 January, and the remaining rebel forces were suppressed in April at the bloodyBattle of Uppsala. Christian’s army and navy then moved toStockholm andbesiege the city. Sweden was now under the leadership of Sture's widowChristina Gyllenstierna. Stockholm held out until September 1520, when Christina surrendered. Christian was crowned king of Sweden by Trolle in November, with the agreement of theSwedish Privy Council (Riksråd), who had, however, extracted an indemnity for the past and guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and custom.[6][2]
Three days after the coronation, Archbishop Trolle accused the followers of Sture of heresy for their part in the rising against him. Gyllenstierna used the fact that theSwedish Diet had made a 'swearing in common'(sammansvärjning) in 1517, which had bound the nobles to Sture's cause, in defence of her husband's followers. However, Christian seized on this as an opportunity to cement his control over Sweden by removing his opponents. He convened an ecclesiastical court which condemned all parties to the swearing in common. On 8 and 9 November eighty-two Swedish noblemen were executed at Stockholm castle, including the bishops ofSkara andSträngnäs. As well as Sture's supporters, who had formed Trolle's original list, Christian's suspicious nature led him to even execute supporters of the Kalmar Union. The bodies ofSten Sture and his child were dug up and burnt. Gyllenstierna and other noble Swedish ladies were sent as prisoners to Denmark.[7][2]
The bloodbath, rather than cementing Christian's control of the Swedish throne, led in short order to Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union.Didrik Slagheck, whom Christian appointed to the bishopric of Skara and as one of the three regents of Sweden, proved brutal and inept. The remaining Swedish nobility, appalled by the bloodbath, rose against Christian and the Swedish Diet electedGustav Vasa regent and subsequently King of Sweden.[8] On account of the massacre Christian is remembered in Sweden asChristian the Tyrant (Kristian Tyrann).[9]
In June 1521, the Danish king paid a visit toCharles V in theNetherlands, where he remained for some months. He visited most of the large cities, made the personal acquaintance ofQuentin Matsys andAlbrecht Dürer, and metErasmus, with whom he discussed theProtestant Reformation.[2] Directly upon his return to Denmark in September 1521 Christian issued two bodies of laws – the Town Law and the Land Law – which governed respectively trade and the behaviour of the clergy. The Town Law strengthened the rights of tradesmen and peasants at the expense of the nobility. Trade was reorganised and was to be conducted solely through market towns, which were to be governed by officials appointed by the king. Trading in peasants was forbidden, and peasants were given the right to negotiate the terms of their tenure with the nobility. The Land Law permitted clergy to marry, and gave some control of the church over to the state. The new laws were radical, progressive, and perceived by the nobility and bishops as an existential threat.[10]
By 1522, Christian was running out of allies. In an attempt to set up a Danish-centered trading company in direct competition with theHanseatic League, Christian had raised the sound tolls, which affected trade between Sweden and the Hanseatic towns.[11] As a consequence,Lübeck andDanzig joined the newly independent Sweden in war against Denmark. Domestic rebellion against Christian started inJutland. On 20 January 1523, theherredag atViborg offered the Danish crown to Christian's uncle, DukeFrederick of Holstein. Frederick's army gained control over most of Denmark during the spring, and in April 1523 Christian left Denmark to seek help abroad. On 1 May, he landed atVeere inZeeland.[12][13]
In exile Christian led a humble life in the city ofLier in the Netherlands (now in Belgium), waiting for military help from his brother-in-law Charles V. Christian corresponded withMartin Luther and he became a Lutheran for some time; he even commissioned a translation of theNew Testament into Danish. Isabella died in January 1526, and Christian's children were taken by her family so as not to be raised as heretics. Popular agitation against Fredrick I in Denmark centered onSøren Norby, who gathered an army of peasants inScania, but was defeated in 1525.[14]
By 1531, Christian had reverted to Catholicism and reconciled with the Emperor. He took a fleet to Norway, and landed in Oslo to popular acclaim in November 1531. Christian failed to subdueAkershus Castle, and accepted a promise of safe conduct from Fredrick I, in 1532.[15]
Frederick did not keep his promise, and Christian was kept prisoner for the next 27 years, first inSønderborg Castle until 1549, and afterwards at the castle ofKalundborg. Stories of solitary confinement in small dark chambers are inaccurate; King Christian was treated like a nobleman, particularly in his old age, and he was allowed to host parties, go hunting, and wander freely as long as he did not go beyond the Kalundborg town boundaries.[13]
Fredrick I died in April 1533, and the Danish Council of State was at first unable to choose a successor. The mayor ofLübeck,Jürgen Wullenwever, took advantage of the resulting interregnum to conspire for the restoration of Christian II to the throne of Denmark. He formed an alliance with two prominent nobles,Ambrosius Bogbinder andJørgen Kock, mayor of Malmö. WithChristopher, Count of Oldenburg as his military commander he succeeded in seizing Scania and Zeeland in the name of Christian II in a conflict known as theCount's Feud. However, Fredrick's eldest son, also named Christian, raised an army inHolstein which, led byJohann Rantzau, took in turn Holstein, Jutland and Zeeland in a series of brilliant military manoeuvers. He formed an alliance with Gustav Vasa, who subdued Scania, and took the throne asChristian III of Denmark. Christian II remained in prison in Kalundborg.[16]
Christian II died in January 1559,[13] a few days after Christian III. The new king,Frederick II, ordered that a royal funeral be held in his memory.[citation needed] He is buried inOdense next to his wife, parents, and sonJohn,[a] who died in the summer of 1532.[17]
Christian II is one of the most discussed of all Danish kings.[citation needed] He has been regarded as both a hypocritical tyrant and a progressive despot, who wanted to create an absolute monarchy based upon "free citizens".[citation needed] His psychological weaknesses have caught the interest of historians, especially his frequently mentioned irresolution, which as years passed seemed to dominate his acts. Christian clearly made too many enemies. Furthermore, the Danish middle class was still not strong enough to support royal power. However some of his ambitions were fulfilled by the victory of absolutism in 1660.[citation needed]
Christian den Anden (Christian II) is a 1889 play byJenny Blicher-Clausen which was performed at Copenhagen's Dagmar Theatre.[18]
Jean Sibelius composed in 1898 incidental musicKing Christian II to a play about the king, and derived from it a suite.[citation needed]
The Fall of the King (Danish:Kongens Fald), a novel by the Danish author and Nobel Prize LaureateJohannes V. Jensen, published in three parts from 1900 to 1901, is considered a major work of modern Danish literature. It relates the tangled history of Christian II reign and downfall as seen by the (fictional) Mikkel Thøgersen, a loyal follower of king.
The Corridors of Time by Danish-Americanscience fiction writerPoul Anderson includes a section where a modern American travels in time to 16th Century Denmark, arriving there shortly after Christian II's downfall – where he meets and befriends a diehard follower of the deposed King, and the two of them share various adventures.
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Christian II had six children by his wife,Isabella of Austria (1501–1526), only three of whom survived infancy and two reached adulthood.[citation needed] They were:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| John | 21 February 1518 | 2 August 1532 | Heir to the thrones of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.[19] |
| Philip Ferdinand | 4 July 1519 | 1519 | Twin |
| Maximilian | 4 July 1519 | 1519 | Twin |
| Dorothea | 10 November 1520 | 31 May 1580 | Married in 1535,Frederick II, Elector Palatine and had no issue.[20] |
| Christina | c.1522 | c.1590 | Married in 1533,Francis II Sforza and had no issue. Married again in 1541,Francis I, Duke of Lorraine and had issue.[21] |
| Stillborn son | January 1523 | January 1523 | Unnamed |
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Christian II.". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–276.
Christian II Born: 2 July 1481 Died: 25 January 1559 | ||
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| Preceded by | King of Denmark andNorway 1513–1523 | Succeeded by |
| Duke of Holstein andSchleswig 1513–1523 withFrederick I | Succeeded by | |
| Vacant Title last held by John II | King of Sweden 1520–1521 | Vacant Title next held by Gustav I |
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