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Choco languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Language family of Colombia and Panama
Not to be confused withXocó language.
Chocoan
Geographic
distribution		Colombia andPanama
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primarylanguage families
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologchoc1280
Poet and politician Eduardo Cote Lamus on his journey inRío San Juan (Choco, Colombia) in 1958 with some of the people speaking Choco languages

TheChoco languages (alsoChocoan,Chocó,Chokó) are a small family ofIndigenous languages spread acrossColombia andPanama.

Family division

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Choco consists of six known branches, all but two of which are extinct.

At least Anserma, Arma, and Caramanta areextinct.

The Emberá group consists of two languages mainly in Colombia with over 60,000 speakers that lie within a fairlymutually intelligibledialect continuum.Ethnologue divides this into six languages. Kaufman (1994) considers the termCholo to be vague and condescending. Noanamá has some 6,000 speakers on the Panama-Colombia border.

Jolkesky (2016)

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Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]

Language contact

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Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theGuahibo,Kamsa,Paez,Tukano,Witoto-Okaina,Yaruro,Chibchan, andBora-Muinane language families due to contact.[1]

Genetic links between Choco and Chibchan had been proposed by Lehmann (1920).[2] However, similarities are few, some of which may be related to the adoption of maize cultivation from neighbors.[1]: 324 

Genetic relations

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Choco has been included in a number of hypothetical phylum relationships:

Vocabulary

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Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chocó languages.[4]

glossSambúChocó Pr.CitaraBaudoWaunanaTadóSaixaChamíÁndaguedaCatioTukuráN'Gvera
onehabaabáabaabahabaabaabbáabbaabá
twoomeumedáonomiuméhoméuméómayteaunmé
threeompeaumpiadáonatupkimarishompéumpeaompayáumbeaunpia
headporoporoachiporopúroborótachi-púroboróbóroburuporú
eyetautautabútaudágatautaudáutowdabutabútapü
toothkidakidakidakidáxidákidáchidachida
manamoxinamukiraumakiraemokoidamukiramukínamugiramohunámukira
waterpañiapaniápaniapaniadópaniapaníabaníapuneápaneapánia
firetibuatibuáxemkavaitupuktuputubechuátübü
sunpisiapisiáumantagoveseaedauveseaáxonihinoumataemwaitonhumandayoahumautu
moonedexoédexohidexoxedekoxedegoedekoːátoníedexoheydahoxedekoxedékohedeko
maizepepepagapedeupepebépe
jaguarimamaibamáibamáimamakumápimamáimamaimamáimamá
arrowenatrumahalomáhalomásiachókieraumatrumasíaukidaenentiera

Proto-language

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For reconstructions of Proto-Chocó and Proto-Emberá by Constenla and Margery (1991),[5] see the correspondingSpanish article.

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcJolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation,University of Brasília.
  2. ^Lehmann, W. (1920). Zentral-Amerika. Teil I.Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas in ihren Beziehungen zueinander sowie zu Süd-Amerika und Mexico. Berlin: Reimer.
  3. ^Pache, Matthias J. 2016. Pumé (Yaruro) and Chocoan: Evidence for a New Genealogical Link in Northern South America.Language Dynamics and Change 6 (2016) 99–155.doi:10.1163/22105832-00601001
  4. ^Loukotka, Čestmír (1968).Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  5. ^Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; Margery Peña, Enrique. (1991). Elementos de fonología comparada Chocó.Filología y lingüística,17, 137-191.

Bibliography

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  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997).American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; & Margery Peña, Enrique. (1991). Elementos de fonología comparada Chocó.Filología y lingüística,17, 137-191.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987).Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Gunn, Robert D. (Ed.). (1980).Claificación de los idiomas indígenas de Panamá, con un vocabulario comparativo de los mismos. Lenguas de Panamá (No. 7). Panama: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.),Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press.ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.),Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Loewen, Jacob. (1963). Choco I & Choco II.International Journal of American Linguistics,29.
  • Licht, Daniel Aguirre. (1999).Embera. Languages of the world/materials 208. LINCOM.
  • Mortensen, Charles A. (1999).A reference grammar of the Northern Embera languages. Studies in the languages of Colombia (No.7); SIL publications in linguistics (No. 134). SIL.
  • Pinto García, C. (1974/1978). Los indios katíos: su cultura - su lengua. Medellín: Editorial Gran-América.
  • Rendón G., G. (2011). La lengua Umbra: Descubrimiento - Endolingüística - Arqueolingüística. Manizales: Zapata.
  • Rivet, Paul; & Loukotka, Cestmír. (1950). Langues d'Amêrique du sud et des Antilles. In A. Meillet & M. Cohen (Eds.),Les langues du monde (Vol. 2). Paris: Champion.
  • Sara, S. I. (2002). A tri-lingual dictionary of Emberá-English-Spanish. (Languages of the World/Dictionaries, 38). Munich: Lincom Europa.
  • Suárez, Jorge. (1974). South American Indian languages.The new Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1959).Mapas de clasificación lingüística de México y las Américas. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Tovar, Antonio; & Larrucea de Tovar, Consuelo. (1984).Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur (nueva ed.). Madrid: Editorial Gedos.ISBN 84-249-0957-7.

External links

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Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms atAppendix:Proto-Choco reconstructions
Choco
Emberá
Italics indicateextinct languages
Africa
Isolates
Eurasia
(Europe
andAsia)
Isolates
New Guinea
andthe Pacific
Isolates
Australia
Isolates
North
America
Isolates
Mesoamerica
Isolates
South
America
Isolates
Sign
languages
Isolates
See also
  • Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
  • Families initalics have no living members.
  • Families with more than 30 languages are inbold.
Based onCampbell 2024 classification
Language families
and isolates
Je–Tupi–Carib ?
Macro-Jêsensu stricto
EasternBrazil
Orinoco (Venezuela)
Andes (Colombia andVenezuela)
Amazon (Colombia,Japurá–Vaupés area)
Pacific coast (Colombia andEcuador)
Pacific coast (Peru)
Amazon (Peru)
Amazon (west-centralBrazil)
Mamoré–Guaporé
Andes (Peru,Bolivia, andChile)
Chaco–Pampas
Far South (Chile)
Proposed groupings
Unclassified
Linguistic areas
Countries
Lists
† indicates anextinct language,italics indicates independent status of a language,bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members, * indicates moribund status
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