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TheChludov Psalter (Russian:Хлудовская псалтырь; Moscow, Hist. Mus. MS. D.129) is anilluminatedmarginalPsalter dating to the mid-9th century. It is a unique monument ofByzantine art at the time of theIconoclasm, one of only three illuminated Byzantine Psalters to survive from the 9th century.
According to one tradition, the miniatures are supposed to have been created clandestinely, and many of them are directed against Iconoclasts. Many contain explanations of the drawings written next to them, and little arrows point out from the main text to the illustration, to show which line the picture refers to. The polemical style of the whole ensemble is highly unusual, and a demonstration of the furious passions the Iconoclast dispute generated.
The psalter measures 195 mm by 150 mm and contains only 169folios. The outer edges of the pages are normally left blank in order to be covered with illustrations. The text and captions were written in a diminutiveuncialscript, but many of these were rewritten in crudeminuscule about three centuries later. The book contains thePsalms in the arrangement of theSeptuagint, and the responses to be chanted during their recitation, which follow the Liturgy ofHagia Sophia, the Imperial church inConstantinople.
In the illustration to the right, the miniaturist illustrated the line "They gave me gall to eat; and when I was thirsty they gave me vinegar to drink" with a picture of a soldier offering Christ vinegar on a sponge attached to a pole. Below is a picture of the last IconoclastPatriarch of Constantinople,John the Grammarian rubbing out a painting of Christ with a similar sponge attached to a pole. John is caricatured, here as on other pages, with untidy straight hair sticking out in all directions, which was considered ridiculous by theelegant Byzantines.
Nikodim Kondakov hypothesized that the psalter was created in the famousmonastery of St John the Studite inConstantinople. Other scholars believe that the liturgical responses it contains were only used in Hagia Sophia, and that it was therefore a product of the Imperial workshops in Constantinople, soon after the return of the Iconophiles to power in 843.
It was kept atMount Athos until 1847, when a Russian scholar stole it and brought it toMoscow. The psalter was then acquired byAleksey Khludov, whose name it bears today. It passed as part of the Khludov bequest to theNikolsky Old Believer Monastery and then to theState Historical Museum.
