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Chinese zodiac

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lunar calendar classification in a 12-year cycle
For the 2012 film starringJackie Chan, seeCZ12.
Unless otherwise specified, Chinese text in this article is written in the formatSimplified Chinese /Traditional Chinese,Pinyin. If the Simplified and Traditional Chinese characters are identical, they are written only once.
Chinese zodiac
Chinese生肖
Hanyu Pinyinshēngxiào
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinshēngxiào
Bopomofoㄕㄥ ㄒㄧㄠˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyhshengshiaw
Wade–Gilessheng1-hsiao4
IPA[ʂə́ŋ.ɕjâʊ]
Wu
Romanizationsen平-siau去
Hakka
Romanizationsensiau
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsāangchiu
Jyutpingsaang1 ciu3
IPA[saŋ˥.tsʰiw˧]
Southern Min
HokkienPOJsingsiàu
Eastern Min
FuzhouBUCsăng-ngá
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese属相
Traditional Chinese屬相
Hanyu Pinyinshǔxiàng
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinshǔxiàng
Bopomofoㄕㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyhshuushianq
Wade–Gilesshu3-hsiang4
IPA[ʂù.ɕjâŋ]
Wu
Romanizationzoh入-sian平
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsuhkseung
Jyutpingsuk6 soeng3
IPA[sʊk̚˨.sœŋ˧]
Southern Min
HokkienPOJsio̍ksiùnn
Part ofa series on
Chinese folk religion
Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn.
Internal traditions

TheChinese zodiac is a traditional classification scheme based on theChinese calendar that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating twelve-year (or duodenary) cycle.[1] The zodiac is very important in traditional Chinese culture and exists as a reflection ofChinese philosophy andculture.[2] Chinese folkways held that one's personality is related to the attributes of their zodiac animal.[3] Originating fromChina, the zodiac and its variations remain popular in manyEast Asian andSoutheast Asiancountries, such asJapan,[4]South Korea,[5]Vietnam,[5]Singapore,Nepal,Bhutan,Cambodia, andThailand.[6]

Identifying this scheme as a "zodiac" reflects superficial similarities to theWestern zodiac: both divide time cycles into twelve parts, label the majority of those parts with animals, and are used to ascribe a person's personality or events in their life to the person's particular relationship to the cycle. The 12 Chinese zodiac animals in a cycle are not only used to represent years in China but are also believed to influence people's personalities, careers, compatibility, marriages, and fortunes.[7]

For the starting date of a zodiac year, there are two schools of thought inChinese astrology:Chinese New Year or thestart of spring.

History

[edit]
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There are theories that suggest the twelve animals were chosen for their symbolic traits, based on their revered status in traditional Chinese culture. The selection process varied regionally before being standardized in theHan Dynasty (Cao, 2008). This standardization connected these animals into a cyclical timekeeping system, which is seen as a way to reflect personality traits and the broader society (Zhou, 2017).

The Chinese zodiac, as an essential part of Chinese culture, started to take shape during the Han Dynasty. This era formalizes a twelve-year cycle, where each year is associated with a specific animal, as part of a timekeeping system. This system, known as the zodiac cycle, combined the twelveEarthly Branches (地支) with the tenHeavenly Stems (天干) to create a total of a 60-year cycle. Each Earthly Branch was linked to an animal, and to the twelve zodiac signs: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig.

According to legend, theJade Emperor held a contest to decide which animals would be lucky enough to be included in the calendar. The winner of the race – the rat – received the first year of the 12-year cycle, and so on.[8]

However, historical research[by whom?] suggests that the Chinese zodiac emerged after the establishment of the "Gangi Chronicle Law"[when?], with each of the twelve animals directly assigned to one of the twelve Earthly Branches. In this system, a person's birth year determines their associated animal, which is linked to a specific Earthly Branch and serves both a chronological function and a means of categorizing individuals into symbolic groups, akin to a genus.

In theEastern Han dynasty,Xu Shen said that the charactersi (巳) was the image of a snake, and the same was true forhai (亥) andshi (豕; 'pig'). Since the twelveEarthly Branches of the zodiac were easily confused, people replaced them with animals and borrowed the ordinal symbols to match them with the Earthly Branches to form a chronological symbol system.[9]

In "Totem and celestial combination theory", it is suggested that the zodiac is ancient animal totem worship combined with astronomical images in astronomy. Among them, the explanation of the totem and celestial combinations is more scientific.[citation needed]

Signs

[edit]
A stone carving of the Chinese zodiac.
Tang dynasty era ceramicfigurines of calendar animals, from left to right: Tiger-headed, Dragon-headed, Snake-headed, Monkey-headed and Rooster-headed.Musée Cernuschi

Thezodiactraditionally begins with the sign of theRat.[10] The following are the twelvezodiac signs in order, each with its associated characteristics (Heavenly Stems,Earthly Branch,yin/yang force,Trine, andnature element).[11] The belief that everyone and every animal has a role to play in society conforms to Confucian beliefs in a hierarchical society. Just as Confucian beliefs persist in Asia today alongside more modern social views, so does zodiac use.[12]

NumberEnglishAnimalEarthly branchYin/yangTrineFixed element
1Rat鼠shǔ子zǐYang1stWater
2Ox牛niú丑chǒuYin2ndEarth
3Tiger虎hǔ寅yínYang3rdWood
4Rabbit兔tù卯mǎoYin4thWood
5Dragon龍/龙lóng辰chénYang1stEarth
6Snake蛇shé巳sìYin2ndFire
7Horse馬/马mǎ午wǔYang3rdFire
8Goat羊yáng未wèiYin4thEarth
9Monkey猴hóu申shēnYang1stMetal
10Rooster雞/鸡jī酉yǒuYin2ndMetal
11Dog狗gǒu戌xūYang3rdEarth
12Pig豬/猪zhū亥hàiYin4thWater

InChinese astrology the animal signs assigned byyear represent self-presentation or perception by others.[citation needed] It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs, and manyWestern descriptions of Chinese astrology only reference this system. There are also animal signs assigned bymonth (called "inner animals"), byday (called "true animals"), andhours (called "secret animals"). TheEarth is all twelve signs, with five seasons.[citation needed]

Michel Ferlus (2013) notes that the Old Chinese names of the earthly branches are ofAustroasiatic origin.[13] Some of Ferlus's comparisons are given below, with Old Chinese reconstructions cited from Baxter & Sagart (2014).[14]

There is also a lexical correspondence withAustronesian:[13]

The terms for the earthly branches are attested fromShang dynasty inscriptions and were likely also used before Shang times. Ferlus (2013) suggests that the terms were ancient pre-Shang borrowings from Austroasiatic languages spoken in the Yangtze River region.[13]

Chinese calendar

[edit]
Main article:Chinese calendar

Years

[edit]
Main article:Sexagenary cycle

Within theFour Pillars, the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents.[citation needed] The person's age can also be easily deduced from their sign, the current sign of the year, and the person's generational disposition (teens, mid-20s, and so on). For example, a person born aTiger is 12, 24, 36, (etc.) years old in the year of the Tiger (2022); in the year of theRabbit (2023), that person is one year older.

The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to theGregorian calendar for 1924–2043. Thesexagenary cycle begins atlichun about February 4 according to someastrological sources.[15][16]

 YearYearAssociated
animal		Yin/yangAssociated
element		Heavenly
stem		Earthly
branch
1924–19831984–2043
1Feb 051924 – Jan 23 1925Feb 021984 – Feb 19 1985RatYangWood甲子
2Jan 241925 – Feb 12 1926Feb 201985 – Feb 08 1986OxYinWood乙丑
3Feb 131926 – Feb 01 1927Feb 091986 – Jan 28 1987TigerYangFire丙寅
4Feb 021927 – Jan 22 1928Jan 291987 – Feb 16 1988RabbitYinFire丁卯
5Jan 231928 – Feb 09 1929Feb 171988 – Feb 05 1989DragonYangEarth戊辰
6Feb 101929 – Jan 29 1930Feb 061989 – Jan 26 1990SnakeYinEarth己巳
7Jan 301930 – Feb 16 1931Jan 271990 – Feb 14 1991HorseYangMetal庚午
8Feb 171931 – Feb 05 1932Feb 151991 – Feb 03 1992GoatYinMetal辛未
9Feb 061932 – Jan 25 1933Feb 041992 – Jan 22 1993MonkeyYangWater壬申
10Jan 261933 – Feb 13 1934Jan 231993 – Feb 09 1994RoosterYinWater癸酉
11Feb 141934 – Feb 03 1935Feb 101994 – Jan 30 1995DogYangWood甲戌
12Feb 041935 – Jan 23 1936Jan 311995 – Feb 18 1996PigYinWood乙亥
13Jan 241936 – Feb 10 1937Feb 191996 – Feb 06 1997RatYangFire丙子
14Feb 111937 – Jan 30 1938Feb 071997 – Jan 27 1998OxYinFire丁丑
15Jan 311938 – Feb 18 1939Jan 281998 – Feb 15 1999TigerYangEarth戊寅
16Feb 191939 – Feb 07 1940Feb 161999 – Feb 04 2000RabbitYinEarth己卯
17Feb 081940 – Jan 26 1941Feb 052000 – Jan 23 2001DragonYangMetal庚辰
18Jan 271941 – Feb 14 1942Jan 242001 – Feb 11 2002SnakeYinMetal辛巳
19Feb 151942 – Feb 04 1943Feb 122002 – Jan 31 2003HorseYangWater壬午
20Feb 051943 – Jan 24 1944Feb 012003 – Jan 21 2004GoatYinWater癸未
21Jan 251944 – Feb 12 1945Jan 222004 – Feb 08 2005MonkeyYangWood甲申
22Feb 131945 – Feb 01 1946Feb 092005 – Jan 28 2006RoosterYinWood乙酉
23Feb 021946 – Jan 21 1947Jan 292006 – Feb 17 2007DogYangFire丙戌
24Jan 221947 – Feb 09 1948Feb 182007 – Feb 06 2008PigYinFire丁亥
25Feb 101948 – Jan 28 1949Feb 072008 – Jan 25 2009RatYangEarth戊子
26Jan 291949 – Feb 16 1950Jan 262009 – Feb 13 2010OxYinEarth己丑
27Feb 171950 – Feb 05 1951Feb 142010 – Feb 02 2011TigerYangMetal庚寅
28Feb 061951 – Jan 26 1952Feb 032011 – Jan 22 2012RabbitYinMetal辛卯
29Jan 271952 – Feb 13 1953Jan 232012 – Feb 09 2013DragonYangWater壬辰
30Feb 141953 – Feb 02 1954Feb 102013 – Jan 30 2014SnakeYinWater癸巳
31Feb 031954 – Jan 23 1955Jan 312014 – Feb 18 2015HorseYangWood甲午
32Jan 241955 – Feb 11 1956Feb 192015 – Feb 07 2016GoatYinWood乙未
33Feb 121956 – Jan 30 1957Feb 082016 – Jan 27 2017MonkeyYangFire丙申
34Jan 311957 – Feb 17 1958Jan 282017 – Feb 15 2018RoosterYinFire丁酉
35Feb 181958 – Feb 07 1959Feb 162018 – Feb 04 2019DogYangEarth戊戌
36Feb 081959 – Jan 27 1960Feb 052019 – Jan 24 2020PigYinEarth己亥
37Jan 281960 – Feb 14 1961Jan 252020 – Feb 11 2021RatYangMetal庚子
38Feb 151961 – Feb 04 1962Feb 122021 – Jan 31 2022OxYinMetal辛丑
39Feb 051962 – Jan 24 1963Feb 012022 – Jan 21 2023TigerYangWater壬寅
40Jan 251963 – Feb 12 1964Jan 222023 – Feb 09 2024RabbitYinWater癸卯
41Feb 131964 – Feb 01 1965Feb 102024 – Jan 28 2025DragonYangWood甲辰
42Feb 021965 – Jan 20 1966Jan 292025 – Feb 16 2026SnakeYinWood乙巳
43Jan 211966 – Feb 08 1967Feb 172026 – Feb 05 2027HorseYangFire丙午
44Feb 091967 – Jan 29 1968Feb 062027 – Jan 25 2028GoatYinFire丁未
45Jan 301968 – Feb 16 1969Jan 262028 – Feb 12 2029MonkeyYangEarth戊申
46Feb 171969 – Feb 05 1970Feb 132029 – Feb 02 2030RoosterYinEarth己酉
47Feb 061970 – Jan 26 1971Feb 032030 – Jan 22 2031DogYangMetal庚戌
48Jan 271971 – Feb 14 1972Jan 232031 – Feb 10 2032PigYinMetal辛亥
49Feb 151972 – Feb 02 1973Feb 112032 – Jan 30 2033RatYangWater壬子
50Feb 031973 – Jan 22 1974Jan 312033 – Feb 18 2034OxYinWater癸丑
51Jan 231974 – Feb 10 1975Feb 192034 – Feb 07 2035TigerYangWood甲寅
52Feb 111975 – Jan 30 1976Feb 082035 – Jan 27 2036RabbitYinWood乙卯
53Jan 311976 – Feb 17 1977Jan 282036 – Feb 14 2037DragonYangFire丙辰
54Feb 181977 – Feb 06 1978Feb 152037 – Feb 03 2038SnakeYinFire丁巳
55Feb 071978 – Jan 27 1979Feb 042038 – Jan 23 2039HorseYangEarth戊午
56Jan 281979 – Feb 15 1980Jan 242039 – Feb 11 2040GoatYinEarth己未
57Feb 161980 – Feb 04 1981Feb 122040 – Jan 31 2041MonkeyYangMetal庚申
58Feb 051981 – Jan 24 1982Feb 012041 – Jan 21 2042RoosterYinMetal辛酉
59Jan 251982 – Feb 12 1983Jan 222042 – Feb 09 2043DogYangWater壬戌
60Feb 131983 – Feb 01 1984Feb 102043 – Jan 29 2044PigYinWater癸亥

Compatibility

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Chinese Zodiac Compatibility-Conflict-Harm Grid in accordance to one's nature, characteristics, and elements

As the Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancientFive Elements Theory, everyChinese sign is associated with five elements with relations, among those elements, of interpolation, interaction, over-action, and counter-action—believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in theuniverse. Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities, and practitioners ofChinese astrology consult suchtraditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage.[17] A common way to explore zodiac compatibility is with a chart showing how each zodiac sign interacts other signs. For example, constellations that are considered compatible with each other may have similar values and interests, while incompatible constellations may have conflicting personalities and ways of communicating.[18]

Chinese zodiac compatibility grid[19]
SignBest match (compatible). 4 Trines (San He - 三合).[20]Best match (compatible). Six Harmonies (Liu He - 六合).[21]Average match (friendly).[22]Super bad (conflict). Six Offending Groups (Liu Chong - 六冲).[23]Harmful (best avoid). Six Harming Groups (Liu Hai - 六害).[24]Punishment Groups (Xiang Xing - 相刑). More harmful than harming and offending.[25]
RatDragon,MonkeyOxPig,Tiger,Dog,Snake,Rooster,RatHorseGoatRabbit
OxRooster,SnakeRatMonkey,Dog,Rabbit,Tiger,Dragon,Pig,OxGoatHorse
TigerHorse,DogPigRabbit,Dragon,Rooster,Rat,Goat,Ox,TigerMonkeySnake
RabbitPig,GoatDogTiger,Monkey,Rabbit,Ox,Horse,SnakeRoosterDragonRat
DragonRat,MonkeyRoosterTiger,Snake,Horse,Goat,Pig,OxDogRabbitDragon
SnakeOx,RoosterMonkeyHorse,Dragon,Goat,Dog,Rabbit,Rat,SnakePigTiger
HorseDog,TigerGoatSnake,Rabbit,Dragon,Rooster,Pig,MonkeyRatOxHorse
GoatRabbit,PigHorseSnake,Goat,Dragon,Monkey,Rooster,Dog,TigerOxRat
MonkeyDragon,RatSnakeMonkey,Dog,Ox,Goat,Rabbit,Rooster,HorseTigerPig
RoosterSnake,OxDragonHorse,Goat,Pig,Tiger,Monkey,RatRabbitDogRooster
DogTiger,HorseRabbitMonkey,Pig,Rat,Ox,Snake,Goat,DogDragonRooster
PigRabbit,GoatTigerRat,Rooster,Dog,Dragon,Horse,OxSnakeMonkeyPig

Origin stories

[edit]

Manystories andfables explain the beginning of thezodiac. Since theHan dynasty, the twelveEarthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. However, for entertainment and convenience,[citation needed] they were replaced by the twelve animals, and amnemonic refers to the behavior of the animals:

Earthly Branches may refer to a double-hour period.[26] In the latter case it is the center of the period; for instance, 馬 mǎ (Horse) means noon as well as a period from 11:00 to 13:00.

AnimalName of the periodPeriodThis is the time when...
Rat子時 Zǐshí23:00 to 00:59Rats are most active in seeking food. Rats also have a different number of digits on front and hind legs, thus earning Rat thesymbol of "turn over" or "new start"
Ox丑時 Chǒushí01:00 to 02:59Oxen begin to chew the cud slowly and comfortably
Tiger寅時 Yínshí03:00 to 04:59Tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity
Rabbit卯時 Mǎoshí05:00 to 06:59TheJade Rabbit is busy pounding herbal medicine on the Moon according to the tale
Dragon辰時 Chénshí07:00 to 08:59Dragons are hovering in the sky to give rain
Snake巳時 Sìshí09:00 to 10:59Snakes are leaving their caves
Horse午時 Wǔshí11:00 to 12:59The sun is high overhead and while other animals are lying down for a rest, horses are still standing
Goat未時 Wéishí13:00 to 14:59Goats eat grass and urinate frequently
Monkey申時 Shēnshí15:00 to 16:59Monkeys are lively
Rooster酉時 Yǒushí17:00 to 18:59Roosters begin to get back to their coops
Dog戌時 Xūshí19:00 to 20:59Dogs carry out their duty of guarding the houses
Pig亥時 Hàishí21:00 to 22:59Pigs are sleeping sweetly

Great Race

[edit]
This articleis missing information about the origin and history of the folktale. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on thetalk page.(June 2019)
This image depicts a scene from "The Great Race" folk story, in which theOx carries theRat across the river.

An ancientfolktale[27] called "The Great Race" tells of theJade Emperor's decree that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they reached him. To get there, the animals would have to cross a river.

TheCat and theRat were not good at swimming, but they were both quite intelligent. They decided that the best and fastest way to cross the river was to hop on the back of theOx. The Ox, being kindhearted and naive, agreed to carry them both across. As the Ox was about to reach the other side of the river, the Rat pushed the Cat into the water, and then jumped off the Ox and rushed to the Jade Emperor. It was named as the first animal of the zodiac calendar. The Ox had to settle for second place.

The third animal to come was theTiger. Even though it was strong and powerful, it admitted to the Jade Emperor that the currents were pushing it downstream.

Suddenly, athump sound came from the distance, signaling the arrival of theRabbit. It explained how it crossed the river: by jumping from one stone to another in a nimble fashion. Halfway through, it thought it might lose the race, but it was lucky enough to grab hold of a floating log that later washed it to shore. For that, it became the fourth animal in the zodiac cycle.

In fifth place was the flyingDragon. The Jade Emperor wondered why a swift, airborne creature such as the Dragon did not come in first place. The Dragon explained that it had to stop by a village and bring rain for all the people, and therefore it was held back. Then, on its way to the finish, it saw the helpless Rabbit clinging onto a log, so it did a good deed and gave a puff of breath in the poor creature's direction so that it could land on the shore. The Jade Emperor was astonished by the Dragon's good nature, and it was named as the fifth animal of the zodiac.

As soon as the Dragon arrived, there came a galloping sound, and theHorse appeared. Hidden on the Horse's hoof was theSnake, whose sudden appearance gave the Horse a fright, thus making it fall back and giving the Snake the sixth spot while the Horse placed seventh.

After a while, theGoat,Monkey, andRooster came to the river blocking the heavenly gate. The Rooster found a raft, and the Monkey and the Goat tugged and pulled, trying to get all the weeds out of the way. With combined efforts, they managed to arrive to the other side. The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal, followed by the Monkey and then the Rooster.

The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was theDog. Although it should have been the best swimmer and runner, it spent its time playing in the river water. Its explanation for being late was that it needed a good bath after a long journey, but it almost did not make it to the finish line.

Right when the Jade Emperor was going to end the race, anoink sound was heard: it was thePig. The Pig felt hungry in the middle of the race, so it stopped, ate something, and then fell asleep. After it awoke, it finished the race in twelfth place, making it the last animal to arrive.

The Cat eventually drowned and failed to become part of the zodiac. It is said that this is the reason why cats hate water. It is also the reason for the rivalry between the Cat and Rat, as it was the Rat's callous act to push the Cat into the river.

Variations

[edit]

Another version of the folktale tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back by promising the Ox that it could hear the Rat sing,[28] before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first. Another variant says that the Rat cheated the Cat out its place at the finish line, by hiding on the back of the Dog, who was too focused to notice that he had a stow-away. The Cat tried to attack the rat in retaliation, but hurt the Dog by accident. This is said to account for the antagonistic dynamic between cats and rats, beyond normal predator and prey behavior, and also why dogs and cats fight.

InChinese mythology, a story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet. This is why the Cat is ultimately not part of the Chinese zodiac.[citation needed]

InBuddhist legendGautama Buddha summoned all animals of theEarth to come before him before his departure from thisEarth, but only twelve animals came to bid him farewell. To reward these animals, he named a year after each of them in the order they had arrived.

The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages ofChinese civilization, so therefore it is difficult to investigate its real origins. Most historians agree that the Cat is not included, as cats had not yet been introduced to China from India with the arrival ofBuddhism. However until recently, the Vietnamese moved away from theirtraditional texts[29] and literature and, unlike all other countries who follow the Sino lunar calendar, include the Cat instead of the Rabbit as a zodiac animal. The most common explanation is that cats are worshipped by farmers in East Asia, believing that cats' luck and prosperity protects their crops.[30] Another popular cultural reason is that the ancient word forrabbit (Mao) sounds like cat (Meo).[31]

Adaptations

[edit]
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The Chinese zodiac signs are also used bycultures other thanChinese. For example, they usually appear onKorean New Year andJapanese New Year's cards and stamps. TheUnited States Postal Service and several other countries' postal services issue a "Year of the ____" postage stamp each year to honor thisChineseheritage.

The zodiac is widely used in commercial culture, for example, in the Chinese New Year market, and popular zodiac-related products, such as crafts, toys, books, accessories, and paintings andChinese lunar coins. The coins depictzodiac animals, inspired theCanadian Silver Maple Leafcoins, as well as varieties fromAustralia,South Korea, andMongolia.

The Chinese zodiac is also used in some Asian countries that were under thecultural influence ofChina. However, some of the animals in thezodiac may differ bycountry.

Asian

[edit]
Further information:Bulgar calendar andVietnamese zodiac

TheKorean zodiac includes theSheep (yang) instead of theGoat (which would beyeomso), although theChinese source of the loanwordyang may refer to anygoat-antelope.[citation needed]

TheJapanese zodiac includes theSheep (hitsuji) instead of theGoat (which would beyagi), and theWild boar (inoshishi,i) instead of thePig (buta).[32] Since 1873, theJapanese have celebrated the beginning of the new year on 1 January as per theGregorian calendar.[33]

TheVietnamese zodiac varies from the Chinese zodiac with the second animal being theWater Buffalo instead of theOx, and the fourth animal being theCat instead of theRabbit.[34]

TheCambodian zodiac is exactly identical to that of the Chinese although the dragon is interchangeable with the Neak (nāga)Cambodian sea snake.[35] Sheep and Goat are interchangeable as well. TheCambodian New Year is celebrated in April, rather than in January or February as it is in China and most countries.[36][37]

TheCham zodiac uses the same order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces theMonkey with the turtle (known locally askra).

Similarly theMalay zodiac replaces theRabbit with themousedeer (pelanduk) and thePig with the tortoise (kura orkura-kura).[38] TheDragon (Loong) is normally equated with thenāga but it is sometimes called Big Snake (ular besar) while theSnake sign is called Second Snake (ular sani). This is also recorded in a 19th-century manuscript compiled byJohn Leyden.[39]

TheThai zodiac includes anāga in place of theDragon[40] and begins, not at theChinese New Year, but either on the first day of the fifth month in theThai lunar calendar, or during theSongkranNew Year festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use.[41]Historically,Lan Na (Kingdom around Northern Thailand) also replaces pig with elephant. While modern Thai have returned to pig, its name is stillกุน (gu̜n), retaining the actual word for elephant in the zodiac.[42]

TheGurung zodiac inNepal includes a Cow instead of an Ox, a Cat instead of Rabbit, an Eagle instead of a Dragon (Loong), a Bird instead of a Rooster, and a Deer instead of a Pig.[citation needed]

TheBulgar calendar used from the 2nd century[43] and that has been only partially reconstructed uses a similar sixty-year cycle of twelve animal-named years groups.[44]

TheOld Mongol calendar uses the Mouse, the Ox, theLeopard, theHare, theCrocodile, the Serpent, the Horse, the Sheep, the Monkey, theHen, the Dog and the Hog.[45]

TheTibetan calendar replaces theRooster with thebird.

TheVolga Bulgars,Kazars and other Turkic peoples replaced some animals by local fauna: Leopard (instead of Tiger),Fish or Crocodile (instead of Dragon/Loong),Hedgehog (instead of Monkey),Elephant (instead of Pig), andCamel (instead of Rat/Mouse).[46][47]

In thePersian version of the Eastern zodiac brought by Mongols during the Middle Ages, the Chinese wordlóng and Mongol wordlū (Dragon) was translated asnahang meaning "water beast", and may refer to any dangerous aquatic animal both mythical and real (crocodiles, hippos, sharks, sea serpents, etc.). In the 20th century the termnahang is used almost exclusively as meaningWhale, thus switching the Loong for the Whale in the Persian variant.[48][49]

In the traditionalKazakh version of the twelve-year animal cycle (Kazakh:мүшел,müşel), theDragon is replaced by a snail (Kazakh:ұлу,ulw), and theTiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh:барыс,barıs).[50]

In theKyrgyz version of the Chinese zodiac (Kyrgyz:мүчөл,müçöl) the words for the Dragon (Kyrgyz:улуу,uluu), Monkey (Kyrgyz:мечин,meçin) and Tiger (Kyrgyz:барс,bars) are only found in Chinese zodiac names, other animal names include Mouse, Cow, Rabbit, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Chicken, Dog and Wild boar.[51]

In theTurkish version of zodiac, the animals are almost the same, but it replaces Tiger with Leopard (Pars), Dragon with Fish (Balık) and Goat with Sheep (Koyun). Remarkably, the practise of zodiac persisted since theOttoman Empire, including the presence of Pig (Domuz) despite contradicting Islamic rule.[52][53]

Chinese Zodiac by Ethnic Group
Ethnic Group123456789101112
ChineseRatOxTigerRabbitDragonSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogPig
KoreanRatOxTigerRabbitDragonSnakeHorseSheepMonkeyRoosterDogPig
JapaneseRatOxTigerRabbitDragonSnakeHorseSheepMonkeyRoosterDogWild Boar
VietnameseRatWater BuffaloTigerCatDragonSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogPig
CambodianRatOxTigerRabbitNāgaSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogPig
ChamRatOxTigerRabbitDragonSnakeHorseGoatTurtleRoosterDogPig
MalayRatOxTigerMousedeerNāgaSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogTortoise
ThaiRatOxTigerRabbitNāgaSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogPig
Lanna (Thai)RatOxTigerRabbitNāgaSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogElephant
GurungRatCowTigerCatEagleSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyBirdDogDeer
BulgarRatOxTiger/WolfRabbitDragonSnakeHorseRamMonkeyRoosterDogBoar
Old MongolianRatOxLeopardHareCrocodileSerpentHorseSheepMonkeyHenDogHog
TibetanRatOxTigerRabbitDragonSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyBirdDogPig
KazarsCamelOxLeopardRabbitFish/CrocodileSnakeHorseGoatHedgehogRoosterDogElephant
PersianRatOxTigerRabbitWhaleSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogPig
KazakhsRatOxLeopardRabbitSnailSnakeHorseGoatMonkeyRoosterDogPig
KyrgyzMouseCowTigerRabbitDragonSnakeHorseSheepMonkeyChickenDogWild Boar
TurkmenMouseCowTigerRabbitDragon/FishSnakeHorseSheepMonkeyChickenDogPig
TurkishRatOxLeopardRabbitFishSnakeHorseSheepMonkeyRoosterDogPig
Chinese Zodiac by Ethnic Group (Native Names)
Ethnic Group123456789101112
ChamTikuhKubaoRimaongTapayInagiraiUlanaihAthaihPabaiyKraManukAthauPapwiy
ꨓꨪꨆꨭꩍꨆꨭꨯꨝꨱꨣꨪꨠꨯꨱꨮꨓꨚꩈ꩓ꨘꨈꨪꨣꨰꨂꨤꨘꨰꩍꨀꨔꨰꩍꨚꨝꨰꩈꨆꨴꨠꨘꨭꩀꨀꨔꨭꨮꨚꩇꨥꨪꩈ
MalayTikusKerbauHarimauPelandukNagaUlarKudaKambingMonyetAyam JantanAnjingKura-kura
تيکوسکرباوريماوڤلندوقاولر بسراولر ثانيکوداکمبيڠموڽيتأيمأنجيڠکورا
BulgarSomorShegorVer?Dvan[sh]Ver[eni]?DilomImen[shegor]?Teku[chitem]?TohEthDohs
TurkmenSyçanSygyrBarsTowşanLuw~balykÝylanÝylkyGoýunBijinTowukItDoňuz
سیچانسیغربارسطاوشانلو~بالیقییلانیلقیقویونبیجینطاویقایتدونگغز

English translation

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Due to confusion with synonyms during translation, some of the animals depicted by theEnglish words did not exist inancient China.[citation needed] For example:

  • The term鼠Rat can be translated asMouse, as there are no distinctive words for the twogenera inChinese. However,Rat is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms.[citation needed]
  • The term牛Ox, a castratedBull, can be translated interchangeably with other terms related toCattle (maleBull, femaleCow) andBuffalo. However,Ox is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms.[citation needed]
  • The term卯Rabbit can be translated asHare, as 卯 (and 兔) do not distinguish between the two genera ofleporids. As hares are native to China and most of Asia and rabbits are not, this would be more accurate. However, in colloquial EnglishRabbit can encompass hares as well.
  • The term蛇Snake can be translated asSerpent, which refers to a large species of snake and has the same behavior, although this term is rarely used.
  • The term羊Goat can be translated interchangeably with other terms related toSheep (maleRam, female Ewe). However,Goat is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms.[citation needed]
  • The term雞Rooster can be translated interchangeably withChicken, as well as the femaleHen. However,Rooster is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms in English-speaking countries.[citation needed]

Gallery

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External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toChinese zodiac.

Discussions on Specific Years

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General Information on Chinese Astrology

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See also

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References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Chinese Zodiac | Home".UW Departments Web Server. Retrieved2023-12-27.
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Sources

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  • Shelly H. Wu. (2005).Chinese Astrology. Publisher: The Career Press, Inc.ISBN 1-56414-796-7.
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