Writing systems that useChinese characters also include variouspunctuation marks, derived from both Chinese and Western sources. Historically,jùdòu (句读;句讀) annotations were often used to indicate the boundaries of sentences and clauses in text. The use of punctuation inwritten Chinese only became mandatory during the 20th century, due to Western influence. Unlike modern punctuation,judou marks were added by scholars for pedagogical purposes and were not viewed as integral to the text. Texts were therefore generally transmitted withoutjudou. In most cases, this practice did not interfere with the interpretation of a text, although it occasionally resulted in ambiguity.[A]
The first book to be printed with modern punctuation wasOutline of the History of Chinese Philosophy (中國哲學史大綱) byHu Shih, published in 1919. Traditional poetry and calligraphy maintains the punctuation-free style. However, most editions of classical texts published since the 1930s are punctuated with fully modern punctuation (or at least using the modern equivalents of the traditionaljudou marks).
The usage of punctuation in China is regulated by theChinese national standard GB/T 15834–2011 "General rules for punctuation" (標點符號用法;标点符号用法;biāodiǎn fúhào yòngfǎ).[2]
Many ancient Chinese books contain thousands of words with no spaces between them; however, when necessary to explicitly denote a pause or break, judou marks such as "。" and "、" were used.
In Written Chinese, each character conforms to a roughly square frame, so the entire text can fit into a grid.Because of this, East Asian punctuation marks are larger than their European counterparts, as they should occupy a square area that is the same size as the characters around them. These punctuation marks are calledfullwidth to contrast them fromhalfwidth European punctuation marks.
Chinese characters can bewritten horizontally or vertically. Some punctuation marks adapt to this change in direction: the parentheses, square brackets, square quotation marks, book title marks, ellipsis marks, and dashes all rotate 90° clockwise when used in vertical text.
The threeunderline-like punctuation marks in Chinese (proper noun mark, wavy book title mark, and emphasis mark) rotate and shift to the left side of the text in vertical script (shifting to the right side of the text is also possible, but this is outmoded and can clash with the placement of other punctuation marks).
Marks imported from Europe are fullwidth instead of halfwidth like their original European counterparts, thus incorporating more space, and no longer need to be followed by an additional space in typesetting:[5][6]
⟨ ⟩ (U+3000FULLWIDTH SPACE) is thespace, but takes the width of a full hanzi.
， (U+FF0CFULLWIDTH COMMA) is thecomma (,). It cannot be used for enumerating a list; see "enumeration comma" below.
！ (U+FF01FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK) is theexclamation mark (!).
？ (U+FF1FFULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK) is thequestion mark (?).
； (U+FF1BFULLWIDTH SEMICOLON) is thesemicolon (;).
Traditional Chinese doesnot use European quotation marks. Its double and singlequotation marks are fullwidth『 』 (U+300ELEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET, U+300FRIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET) and「 」 (U+300CLEFT CORNER BRACKET, U+300DRIGHT CORNER BRACKET). The double quotation marks are used when embedded within single quotation marks:「…『…』…」. In vertical text, quotation marks are rotated 90° clockwise (﹁…﹂ (U+FE41PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET, U+FE42PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT CORNER BRACKET)).[6][7][8]
Simplified Chineseofficially prescribes European-style quotation marks for horizontal text and Chinese quotation marks for vertical text. Single quotation marks are used when embedded within double quotation marks:“…‘…’…”.
These quotation marks are fullwidth in printed matter but share the same codepoints as the European quotation marks inUnicode, so they require a Chinese-language font to be displayed correctly. In vertical text, corner brackets rotated 90° clockwise (﹃…﹁…﹂…﹄), are used similar to Traditional Chinese but in reverse clamping order, with double quotation on the outside and single quotation on the inside. However, corner brackets are commonly encountered in situations that normally necessitate European punctuation, including in official contexts and media.[9]
Chinese language does not traditionally observe theEnglish custom of aserial comma (the comma before conjunctions in a list), although the issue is of little consequence in Chinese at any rate, as the English "A, B, and C" is more likely to be rendered in Chinese as "A、B及C" or more often as "A、B、C", without any word for "and", see picture to the right.[6]
Middle dot (·)
Chinese uses amiddle dot to separate characters in non-Han personal names, such as Tibetan, Uyghur, etc. For example "Nur Bekri" (نۇر بەكرى), the name of a Chinese politician of Uyghur descent is rendered as "努爾·白克力". "Leonardo da Vinci" is often transcribed toMandarin as:李奧納多·達·文西. The middle dot is also fullwidth in printed matter, while the halfwidth middle dot [·] is also used in computer input, which is then rendered as fullwidth in Chinese-language fonts.
In Taiwan, the hyphenation point ([‧], U+2027HYPHENATION POINT) is used instead for the same purpose.[10][failed verification –see discussion] They can also be used to represent decimal points in Chinese. For example "3.5" becomes「三‧五」.[11]
Title marks (《…》, 〈…〉, ﹏﹏﹏)
For titles of books, films, and so on, Simplified Chinese officially uses fullwidth double angle brackets[12]《 》 (U+300ALEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET, U+300BRIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET), and fullwidth single angle brackets〈 〉 (U+3008LEFT ANGLE BRACKET, U+3009RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET).
The latter is used when embedded within the former:《…〈…〉…》. Although﹏﹏﹏ (wavy underline, U+FE4FWAVY LOW LINE) is the officially prescribed title mark by Taiwan's Ministry of Education (especially for handwriting), when typing, square brackets【 】 and double quotation marks『 』 are also de facto used, if not prescribed by dictionaries in a manner akin to Korean and Japanese; Simplified Chinese often does likewise for song titles. In practice,Traditional Chinese, single title marks are also used for articles in or sections of a book, a rule that is also officially prescribed forSimplified Chinese.
Furthermore, unsanctioned and alternate usage of Western or Chinese quotation marks is rather common, especially so for Chinese quotation marks in Traditional Chinese newspapers; this "unsanctioned practice" is also commonly found in Japanese and Korean.[6][7]
Ellipsis (……)
In Chinese, theellipsis is written with six dots (not three) occupying the same space as two characters in the center of a line.[2][13]
Unicode provides an explicitly centeredU+22EF⋯MIDLINE HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS character[14] in addition to the inexplicitU+2026…HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS character.[15]
Two-em dash (⸺)
Similarly, the two-em dash (U+2E3A⸺TWO-EM DASH) is written so that it occupies the space of twoem dash characters in the center of the line. There should be no breaking in the line.[2] To represent the two-em dash character ([⸺]), one can write two consecutive em dashes ([——], U+2014 U+2014). Chinesedash isChinese:破折號;pinyin:pòzhéhào;lit. 'Break/Fold Mark'.
En dash (–)
When connecting two words to signify a range, Chinese generally uses anen dash occupying the space of one character (e.g.1月—7月 "January to July", which can also be written 1月到7月, with the character 到 in place of the dash). A single em dash character or atilde may also be used.[16]
Wave dash (～)
Thewave dash (U+301C〜WAVE DASH,simplified Chinese:浪纹;traditional Chinese:浪紋;pinyin:làng wén) is used in the Chinese language to signify a numerical range (e.g. 5～20個字 "5 to 20 words"). Additionally, there is another Unicode character called thefullwidthtilde (U+FF5E～FULLWIDTH TILDE,Chinese:全形波浪號;pinyin:quán xíng bōlàng hào) which is often used as an alternative form of the wave dash symbol. The wave dash is more commonly but not exclusively used when the numbers are estimates (e.g.circa dates and temperatures in weather forecasts).
For the most part, however, the en dash and wavy dash are interchangeable; usage is largely a matter of personal taste or institutional style. Note that the wave dash ([〜]) and the fullwidth tilde ([～]) should not be confused with thewavy dash character (U+3030〰WAVY DASH,simplified Chinese:浪线;traditional Chinese:浪線;pinyin:làng xiàn). InJapanese, the wavy dash is used as an emphatic form of thekatakana-hiragana prolonged sound mark.
In informal use (such astexting), wavy dashes are also used to indicate a prolonged vowel similar to informal English's repeated letters (e.g.哇～～ "waaah") or to indicate stress in places where English would employ an emphatic tone marked variously by italics or bolding (e.g.要～～ "Iwant it!").[6]
Spacing
Similar to thespacing between letters (kerning) in European languages, Chinese writing uses a very narrow space between characters, though it does not observe the equivalent to the widerspace between words except on rare occasions. Chinese – particularly classical Chinese – is thus a form ofscriptio continua and it is common for words to be split between lines with no marking in the text equivalent to the Englishhyphen.
When a space is used, it is also fullwidth (U+3000IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE:⟨ ⟩).
One instance of its usage is as anhonorific marker. A modern example in 20th century Taiwan, is found in the reference toChiang Kai-shek as先總統 蔣公 (Former President, Lord Chiang), in which the preceding space serves as an honorific marker for蔣公. This use is also still current in very formal letters or other old-style documents,[6] as well as religious scripture.
When Chinese isromanized, spaces are used to assist in reading. Rules vary between systems but most commonly – as inHanyu Pinyin – the spaces properly occur betweensemantic divisions (i.e., words) but in practice are often placed betweenphonetic divisions (i.e., individual characters). In theWade–Giles system, separate characters within a word were noted by hyphens but this is increasingly uncommon.
Asterisk (* )
Mainland Chinese supply chains often use anasterisk in place of amultiplication sign (×) to specify product dimensions. For example "10×200×350" becomes "10*200*350".
Example of Chinese products using asterisks as punctuation for product dimensions.
The following are commonly suggested typographical styles; however, they are rarely carried out in practice and often only used when necessary. Proper name marks and title marks are primarily used in textbooks and official documents inHong Kong,Macau, andTaiwan.
Proper name mark (__ )
Aproper name mark (anunderline) is occasionally used, especially in teaching materials and somemoviesubtitles. When the text runs vertically, the appropriate name mark is written as a line to the characters' left (to the right in some older books).
Title mark (﹏﹏ )
Atitle mark is a wavy underline (﹏﹏, U+FE4FWAVY LOW LINE) used instead of the regular book title marks whenever the proper noun mark is used in the same text.
For emphasis, Chinese usesemphasis marks instead ofitalic type. Each emphasis mark is a single dot placed under each character to be emphasized (for vertical text, the dot is placed to the right-hand side of each character). Although frequent in printed matter, emphasis marks are rare online, as most word processors do not support them. However, support in HTML has been possible by adding the CSS propertytext-emphasis-style.
Death-indication mark (
姓名
)
A death-indication mark (simplified Chinese:示亡号;traditional Chinese:示亡號;pinyin:shìwánghào) marks a person's recent death. Typographically, it consists of a black border around the person's name. It is supported by most word processors and is supported in CSS through the border property. It is used in lists or bibliographical data, for example. Lin Suifang (林穗芳) suggests that this practice may have entered the Chinese language in the fifties when it was supposedly adopted from translations from Russian; he does not cite any sources for this statement, however.[17]
There is no equivalent of the apostrophe in Chinese. Therefore, it is omitted in translated foreign names such as "O'Neill". Likewise, the hyphen is used only when writing translated foreign names with hyphens. Otherwise, it is not used in Chinese and is omitted when translating compound words.
Several punctuation marks have ranges of use that differ from the way they are used in English, though some functions may overlap.
， The comma is used to join clauses that deal with a certain topic or line of thinking. As such, what would appear to an English speaker to be acomma splice is very commonly seen in Chinese writing. Often, the entirety of a long paragraph can consist of clauses joined by commas, with the sole period coming only at the end. Unlike in English, a comma is allowed between a subject and its predicate.
； The semicolon is frequently used to demarcate parallel structures in a paragraph.
「...」 Quotation marks, in addition to being used around quotations, are also commonly used for emphasis and to indicate proper nouns and titles, and also to enclose metaphors that do not explicitly state it is a metaphor. (e.g. 「毛球」跑出來了, i.e. The 'hairball' ran out.)
— — The use of a second em dash to close a parenthetical thought is rare. Instead, a comma is usually used, or sometimes no punctuation at all.
InPinyin, the apostrophe (') (隔音符號, géyīn fúhào, 'syllable-dividing mark') is before a syllable starting with a vowel (a, o, or e) in a multiple-syllable word when the syllable does not start the word. It is commonly thought that this apostrophe should be used when there could be ambiguity regarding the syllables used (e.g. xian and Xi'an or bing'an and bin'gan).
^For example, this passage "卒為善士則之野有眾逐虎" inMencius 7B "Wholeheartedly" (孟子·盡心下) has been punctuated as "卒為善士。則之野。有眾逐虎。; 'Ultimately', 'he became a great gentleman. Thereupon he went to the countryside. There was a crowd in pursuit of a tiger'"; or as "卒為善。士則之。野有眾逐虎。; 'Ultimately', 'he became great. Gentlemen took him as a model. In the countryside there was a crowd in pursuit of a tiger.'"; or as "卒為善士則。之野。有眾逐虎。; 'Ultimately', 'he became a model for great gentlemen. He went to the countryside. There was a crowd in pursuit of a tiger.'". The first was given by the Han dynasty scholar Zhao Qi (趙岐) and was the traditional reading accepted bySong scholarZhu Xi,Qing scholarJiao Xun [zh], etc. The second reading is favored by 13th-century scholars Liu Changshi (劉昌詩),Zhou Mi [zh], etc. The third reading is proposed by modern scholars Wang Changlin (2002, 64) as well as Qin Hualin & Ling Yu (2005, 31).[1]
