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Chinese police overseas service stations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chinese police presence abroad

Badge of Fuzhou overseas police operations

The term "overseas service station" (Chinese:海外服务站;pinyin:hǎiwài fúwù zhàn) and the associated phrase, "Overseas 110" or "110 Overseas" (Chinese:海外110;pinyin:hǎiwài yāoyāolíng;lit. 'abroad 110'; alluding to China'semergency number for the police, 110), refer to various overseas offices established in other countries by localpublic security bureaus of thePeople's Republic of China.

In 2022, Chinese police overseas service stations garnered public attention after human rights groupSafeguard Defenders published a report accusing theChinese government of illegally using the stations to intimidateChinese dissidents and criminal suspects abroad and to pressure them to return to China. The report led to investigations of the stations by the governments of several countries.

History

[edit]

The stations were first established in 2014 with the official stated purpose of assistingoverseas Chinese with routine paperwork and liaising with national law enforcement in the countries in which they reside.[1] They are most common among public security bureaus inFujian Province due to the large amount of overseas Chinese originating from Fujian.[2][3]

Safeguard Defenders report

[edit]
Further information:Chinese intelligence activity abroad,Operation Fox Hunt, andTransnational repression by China

According to Matt Schrader, writing for theJamestown Foundation, "overseas Chinese service stations" (Chinese:华助中心;pinyin:huázhù zhōngxīn;lit. 'Chinese assistance center') were first established in 2014, with 45 centers in 39 countries having been opened by 2019. According to Schrader, the centers were mostly formed from existingunited front organizations and did not have policing authority. Schrader further stated that the centers served several legitimate purposes despite criticism of them, such as assisting crime victims with dealing with the host country's police and integrating new immigrants. Schrader pointed to a lack of transparency around the relationship between the centers and the Chinese government, particularly personnel of theUnited Front Work Department (UFWD), and their politicalinfluence operations.[1][4]

TheNantong police department later set up the first "overseas service stations", associated with the phrase "110 Overseas" (Chinese:海外110;pinyin:hǎiwài yībǎiyīshí;lit. 'abroad 110'), as part of a pilot project in 2016. The department set up offices in six countries and had solved at least 120 criminal cases that involved Chinese nationals, as well as detaining over 80 people in Myanmar, Cambodia, and Zambia.[5] Dutch organizations RTL News and "Follow the Money" found that afterwards,Wenzhou'spublic security bureau established a "contact point" in Sydney, Australia, and theLishui public security bureau established two offices in the Netherlands (one in Amsterdam, another in Rotterdam) in 2018.[5][6] The police agencies ofFuzhou andQingtian counties would set up the most numerous of the offices, with the latter beginning their program in 2019.Radio Free Asia reported that as of October 2022, a total of 54 such stations had been established in 30 countries.[7]

Safeguard Defenders released an initial report in September 2022 and a follow-up in December 2022,[8][9] alleging that the police stations were part of a program namedOperation Fox Hunt, and were used to harass and coerce individuals wanted by the Chinese government, including dissidents, via threats to their families and themselves, pressuring them to return to China, where they would then be detained.[10][11] Safeguard Defenders claimed that, between April 2021 and July 2022, the Chinese government recorded 230,000 "suspects of fraud" who were "persuaded to return". The group stated that the stations violated the sovereignty of host countries by allowing Chinese police to circumvent police cooperation rules and procedures.[7][11] For instance, Wang Jingyu, a dissident who fled China after being targeted for social media posts and was granted asylum in the Netherlands, claimed he had been threatened and sent harassing messages by the Rotterdam station to make him return to China, with his parents who remained in China being targeted.[6][12] Wang was later found to have fabricated the threats.[13] A broader example was a notice issued by an overseas station operated by the government ofLaiyang in Myanmar, which stated that Chinese nationals who were there illegally should return to China or "there would be consequences for their loved ones", such as cancellation of their state benefits.[5] An anonymous official from theChinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an interview withEl Correo, stated that the stations used "persuasion" tactics to convince those wanted by the government to return to China, pointing to the difficulties of getting European states to extradite to China.[14][15]

Reactions

[edit]

According toYale legal scholar and China expert Jeremy Daum, the report contained several factual and context errors.[16] Safeguard Defenders subsequently published a revised report which it said corrected some of the mistakes Daum had indicated.[17]

Chinese dissidents living outside of China found the overseas police service stations threatening.[18] Chong Ja Ian, an associate professor of political science at theNational University of Singapore, said that the stations needed registration regardless of their purpose, adding the controversy "raises doubts about the actuality of [China's] commitment to rule of law and respect for sovereignty despite official statements otherwise."[19]

Investigations by other governments

[edit]

In response, some countries, including the United States, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands, announced they would investigate the stations.[20][7][21]

Australia

[edit]

In November 2022,Australian Federal Police told a senate hearing that they do not believe that Chinese police are maintaining such a station inSydney.[22]

Canada

[edit]
Further information:Chinese government interference in Canada

In November 2022, Canada summoned the Chinese ambassadorCong Peiwu and issued acease and desist warning concerning the stations.[23]

In March 2023, theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) announced investigations into two alleged police stations in Quebec.[24][25][26]

Two Chinese community groups in the Montreal area have declared they will sue the RCMP if they do not apologize for their accusations of them hosting secret Chinese police stations and are seeking $2.5 million in damages. Maryse Lapointe, the groups' lawyer, called the allegations false and defamatory. Mei Chiu, coordinator of the Chinatown roundtable in Montreal, criticized the RCMP's investigation on these groups for not even asking to talk to the employees, and only interviewing the board members. The groups say they have lost government funding, forcing them to cut back programs such as French language education and support of victims of domestic violence. The RCMP stated broadly: "It is important to note that some of the activity the RCMP is investigating is occurring at locations where other legitimate services to the Chinese Canadian Community are being offered."[27]

Canadian intelligence analyst Scott McGregor and journalist Ina Mitchell noted in their 2023 book,The Mosaic Effect, thatS.U.C.C.E.S.S., a Canadian social services organization headquartered inVancouver, British Columbia, that is listed as an "Overseas Chinese Services Organization" by theOverseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO), is an example of an organization that provides legitimate services to the Chinese Canadian Community while also working with entities tied toOperation Foxhunt.[28]: 115–128  In July 2024, the Canadian government announced that it had mapped Chinese police stations in the country would share the information with theG7 to explore a response.[29]

France

[edit]

In June 2025, French authorities suspended the deportation of a Chinese businessman that theGeneral Directorate for Internal Security (DGSI) suspected of operating a secret police station from within a Fujianhometown association.[30]

Germany

[edit]

In the fall of 2022, the first reports about Chinese police overseas service stations in Germany appeared. At least five stations existed in Germany.[31] In March 2023, politicianRita Schwarzelühr-Sutter (SPD) stated that two police stations remain operational in Germany, in violation of the country's sovereignty. She stated that they are run by "people who have good contacts with the diplomatic missions of the People's Republic of China and who enjoy the trust of the Chinese security authorities. They are also involved in Chineseunited front organizations."[32]

An investigation of German TVRTL/ntv from November 2024 showed that at least four of the stations in Berlin, Hamburg, Düsseldorf, München and one in theRuhrarea are still active.[31]

Ireland

[edit]

The overseas service stations in Dublin were ordered to close by theIrish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in late October 2022, although one had already ceased operations and took down its sign earlier when electronic ID renewal procedures were introduced.[33][7]

Italy

[edit]

In December 2022, Italy announced that its police would cease joint patrols with Chinese police officers inside of Italian cities, with interior ministerMatteo Piantedosi clarifying that the patrols in question had no relation to the overseas stations.[34] In 2023, aProPublica investigation found that the leaders of "Fuzhou Police Overseas Service Station" inPrato had ties toorganized crime.[35]

Japan

[edit]

In February 2024, Tokyo police raided an overseas police station as part of a COVID-19 fraud investigation.[36] Japanese media reported that an attempt to establish an overseas police station inOkinawa was rebuffed.[37]

Netherlands

[edit]

TheDutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs also stated that, as the Chinese government had failed to notify the country about the stations through diplomatic means, they had been operating illegally, with further investigation to be conducted into their conduct.[38] Foreign ministerWopke Hoekstra later ordered both offices to close.[39] The mayor of Amsterdam later announced in February 2023 that the Amsterdam police were unable to locate any police stations in the city.[40]

South Korea

[edit]
Lotte World Tower and theHan River seen fromSeoul Subway Line 7 train running acrossCheongdam Bridge. A river-side Chinese restaurant alleged to be acting as an overseas police station is on the far right.[41]

In June 2023, it was reported that South Korean authorities were investigating Chinese police overseas service stations in the country.[42] In response, the authorities shuttered a Chinese police station at a restaurant on theHan River and legislators began crafting new legislation to close loopholes in the country's counterespionage laws.[43]

Taiwan

[edit]

In March 2023, Taiwan'sOverseas Community Affairs Council (OCAC) said that a Chinese overseas police station in France engaged in cyberattacks against an OCAC language school in France.[44]

In a May 2023 report to theLegislative Yuan Taiwan'sNational Security Bureau (NSB) said that they had identified over 100 secret Chinese police stations around the world targeting theoverseas Chinese community.[45] The covert locations the stations operated from included restaurants, convenience stores, and private homes. The NSB said that it was collaborating with law enforcement in other countries on the issue.[46]

United Kingdom

[edit]

In May 2023, Ruiyou Lin, who runs afood delivery app inLondon, denied that his business was used as the base for a Chinese government "secret police station".[47]

49 Watford Way, one of the alleged overseas police stations, in London, United Kingdom

In June 2023, British Security MinisterTom Tugendhat stated that China had closed its police service stations in Britain and that an investigation found no illegal activity associated with the stations.[48]

United States

[edit]
Further information:Chinese espionage in the United States

In November 2022,Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) directorChristopher A. Wray announced that the FBI was monitoring reports of the Chinese government establishing unregistered police stations in the U.S., commenting that the conduct was "outrageous", violated U.S. sovereignty, and "circumvents standard judicial and law enforcement cooperation processes."[49]

In January 2023,The New York Times reported that according to anonymous tipsters, counterintelligence agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided a suspected station set up by Fuzhou municipal authorities, hosted in the offices of the American Changle Association (named afterChangle District)[50] inChinatown, Manhattan, in late 2022.[18] The station reportedly occupied an entire floor.[51] It shuttered after an October 2022 FBI raid.[49]

In April 2023, the FBI arrested two American citizens: "Harry" Lu Jianwang and Chen Jinping.[51][52][53] They were charged by federal prosecutors inBrooklyn (theU.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of New York) with conspiring to act asunregistered agents of the Chinese government for operating the police outpost in Manhattan, and withobstruction of justice for deleting messages with an official of theMinistry of Public Security (MPS) who had been directing their activities in the U.S.[51] Prosecutors said that Lu began to aid China's attempts to repress dissidents living in the U.S. in 2015.[49] On the same day, theUS Department of Justice unsealed charges against 34 MPS officers, charging them with "transnational repression offenses targeting U.S. residents" and alleging the use of fake social media accounts to harass and intimidate Chinese nationals in the U.S., with the intent to suppress free speech of Chinese dissidents living abroad.[54][49][51] The 34 officers are believed to be living in China, and are all members of the "912 Special Project Working Group", an Internet-based government influencing effort to enhance global perceptions of China.[55]

U.S. AttorneyBreon Peace said the episode "reveals the Chinese government's flagrant violation of our nation's sovereignty";[51][49] Assistant Attorney GeneralMatthew Olsen of theUnited States Department of Justice National Security Division said that the Chinese government's actions "go far beyond the bounds of acceptable nation-state conduct" and were an attempt to extend "authoritarian repression" to the U.S.[49]

In July 2023, a group of U.S. senators asked the United States Department of Justice to investigate "Overseas Chinese Service Centers" with alleged ties to the UFWD that are operating in seven U.S. cities.[56][57]

In December 2024, a Manhattan resident, Chen Jinping, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to act as an agent of a foreign government in connection with the establishment of an overseas police station in Chinatown, Manhattan raided in October 2022.[58][59]

Chinese government response

[edit]

Officially, the centers provide services to Chinese nationals outside of China. They are used to renewdriver's license and other document—particularly during theCOVID-19 pandemic—and confront transnational crime, especially fraud.[60][11] According to Chinese government sources, the centers target illegal or criminal activities affecting overseas Chinese communities. They also provide advice in emergency situations, such as directing callers to local police orChinese diplomatic missions.[2][3]

Locations

[edit]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(April 2023)
Chinese police overseas service station ("Overseas 110") presence around the world
#CountryCity
(location in city)		ContinentAssociated
public security bureau		Active
years		Ref.
BRN01BruneiBandar Seri BegawanCAsiaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
IDN01IndonesiaJakartaCAsiaNantong City Public Security Bureau2016-?[8][61]
KHM01 CambodiaPhnom PenhCAsiaQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
KHM02 Cambodiaunknown cityAsiaNantong City Public Security Bureau2016–?[5]
JPN01 JapanTokyoCAsiaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
KOR01 South KoreaSeoulC[41]AsiaNantong City Public Security Bureauna.[8][62]
MNG01 MongoliaUlaanbaatarCAsiaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
UZB01 UzbekistanSirdaryoAsiaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
MMR01 MyanmarYangonAsiaNantong City Public Security Bureau2016–?[5][8][61]
MMR02 Myanmarunknown cityAsiaLaiyang City Public Security Bureauna.[5]
AUS01 AustraliaSydneyOceaniaWenzhou City Public Security Bureau2018–?[5]
AUT01 AustriaViennaCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
CZE01 CzechiaPragueCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8][63]
CZE02 CzechiaPragueCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8][63]
FRA01 FranceParisCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
FRA02 FranceParisCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
FRA03 FranceParisCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
DEU01 GermanyFrankfurtEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
GRC01 GreeceAthensCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
HUN01 HungaryBudapestCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
HUN02 HungaryBudapestCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
IRL01 IrelandDublinC
(Capel Street)		EuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureau2022[8]
ITA02 ItalyFlorenceEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ITA03 ItalyMilanEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ITA04 ItalyPratoEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8][5]
ITA01 ItalyRomeCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
NLD01 The NetherlandsAmsterdamCEuropeLishui City Public Security Bureau2018–?[6]
NLD02 The NetherlandsAmsterdamCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
NLD03 The NetherlandsRotterdamEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
NLD04 The NetherlandsRotterdamEuropeLishui City Public Security Bureau2018–?[6]
PRT01 PortugalLisbonCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
PRT02 PortugalMadeiraEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
PRT03 PortugalPortoEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
SRB01 SerbiaBelgradeCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
SVK01 SlovakiaBratislavaCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP04 SpainBarcelonaEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP05 SpainBarcelonaEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP06 SpainBarcelonaEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP01 SpainMadridCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP02 SpainMadridCEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP03 SpainMadridCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP07 SpainSantiago de CompostelaEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP08 SpainValenciaEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ESP09 SpainValenciaEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
SWE01 SwedenStockholmCEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
UKR01 UkraineOdesaEuropeQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
GBR03 United KingdomGlasgowEuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
GBR01 United KingdomLondonC
(Croydon)		EuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
GBR02 United KingdomLondonC
(49 Watford Way,Hendon)		EuropeFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8][64]
CAN01 CanadaTorontoNorth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
CAN02 CanadaTorontoNorth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
CAN03 CanadaTorontoNorth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
USA01 United StatesNew YorkNorth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ARG01 ArgentinaBuenos AiresSouth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
BRA01 BrazilRio de JaneiroSouth AmericaQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
BRA02 BrazilSão PauloSouth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
CHL01 ChileViña del MarSouth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ECU02 EcuadorGuayaquilSouth AmericaQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ECU01 EcuadorQuitoCSouth AmericaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
AGO01 Angolaunknown cityAfricaNantong City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ETH01 Ethiopiaunknown cityAfricaNantong City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
MDG01 MadagascarAntananarivoCAfricaNantong City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
LSO01 LesothoMaseruCAfricaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
NGA01 NigeriaBenin CityAfricaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
NGA02 Nigeriaunknown cityAfricaNantong City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ZAF01 South AfricaJohannesburgAfricaFuzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ZAF02 South AfricaJohannesburgAfricaWenzhou City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
ZAF03 South Africaunknown cityAfricaNantong City Public Security Bureauna.[8]
TZA01 TanzaniaDar es SalaamAfricaQingtian County Public Security Bureauna.[8][65]
ZMB01 Zambiaunknown cityAfricaNantong City Public Security Bureau2016–?[5][8]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ab"福州公安'海外110'创新涉侨事务多维'云上办'".China National Radio (in Chinese). Archived fromthe original on 1 November 2022.
  4. ^Purbrick, Martin (12 June 2023)."The Long Arm of the Law(less): The PRC's Overseas Police Stations".Jamestown Foundation.Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved14 June 2023.
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