| Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theAftermath of World War II andCivil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949) | |||||||
 Chinese nationalist territorial claims Chinese Nationalist occupation in North Indochina | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Vietnam Revolutionary League | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Chiang Kai-shekHe YingqinLu HanHsiao WenChen Xiuhe Vũ Hồng KhanhNguyễn Tường TamTrương Tử AnhNguyễn Hải Thần |  Ho Chi MinhVõ Nguyên Giáp Trường ChinhTôn Đức ThắngNguyễn Lương Bằng | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| National Revolutionary Army Vietnamese National Revolutionary Army | National Defence Force Viet Minh | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 200,000[1] | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Minor | Minor | ||||||
TheChinese occupation of northern Vietnam (Vietnamese: Hoa quân nhập Việt,Chinese:華軍入越) followed theAllied decision to haveChinese Nationalist forces oversee the Japanese surrender inIndochina north of the 16th parallel after theWorld War II, including North Vietnam.[2]
TheViet Minh front, which led the newly proclaimedDemocratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), was seeking to gain legitimacy and assert control over the country. The communist-led Viet Minh feared that the ChineseKuomintang forces would eliminate thecommunists and their leaderHo Chi Minh (Vietnamese: diệt cộng cầm Hồ).
The Chinese forces, however, also aimed to maintain order in North Vietnam during their occupation, particularly in light of reports of violence erupting in the South duringOperation Masterdom.[3] On September 22, Chinese GeneralLu Han assured Ho that they would not disband the DRV government inHanoi.[4]
Although Chinese occupation authorities tolerated the DRV government, they nevertheless brought difficulties for the Viet Minh. Lu Han was not opposed to Vietnamese independence but insisted on forming a coalition government consisting of both communists and nationalists. TheKuomintang supported rivalVietnamese nationalist parties, challenging the authority of the DRV.[5]: 35–37
In 1946, asChiang Kai-shek wanted to concentrate on thecivil war in northern China, he needed to withdraw his troops from Indochina.[3] Ho Chi Minh reasoned that the advantages of compromising withFrance would outweigh the disadvantages, even expressing hope that a communist-aligned government would soon come to power in France. As a result, Ho favored a French presence over the Chinese one.[6] Negotiations resulted in theSino-French Accords and theHo–Sainteny Accords, under which French troops were to replace the Chinese in the task of disarming Japanese forces.
In July 1945 atPotsdam, Germany, theAllied leaders made the decision to divideIndochina in half—at the16th parallel—to allowGeneralissimoChiang Kai-shek to receive the Japanese surrender in theNorth, whileLord Louis Mountbatten would receive the surrender in theSouth. The Allies agreed that France was the rightful owner ofFrench Indochina, but because France was critically weakened as a result of theGerman occupation, a British-Indian force was installed in order to help theFrench Provisional Government in re-establishing control over their former colonial possession.[7]
On 21 August 1945, General Lu Han was ordered to lead 200,000 Chinese soldiers into northern Vietnam;[citation needed] they entered in early September. 90,000 arrived by October, the 62nd army came on 26 September toNam Định andHaiphong.Lạng Sơn andCao Bằng were occupied by the Guangxi 62nd army corps and theRed River Delta region and Lai Cai were occupied by a column fromYunnan. Vietnamese VNQDD fighters accompanied the Chinese soldiers. Ho Chi Minh ordered his DRV administration to set quotas for rice to give to the Chinese soldiers and rice was sold in Chinese currency in the Red River delta. Lu Han occupied the French governor general's palace after ejecting the French staff underJean Sainteny.[8] Chinese soldiers occupied northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel while the British under theSouth-East Asia Command of Mountbatten occupied the south.[9][10] Chiang Kai-shek withheld his skilled soldiers from occupying Vietnam sincehe was going to use them to fight the Communist Party in China and instead sent undisciplined warlord troops from Yunnan under Lu Han to occupy Vietnam north of the 16th parallel to disarm and getImperial Japanese Army troops to surrender.[11][12] On many occasions, Ho Chi Minh gave in to Chinese demands. During "Gold Week" in September 1945, a large part of gold taels, jewelry and coins were used pay the Chinese forces occupying northern Vietnam. Rice toCochinchina by the French in October 1945 were divided by Ho Chi Minh, and the northern Vietnamese only received one third while the Chinese soldiers were given two thirds. For 15 days elections were postponed by Ho Chi Minh in response to a demand by Chinese general Chen Xiuhe on 18 December 1945 so that the Chinese could get the Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD to prepare. The Chinese left only in April–June 1946.[13] Ho Chi Minh gave golden smoking paraphernalia and a golden opium pipe to Lu Han after gold week and purchased weapons with what was left of the proceeds. Starving Vietnamese were dying throughout northern Vietnam in 1945 due to the Japanese seizure of their crops, by the time the Chinese came to disarm the Japanese, Vietnamese corpses were all throughout the streets of Hanoi and had to be cleaned up by students.[14] While Chiang Kai-shek, Xiao Wen (Hsiao Wen) and the Chinese central government were disinterested in occupying Vietnam beyond the allotted time period and involving itself in the war between the Viet Minh and the French, Lu Han held the opposite view and wanted to occupy Vietnam to prevent the French returning and establish a Chinese trusteeship of Vietnam under the principles of theAtlantic Charter with the aim of eventually preparing Vietnam for independence and blocking the French from returning.[15] Ho sent a cable on 17 October 1945 to American presidentHarry S. Truman calling on him, Chiang Kai-shek,Premier Stalin andPremier Attlee to go to the United Nations against France and demand France not be allowed to return to occupy Vietnam, accusing France of having sold out and cheated the Allies by surrendering Indochina to Japan and that France had no right to return.[16] Ho Chi Minh dumped the blame on Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD for signing the agreement with France for returning its soldiers to Vietnam after he had to do it himself.[17][18]
Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh tried to organize welcome parades for Chinese soldiers in northern Vietnam and covered for instances of bad behavior by warlord soldiers, trying to reassure Vietnamese that the warlord troops of Lu Han were only there temporarily and that China supported Vietnam's independence. Viet Minh newspapers said that the same ancestors (huyết thống) and culture were shared by Vietnamese and Chinese and that the Chinese heroically fought Japan, as had the Vietnamese. Ho forbade his soldiers like Trần Huy Liệu in Phú Thọ from attacking Chinese soldiers and Ho even surrendered Vietnamese who attacked Chinese soldiers to be executed as punishment in the Ro-Nha incident in Kiến An district on 6 March 1946 after Hồ Đức Thành and Đào Văn Biểu, special commissioners sent from Hanoi by Ho's DRV examined the case.[19] Ho appeased and granted numerous concessions to the Chinese soldiers to avoid the possibility of them clashing with the Viet Minh, with him ordering Vietnamese not to carry out anything against Chinese soldiers and pledging his life on his promise, hoping the Chinese would disarm the Japanese soldiers and finish their mission as fast as possible.[20]
On March 18, 1946, North Vietnam sent a delegation toChongqing to maintain good relations with theRepublic of China. The withdrawal of Chinese troops from North Vietnam occurred gradually and was completed on 15 June 1946. The coexistence between the DRV and the French, combined with the withdrawal of the Chinese nationalists, advantaged the Viet Minh while significantly undermining the Vietnamese nationalist partisans.[21][22]
