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Chinese box turtle

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Species of turtle

Yellow margined box turtle

Ryukyu box turtle (Cuora flavomarginata evelynae)
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 2.3)^[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)^[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Geoemydidae
Genus:	Cuora
Species:	C. flavomarginata
Binomial name
*Cuora flavomarginata* (Gray, 1863)^[3]
Subspecies
C. f. flavomarginata C. f. evelynae
Synonyms^[7]
Cistoclemmys flavomarginataGray 1863:175^[3] Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensisHsü 1930:3^[4] Terrapene culturaliaYeh 1961:59 †^[5] Cuora evelynaeErnst and Lovich 1990:26^[6]

TheChinese box turtle (simplified Chinese:食蛇龟;traditional Chinese:食蛇龜;pinyin:shíshéguī;lit. 'Snake-eating turtle'), also known as theyellow-margined box turtle, orgolden-headed turtle, is a species of Asian box turtle.Taxonomically, it is calledCuora flavomarginata.^[8]

Anatomy

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C. flavomarginata has a highly domed shell, thecarapace andplastron of which are a dark brown with a cream-yellow stripe on the vertebral keel. The edge of the plastron is lightly pigmented due to the marginalscutes' and plastral scutes' lighter pigmentation near their edges. The skin on the limbs is brown, while the top of the head is pale green. Each side of the head has a yellow line extending from behind the eye backward. The skin beneath the head and between the limbs is a lighter pinkish color.

The namebox turtle refers toC. flavomarginata's ability to bring the plastron to the edges of the carapace. This is enabled by a hinge on the plastron and ligaments connecting the carapace and plastron, which allows for limited movement.

The forefeet have five claws, while the rear have four.

The external difference between male and femaleC. flavomarginata is slight. Males have a broader tail than females that is almost triangular in shape.

Distribution

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C. flavomarginata is found in CentralChina:Hunan,Henan,Anhui,Hubei,Chongqing, easternSichuan,Zhejiang &Jiangsu provinces (generally along theYangtze drainage).^[9] It is also found inTaiwan andJapan, specifically theRyukyu Islands,Ishigaki, andIriomote.^[10]

Ecology and life history

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Trophic ecology

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C. flavomarginata isomnivorous, and will eat a large variety of foods. "Adults favor earthworms, frozen pinkies (defrosted), snails, slugs, andmealworms. They also eat dry trout chow and moistened dry cat food, canned cat food;fruits includingstrawberries,bananas,cantaloupe, andpapaya; and vegetables including grated carrots, corn on the cob, andsquash. Leafy greens are ignored. Invertebrates that the turtles hunt for include June bug (Phyllophaga) larvae andslugs being principalprey."^[11]

Predation

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Eggs of Chinese box turtles are eaten byFormosa kukri snakes,Iriomote cats and large, predatory birds.^[12]

Systematics and taxonomic history

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In 1863,John Edward Gray described the species asCistoclemmys flavomarginata.^[3] It was later moved toCyclemys, and then toCuora. In the 2012 issue of theTurtle Taxonomy Working Group's Checklist, the species is listed asCuora with two recognized subspecies.^[7]

Twosubspecies have been recognised:

Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata^[3]
Cuora flavomarginata evelynae^[6]

This species hashybridized withMauremys japonica in captivity and with femaleRyukyu black-breasted leaf turtles both in captivity and in the wild.^[13]

Stuffed specimen ofCuora flavomarginata, exhibited in theNational Museum of Nature and Science,Tokyo, Japan.

Conservation

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The yellow-margined box turtle is considered to be anendangered species by theIUCN.^[1] Threats to the Taiwanese population include habitat loss due to expansion of cultivated lands.^[1]

References

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^^a ^b ^cAsian Turtle Trade Working Group (2016) [errata version of 2000 assessment]."Cuora flavomarginata".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2000 e.T5960A97359069.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T5960A11965283.en. Retrieved11 April 2023.
^"Appendices | CITES".cites.org. Retrieved2022-01-14.
^^a ^b ^c ^dGray, John Edward. 1863. Observations on the box tortoises, with the descriptions of three new Asiatic species.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863:173–179.
^Hsü Hsi Fan. 1930. Preliminary note on a new variety ofCyclemys flavomarginata from China.Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Zoological Series 6(1):1–7.
^Yeh Hsiang-k'uei. 1961. The first discovery of a box-turtle in China.Vertebrata PalAsiatica 5:58–64.
^^a ^bErnst, Carl H. and Lovich, Jeff rey E. 1990. A new species ofCuora (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae) from the Ryukyu Islands.Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 103:26–34.
^^a ^bTurtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk , P.P., Iverson, J.B., Shaffer, H.B., Bour, R., and Rhodin, A.G.J.]. 2012. Turtles of the World, 2012 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5, pp. 000.243–000.328, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012,Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Bour, Roger; Rhodin, Anders (2012). "Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status".Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises(PDF).doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012.ISBN 978-0-9653540-9-7. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-06-16.
^"ITIS Standard Report Page: Cuora flavomarginata".Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Archived fromthe original on 2004-11-19. Retrieved2006-06-07.
^Fong, J.; Parham, J. F. & Fu, J. (2002)."A reassessment of the distribution ofCuora flavomarginata Gray 1863 on mainland China"(PDF).Russian Journal of Herpetology.9 (1):9–14.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-08-04. Retrieved2012-08-04.
^Peter Uetz; Jakob Hallermann."Cuora flavomarginata (GRAY, 1863)".The Reptile Database.Archived from the original on 2016-05-28. Retrieved4 August 2012.
^Connor, Michael J; Vickie Wheeler (October 1998)."The Chinese Box Turtle".Archived from the original on 2006-06-13. Retrieved2006-06-11.
^Cuora flavomarginata (Snake-eating turtle). Animal Diversity Web.https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cuora_flavomarginata/
^Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F.; Feldman, Chris R. (2005)."On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines:Sacalia ×Mauremys)"(PDF).Salamandra.41:21–26.^{[permanent dead link]}

FamilyGeoemydidae

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Subclass:Anapsida
Order:Testudines
Suborder:Cryptodira
Superfamily:Testudinoidea
Family:Geoemydidae

Genera

Species of the familyGeoemydidae

†Banhxeochelys

†Banhxeochelys trani

Batagur

Cuora

Cyclemys

†Echmatemys

Geoclemys

Black pond turtle

Geoemyda

Hardella

Brahminy river turtle

Heosemys

Leucocephalon

Sulawesi forest turtle

Malayemys

Mauremys

Melanochelys

Morenia

Notochelys

Malayan flat-shelled turtle

Orlitia

Malaysian giant turtle

Pangshura

Rhinoclemmys

Sacalia

Siebenrockiella

Vijayachelys

Cane turtle

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onturtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. †=Extinct.

Testudines

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Clade:Diapsida
Order:Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onTurtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See alsoList of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers
Cuora flavomarginata	Wikidata:Q304894 Wikispecies:Cuora flavomarginata BOLD:28766 CoL:6BRPF EoL:1056709 GBIF:2443520 iNaturalist:68335 IRMNG:10639641 ISC:113689 ITIS:551909 IUCN:5960 NAS:1236 NCBI:204965 Open Tree of Life:85384 Paleobiology Database:341257 RD:flavomarginata Species+:7271
Cistoclemmys flavomarginata	Wikidata:Q122936337 GBIF:2443529

Authority control databases: National	United States Israel

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