| Chinese Taipei | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 中華臺北 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华台北 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Chunghwa Taipei | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 臺澎金馬個別關稅領域 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 台澎金马个别关税领域 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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"Chinese Taipei" is the term used in various international organizations and tournaments for groups or delegations representing the Republic of China (ROC), a country commonly known asTaiwan.
Due to theone China principle stipulated by thePeople's Republic of China (PRC, China), Taiwan, being a non-UN member afterits expulsion in 1971 withongoing dispute of its sovereignty, was prohibited from using or displaying any of itsnational symbols that would represent the statehood of Taiwan, such as its national name,anthem andflag, at international events.[1] The term "Chinese Taipei" was first proposed in 1979 and was eventually approved in theNagoya Resolution, whereby both the ROC/Taiwan and the PRC/China obtained their right of participation and would remain as separate delegations in any activities of theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) and its associated organizations. This term came into official use in 1981 following a name change of the Republic of China Olympic Committee (ROCOC) to theChinese Taipei Olympic Committee. This arrangement later became a model for the ROC/Taiwan to continue participating in various international organizations and diplomatic affairs other than theOlympic Games, including theWorld Trade Organization, theWorld Health Organization, theMetre Convention,APEC, and international pageants.
"Chinese Taipei" is adeliberately ambiguous term, designed to be equivocal about thepolitical status of the ROC/Taiwan. The meaning of "Chinese" (Zhōnghuá,Chinese:中華) is also ambiguous, so that either party is able to interpret it asnational identity orcultural sphere (similar toethnonyms asAnglo,Arab,Hispanic orIranian).[2][3] The specific mention of "Taipei" signifies itscapital city without explicitly defining the certain territorial boundary of the ROC.[4] Since the IOC has ruled out the use of the name "Republic of China", the neologism was considered as an expedient resolution and a more inclusive term than just "Taiwan" to both theKuomintang, the ruling party of the ROC at the time during the Nagoya Resolution, and the PRC. The PRC's persistent policy is to keep Taipei isolated on the world stage and disagrees with any use of "Taiwan" as an official title, in order to prevent Taiwan from gaining international recognition for "independent statehood" separate from the PRC.[1][2][5][6] The term"Taiwan, China" or "Taipei, China" was rejected by the ROC government because it could be construed as Taiwan being a subordinate region to the PRC.[7][8]
Popular opinion in Taiwan has changed drastically in regard to thecross-strait relations and thenationalistic discourses since thedemocratization of Taiwan and the end ofone-party rule by the Kuomintang.[3][9][10] "Chinese Taipei" has since been viewed by many Taiwanese as an anachronistic, aggravating, and humiliating term.[2][6][9][11][12] TheTaiwan Name Rectification Campaign sought to alter the formal name from "Chinese Taipei" to "Taiwan" for representation in Olympic Games and further potential international events.A nationwide referendum was held in 2018, in which a proposal for the name change was rejected. The main argument against such a move was the uncertain consequences of such a renaming; at worst, the renaming dispute could be used by China as an excuse to pressure the IOC to exclude Taiwan from participating in the Olympic Games completely and force its existing membership to be revoked.[13][12][10] This was the case when Taiwan was stripped of the right to host the 2019East Asian Youth Games amid its renaming issue with China during that year.[13][14][15]
In the aftermath of theChinese Civil War in 1949, thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) was established and thenationalistRepublic of China (ROC) governmentretreated toTaiwan, previously aQing territory that was ceded toJapanese rule from 1895 untilits surrender at the end of World War II in 1945.[16][17] As time went on, the increased official recognition of the PRC in international activities, such as when accordedrecognition in 1971 by theUnited Nations, instead of that accorded previously to the ROC saw existing diplomatic relations transfer fromTaipei toBeijing.[18] The ROC needed to come to a beneficial conclusion to how it would be referred when there was participation by the PRC in the same forum.[19]
TheInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) recognized both the PRC and the ROC Olympic Committees in 1954.[20] In 1958, the PRC withdrew its membership from the IOC and nine other international sports organizations in protest against the two-Chinas policy. After the withdrawal of the PRC, the IOC had been using a number of names in international Olympic activities to differentiate the ROC from the PRC. "Formosa" was used at the1960 Summer Olympics, and "Taiwan" was used in1964 and1968.[21][22] In 1975, the PRC applied to rejoin the IOC as the sole sports organization representing the whole China.[20] The Taiwanese team, competing under the name of Republic of China at the previous Olympics, was refused the right to represent itself as the "Republic of China" or use "China" in its name by the government of the host country, Canada, at the1976 Summer Olympics.[23][24] The IOC then voted to change the name of the ROC team to "Taiwan", which was rejected by the ROC, and the ROC announced their withdrawal from the 1976 Summer Olympics a day before the opening ceremony.[25]
The top ROC leadership at the time assertedChinese nationalism, contending both parts of divided China are Chinese territories and Taiwan did not represent all the regions of the ROC.[26][4][27] What people refer to as Taiwan is one of several areas or islands (Penghu,Kinmen andMatsu in addition toTaiwan) and Taiwan alone did not reflect the "territorial extent" of the ROC. Furthermore, although it is true that most products from thearea controlled by the ROC are labeled "made in Taiwan", the trade practices of the ROC are such that the regional area of production is used for labeling. Some wines from Kinmen are labeled "made in Kinmen", just as some perfume are labeled "made in Paris" and not "made in France". Therefore, the ROC government refused to accept the name of Taiwan during the period.
Following the 1976 Montreal Olympics, IOC PresidentLord Killanin established a commission to examine the issue of "Two Chinas."[28] Killanin aimed to reintegrate the PRC into the Olympic Movement, and the matter was designated as a principal topic of discussion at the 81st IOC Session, held inMontevideo in April 1979. At that session, the IOC officially recognized the Olympic Committee of the PRC while continuing to acknowledge the Olympic Committee based in Taipei.[29][30] The resolution left problems relating to the names, anthems and flags of both committees unsolved. The PRC showed a willingness to allow Taiwan to be included in the IOC but objected to the resolution, reaffirming sports organizations in Taiwan must not use any of the emblems of the Republic of China.[20]He Zhenliang, a representative of the PRC, stated in Montevideo:
According to the Olympic Charter, only one Chinese Olympic Committee should be recognized. In consideration of the athletes in Taiwan having an opportunity to compete in the Olympic Games, the sports constitution in Taiwan could function as a local organization of China and still remain in the Olympic Movement in the name of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. However, its anthem, flag and constitutions should be changed correspondingly.[31]
After the 81st Session, the IOC Executive Board designated the Olympic Committee in Beijing as theChinese Olympic Committee, with the PRC's anthem, flag and emblem.[31][32] The Olympic Committee in Taipei was designated as theChinese Taipei Olympic Committee, with a different anthem, flag and emblem from those the ROC used and which must be approved by the executive board. Lord Killanin submitted the resolution to IOC members for apostal vote following the conclusion of the IOC Executive Board meeting held in October 1979 inNagoya.[33][34] The resolution, known as theNagoya Resolution, was approved in November 1979 by the IOC members, and later other international sports federations adopted the resolution.
The Nagoya Resolution was welcomed by the PRC as the resolution followed the PRC'sOne China principle,[20] whereas the ROC decided that the ROC Olympic Committee must strongly protest against the decisions.[27] From November 1979, the ROC Olympic Committee and Taiwan's IOC member,Henry Hsu, filed a series of lawsuits inLausanne against the IOC for annulment of the Nagoya Resolution. Taiwanese officials also boycotted the1980 Winter andSummer Games in protest of not being allowed to use the ROC's official name, flag and national anthem.[35][36]
In 1980, the IOC amended theOlympic Charter so that allNational Olympic Committees (NOCs) when participating in the Games could use delegation flags and anthems, instead of national ones.[27][37]Juan Antonio Samaranch, the newpresident of the IOC, metHenry Hsu several times to discuss the ROC Olympic Committee's status in the IOC. In order for the youth to participate in the Olympic Games and counteract the PRC's strategy of isolating the ROC, the ROC government concluded that the ROC Olympic Committee should not withdraw from the IOC.
In 1981, the ROC government formally accepted the name "Chinese Taipei".[38] A flag bearing the emblem of its Olympic Committee against a white background as theChinese Taipei Olympic flag was confirmed in January.[39] Based on the Olympic Charter amended at the 82nd IOC Session, an agreement was signed on 23 March inLausanne by Juan Antonio Samaranch, the president of the IOC, and Shen Chia-ming, the president of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee (CTOC).[40][41] The 1981 agreement, also known as the Lausanne Agreement, specified the name, flag and emblem of the CTOC. The CTOC is therefore entitled to be treated on the equal footing as other NOCs. In 1983, theNational Flag Anthem of the Republic of China was chosen as the anthem of the Chinese Taipei delegation,[39] and Chinese Taipei has been listed under the "T" group in IOC protocol order.[42][43] Taiwan has competed under this name and flag exclusively at eachGames since the1984 Winter Olympics, as well as at theParalympics and at other international events (with flags on which the Olympic rings are replaced by a symbol appropriate to the event).
Both theRepublic of China (ROC) and thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) agree to use the English name "Chinese Taipei". The English word "Chinese" is ambiguous, and may refer to either the state or the culture. The ROC translates "Chinese Taipei" asZhōnghuá Táiběi (simplified Chinese:中华台北;traditional Chinese:中華臺北). The termZhōnghuá is also used in the ROC's official name and state-owned enterprises. Meanwhile, the PRC translates the name asZhōngguó Táiběi (simplified Chinese:中国台北;traditional Chinese:中國臺北) or literally "Taipei, China", in the same manner asZhōngguó Xiānggǎng (simplified Chinese:中国香港;traditional Chinese:中國香港) ("Hong Kong, China"), explicitly connoting that Taipei is a part of the Chinesestate.[2] The disagreement was left unresolved, with both governments using their own translation domestically, until just before the1990 Asian Games where Taiwan would officially participate under the Chinese Taipei name in a Chinese-language region for the first time, forcing the need for an agreement.[44][45]
In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact inHong Kong where the PRC agreed to use the ROC's translation in international sports-related occasions hosted in China.[46][45] Domestically, the PRC continues to use its own "Taipei, China" translation.[47] During the2008 Summer Olympics, Chinese state media used the agreed-uponZhōnghuá Táiběi both internationally and in domestic press.[48] However, during the2020 Summer Olympics, state media began usingZhōngguó Táiběi domestically 93% of the time.[49] During the2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, China's state media's broadcast cut away to a clip ofGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist PartyXi Jinping when Taiwan's delegation paraded asZhōnghuá Táiběi. The broadcast in the stadium introduced the team asZhōnghuá Táiběi, while the television broadcast commentator ofChina Central Television announced the delegation's name asZhōngguó Táiběi.[50][51]
TheWorld Health Organization, the international organization to both have Chinese as one of its official languages and have the ROC officially participate, usesZhōnghuá Táiběi in meeting minutes when the ROC is officially invited,[52] but usesZhōngguó Táiběi in all other contexts.[53]
In French, multiple different names have been officially used. TheWorld Trade Organization officially translates the name asTaipei Chinois, which has an ambiguous meaning.[54] The text of theIOC's Nagoya Resolution in 1979 used the nameTaipei de Chine suggesting the state meaning of "Chinese".[55] Before signing the agreement between the IOC and the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee in 1981, representatives of two committees decided that the French name need not be stated.[27] Only the English name would be used in the future IOC official documents. To this day, Chinese Taipei's page on the French-language IOC's website internally uses bothTaipei de Chine andTaipei chinois (with a lowercase "c"; capitalization is not used by default for geographic origin adjectives in French) for some imagealt text, but the title of the page itself simply uses the English name "Chinese Taipei".[56] When the name is announced during the Parade of Nations, the French and English announcers both repeat the identical name "Chinese Taipei" in English.[57][58]
InEast Asian languages that would normally transcribe directly from Chinese, an English transliteration is used instead to sidestep the issue. Thus Japan usesChainīzu Taipei (チャイニーズ・タイペイ)[59] while South Korea usesChainiseu Taibei (차이니스 타이베이)[58] for their respective-language announcements during the Olympic Games or Asian Games. Meanwhile, Vietnam mostly follows ROC's translation and adapts theSino-Vietnamese transcription to call Chinese Taipei asĐài Bắc Trung Hoa[60] (alternativelyĐài Bắc, Trung Hoa[61] with a comma orĐài Bắc (Trung Hoa)[62] with the brackets used;chữ Hán:臺北中華,lit. 'Taipei, Zhonghua') likely due to the cosmetic and grammatical inconvenience when using direct English transliteration or the original English designation inVietnamese context.
Besides theInternational Olympic Committee and sports organizations,Taiwan is a member economy ofAPEC and its official name in the organization is "Chinese Taipei".[63] Taiwan's name in theWorld Trade Organization, "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", is frequently abbreviated as Chinese Taipei.[64] It also participated as an invited guest in theWorld Health Organization (WHO) under the name of Chinese Taipei. The WHO is the only agency of theUnited Nations that the ROC is able, provided it is invited each year, to participate in since 1971.[65]
The terminology has spilled into apolitical arenas. ThePRC has successfully pressured some international organizations andNGOs to refer to the ROC as Chinese Taipei.[66] TheInternational Society for Horticultural Science replaced "Taiwan" with "Chinese Taipei" in designation used for the membership.[67] In a similar case, two Taiwanese medical groups were forced to change the word "Taiwan" in their membership names ofISRRT due to a request by theWHO.[68]
In theMiss World 1998, the government of the PRC pressured theMiss World Organization to rename Miss Republic of China 1998 to "Miss Chinese Taipei".[69] The same happened in2000, but with theMiss Universe Organization. Three years later at theMiss Universe pageant inPanama, the first official Miss China and Miss Taiwan competed alongside each other for the first time in history, prompting the PRC government to again demand that Miss Taiwan assume the title "Miss Chinese Taipei".[70][71] Today, neitherMiss Universe norMiss World, the two largest pageant contests in the world, allow Taiwan's entrants to compete under the Taiwan label. In 2005, the third-largest pageant contest,Miss Earth, initially allowed Taiwanese contestant to compete as "Miss Taiwan"; a week into the pageant, however, the contestant's sash was updated to "Taiwan ROC". In 2008, Miss Earth changed the country's label to Chinese Taipei.[72]
The name is controversial in modern Taiwan; many Taiwanese see it as a result of shameful but necessary compromise, and a symbol of oppression that mainland China forced upon them.[9] The title "Chinese Taipei" has been described as confusing, as it leads some people to believe that "Taipei" is a country or that it is located in or governed by mainland China. Taiwanese OlympianChi Cheng has described competing under the name as "aggravating, humiliating and depressing."[73]
Changing demographics and opinions in the country meant that more than 80% of citizens in 2016 saw themselves as Taiwanese, not Chinese,[74] whereas in 1991, this figure was only 13.6%.[75] This radical upswell inTaiwanese national identity has seen a re-appraisal and removal of "sinocentric" labels and figures established by thegovernment during the period ofMartial Law. For sporting events, the ROC team is abbreviated in Taiwan as the Team Zhonghua (Chinese:中華隊). Starting around the time of the2004 Summer Olympics, there has been a movement in Taiwan to change media references to the team to "Taiwan".[76] During the2020 Summer Olympics, most TV channels referred to the ROC as Team Zhonghua while some channels preferred Team Taiwan (Chinese:台灣隊).[77][78]
Use of the label came under vigorous renewed criticism during the run-up to the2017 Summer Universiade, hosted in Taiwan.[79] An English-language guide to the Universiade was lambasted for its "absurd" use of the label.[80] The guide was rendered nonsensically by completely avoiding the name "Taiwan" not only when referring to the label under which Taiwanese athletes compete, but even when referring to geographical features such as the island of Taiwan itself. These statements included "Introduction of our Island: ... Chinese Taipei is long and narrow that lies north to south", and "Chinese Taipei is a special island and its Capital Taipei is a great place to experience Taipei's culture."
In response, the guide was withdrawn and shortly thereafter re-issued with the designation "Taiwan" reinstated.[81][82] Despite these corrections, hundreds of Taiwanese demonstrated in Taipei, demanding that Taiwan cease using "Chinese Taipei" at sporting events.[83][84][85]
In February 2018, an alliance of civic organizations submitted a proposal to Taiwan'sCentral Election Commission (CEC).[86] The proposed referendum asks if the nation should apply under the name of "Taiwan" for all international sports events, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.[87] The proposal influenced the East Asian Olympic Committee (EAOC) to revokeTaichung's right to host the firstEast Asian Youth Games due to "political factors".[88] AnInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) representative reportedly said this was entirely the decision of the EAOC, and the IOC had no role in the ruling.[89] The IOC also disapproved the altered name and sent three different warnings to the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee ahead of the referendum vote, concerning the renaming issue which may disbar Taiwan from Olympic competitions.[90][91]
Taiwanese people voted during the2018 referendum to reject the proposal to change their official Olympic-designated name from Chinese Taipei to Taiwan.[92] The main argument for opposing the name change was worrying that Taiwan may lose its Olympic membership under Chinese pressure, which would result in athletes unable to compete in the Olympics.[9] Another proposal for the2024 Summer Olympics was submitted to the Taiwan's CEC in 2021.[93] The proposal was ultimately rejected by the CEC due to concerns that it might fall outside the scope of theReferendum Act of Taiwan, potentially rendering the Act inapplicable to the matter at hand.[94][95]
The terminology used to refer to the Republic of China has varied according to the geopolitical situation. Initially, the Republic of China was known simply as "China" until 1971, when thePeople's Republic of Chinareplaced the Republic of China as the exclusive legitimate representative of "China" at theUnited Nations.[96][97][98] In order to distinguish the Republic of China from the People's Republic of China, there has been a growing current of support for the use of "Taiwan" in place of "China" to refer to the former.[99][100]
In theWorld Trade Organization, the official full name of Taiwan is "Separate Customs Territory ofTaiwan,Penghu,Kinmen, andMatsu", while its official short name is "Chinese Taipei".[101] (In the same way, the official full name of the PRC is "People's Republic of China", while its official short name is "China", as seen in both members' accession protocols.[102][103])
As with "Chinese Taipei", the ROC and PRC also disagree on the Chinese translation of this name. The ROC usesTái Pēng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù (simplified Chinese:台澎金马个别关税领域;traditional Chinese:臺澎金馬個別關稅領域, literal translation:TPKM Separate Customs Territory), while the PRC usesZhōngguó Táiběi Dāndú Guānshuì Qū (simplified Chinese:中国台北单独关税区;traditional Chinese:中國台北單獨關稅區, literal translation:Separate Customs Territory of Taipei, China).
International organizations in which the PRC participates generally do not recognize Taiwan or allow its membership. Thus, for example, whenever theUnited Nations makes reference to Taiwan, which does not appear on its member countries list,[104] it uses the designation "Taiwan, Province of China", and organizations that follow UN standards usually do the same, such as theInternational Organization for Standardization in its listing ofISO 3166-1 country codes. Certain web-based postal address programs also label the country designation name for Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China".
Taiwan'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs objected to the term together with other names including "Taiwan, China", "Taipei, China" and "Chinese Taiwan" in guidelines issued in 2018.[7][8]
The termisland of Taiwan orFormosa is used sometimes to avoid any misunderstanding about theTaiwan independence movement just referring to the island.
Some non-governmental organizations which the PRC does not participate in continue to use "China" or the "Republic of China". TheWorld Organization of the Scout Movement is one of the few international organizations that continue to use the name of "Republic of China", and the ROC affiliate as theScouts of China. This is becauseScouting in mainland China is very limited or not really active.[105] Likewise,Freemasonry is outlawed in the PRC and thus theGrand Lodge of China is based in Taiwan.[106]
TheUnited States uses the term "governing authorities on Taiwan" in theTaiwan Relations Act, officially defining the term "Taiwan" to "include...theislands of Taiwan and thePescadores...and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as theRepublic of China prior to January 1, 1979." Geographically and following the similar content in the earlierdefense treaty from 1955, it excludesthe other islands or archipelagos under the control of the Republic of China, such asKinmen and theMatsu Islands.[107]
The United Nations publishes population projections for each nation, with nations grouped under geographic area; in 2015, theEast Asia group contained an entry named "Other non-specified areas" referring to Taiwan. However, the 2017 publication updated the entry's name to the UN's preferred "Taiwan, Province of China".[108][109]
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Trong trận đấu quyết định chiều 6/2, trên sân D.Y.Patil (Navi Mumbai, Ấn Độ), Đội tuyển bóng đá nữ Việt Nam đã xuất sắc giành chiến thắng 2 – 1 trước đối thủĐài Bắc, Trung Hoa, xuất sắc giành tấm vé trực tiếp tham dự World Cup 2023...
6Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa) 4 HC (1V, 1B, 2Đ)
對於台灣的定義是規定在第十五條第二款：「台灣一詞：包括台灣島及澎湖群島，這些島上的居民，依據此等島所實施的法律而成立的公司或其他法人，以及1979年1月1日前美國所承認為中華民國的台灣統治當局與任何繼位統治當局（包括其政治與執政機構。）」從而可知，台灣關係法所規範的台灣只包括台灣和澎湖群島，並不包括金門、馬祖等外島。
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