| Chinese New Year's Eve | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Official name | 除夕 (chúxī) inChina |
| Also called | Spring Festival Eve |
| Observed by | China,Korea,Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia,Taiwan,Vietnam |
| Type | Cultural,Religious |
| Significance | Celebrates the end of the year |
| Date | Last day of the 12th traditional Chinese lunisolar month[1] |
| 2025 date | 28 January |
| 2026 date | 16 February |
| 2027 date | 5 February |
| 2028 date | 25 January |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to | Chinese New Year |
Chinese New Year's Eve (Chinese:除夕,romanized: chúxī) is the day before theChinese New Year.[2] The holiday falls between January 21 and February 20 on theGregorian calendar. Evolving over a long period of time, it is considered a reunion day for every ethnic Chinese family. The origin of Chinese New Year's Eve can be traced back to 3,500 years ago.[3]
Chinese New Year's Eve originated in theShang dynasty (1600 – 1046 BC) when the Chinese held sacrificial ceremonies in honor of their gods and ancestors at the end of each year.[4] In the Zhou dynasty (1046 – 256 BC), the phrase "Nian (Year)" appeared and certain cultural practices became popular among Chinese such as sendingdoor gods and burningbamboo.[5]
The first dated Chinese New Year's Eve was recorded during theWarring States period (475 – 221 BC). InLüshi Chunqiu, an exorcistic ritual called "Big Nuo" (大傩) was recorded being carried out on the ending day of a year to expel illness inQin (state). It was derived from an earlier ritual,Nuo (傩), which is the origin of Chinese New Year's Eve.[6][7] Later, whenQin unified China and founded theQin dynasty, the ritual was continued. During this time, the practice of thoroughly cleaning up houses in the preceding days before the Chinese New Year began to develop.
During theJin dynasty (266 – 420 AD), people started to do the "Shousui (守岁)" tradition on New Year's Eve.[8] It was recorded by Western Jin's generalZhou Chu's articleFengtu Ji (风土记): "At the ending of a year, people gift and wish each other, calling it Kuisui (馈岁); people invite others with drinks and food, calling it Biesui (别岁); on the new year's eve, people stayed up all night until sunrise, calling it Shousui (守岁)".[9][10] The article used the word "除夕 (Chuxi)" to indicate New Year's Eve, and the name is still used till this day.
There is no fixed date for Chinese New Year's Eve, as the holiday falls on the lunar calendar.
| Years | Date | Day |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | February 2 | Wednesday |
| 2012 | January 22 | Sunday |
| 2013 | February 9 | Saturday |
| 2014 | January 30 | Thursday |
| 2015 | February 18 | Wednesday |
| 2016 | February 7 | Sunday |
| 2017 | January 27 | Friday |
| 2018 | February 15 | Thursday |
| 2019 | February 4 | Monday |
| 2020 | January 24 | Friday |
| 2021 | February 11 | Thursday |
| 2022 | January 31 | Monday |
| 2023 | January 21 | Saturday |
| 2024 | February 9 | Friday |
| 2025 | January 28 | Tuesday |
| 2026 | February 16 | Monday |
| 2027 | February 5 | Friday |
| 2028 | January 25 | Tuesday |
| 2029 | February 12 | Monday |
| 2030 | February 2 | Saturday |
| 2031 | January 22 | Wednesday |
While many customs exist throughout China, varying by region, most practices still remain in use today.
Especially insouthern China, people celebrate Chinese New Year's Eve with a big family meal with traditional dishes.[12] Everyone, including children, can drink alcohol.[12] Families make sacrifices to their ancestors: they set out seats for the ancestors, lay out food, and pour them drinks, and burnjoss sticks and candles.[12] Family memberskowtow while the ancestors eat.[12] After dinner, the family members sit together, perhaps talking or playing cards.[12]
On Chinese New Year's Eve, people stay up late, until midnight or often until dawn.[12][5] This tradition is calledshousui (simplified Chinese:守岁;traditional Chinese:守歲;pinyin:shǒusuì;lit. 'guarding the year').[12]
TheSpring Festival Gala is a TV show which broadcasts live on China's Central Television during Chinese New Year's Eve.[13]The program includes singing, dancing, sketch comedy and cross-talk. It typically takes 6 months to do the preparation.[5] With more and more Chinese families being able to afford television during the 1980s, the spring festival gala has been institutionalized as a crucial practice of Chinese New Year's Eve, as every family member sits in front of the TV, watching the spring festival gala together. The spring festival gala broadcasts until midnight, when everyone in front of the television will say "Happy New Year" at midnight with the hosts.[5]
According to ancient Chinese mythology, a devil was believed to be living in the western mountains, who possessed the ability to inflict illness upon those who encountered it. Throughout most of Chinese history, Chinese households burnedbamboo to scare said devil out of their house on Chinese New Year's Eve. In contemporary times,firecrackers have replaced bamboo as the holiday’s primary method of celebration.[14]
The ChineseKitchen God is regarded as the ambassador of theJade Emperor to each Chinese family. It is said that at the midnight of Chinese New Year's Eve, the kitchen god from each family should go to heaven to report the family's deeds during the year.[14] On Chinese New Year, the kitchen god returns to the earth and each family welcomes him by pasting a new picture of him in the kitchen.
On Chinese New Year's Eve, each family would invite thedoor god by pasting its picture on the front door as a talisman to forbid any devil to enter the family. The most popular door gods areZhong Kui,Qin Shubao andYuchi Gong in different areas of China.[14]
On Chinese New Year's Eve, Chinese will make bow ofpeach wood to exorcise the devil that caused plagues, which dates back to the Qin dynasty. The ghost would do no harm to man, but the ancients were afraid of them, so they asked for help to drive the ghost away. The entrance-guarding god was closely related to festivals and peach wood was regarded as a supernatural force with which ghosts could be driven away.[14]
Family reunion dinner is crucial to Chinese. Chinese New Year's Eve feast allows every family members to sit together. It takes days to do the preparation. Every dish on Chinese New Year's Eve have different meanings. Some of the most popular dishes are:
Spring rolls are a traditional dish in parts of China. People make the thin dough wrappers in the cylindrical-shaped rolls and fill them with vegetables, meat, or something sweet, then fried the spring rolls to give them a golden-yellow color.[15]
The dumpling is a traditional food to eat in north China on Chinese New Year's Eve while in southern China very few people serve dumplings as Chinese New Year's Eve dinner. Minced meat (pork, shrimp, chicken, beef.etc.) and vegetables are wrapped in the elastic dough skin. Boiling, steaming, frying are the most common ways to cook dumplings in China.[15]
Glutinous Rice Cake is called "niangao" in Mandarin. The sound of Nian Gao has a good meaning: getting higher year by year. Glutinous Rice Cake is made of sticky rice, sugar, chestnuts, lotus leaves. It is a common dish which appeared in the southern Chinese families' Chinese New Year Eve reunion dinner.[15]
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Tangerines, oranges andpomelos are certain fruits that been eaten on Chinese New Year's Eve. Chinese believe that eating these fruits on Chinese New Year's Eve can bring fortune as these fruits have round shape, golden colour, lucky sounds when spoken which symbolise fullness and wealth.[15]
Longevity noodles represents Chinese' wish for longevity. The length and preparation of longevity noodles are the symbolic of eater's life. Longevity noodles are longer than normal noodles, usually fried or boiled and served in the bowl.[15]
Chinese will give children money gifts as Chinese new year gift on Chinese New Year's Eve. They usually put money inred pockets and hide under their children's pillows. In ancient times, Chinese money was the round copper coin with a square hole in the middle. adults will thread the coins with colourful thread to make a shape of dragon and then they will put the money beside their children's beds while their children are asleep. this customs, which is very similar to Christmas gifts in west.
A money tree is a legendary tree which will shed coins when shaken. On Chinese New Year's Eve, Chinese will cut some pine branches and put the branches in vase. Then they will tie copper coins, shoe-shaped gold or silver and pomegranate flowers to the tree, which is very similar to theChristmas tree in western countries.[14]
Chinese New Year's Eve in Philippines is calledBisperas ng Bagong Taon inTagalog. On Chinese New Year's Eve, all doors including cupboards, drawers, cabinets, windows must be left wide open to allow good luck to enter. Chinese Filipinos do not eat fish and chicken on Chinese New Year's Eve as these animals scrounge for food and Chinese Filipinos do not want to scrounge for food in the upcoming year. They prepare twelve round fruits (oranges, grapes, clementines, cantaloupe etc.) on Chinese New Year's Eve and each fruit represents a month.[16]
In 2012, Chinese New Year was included as a public regular non-workingholiday in the Philippines. In 2024,Manila celebrates theSpring Festival of theWoodenDragon, including the 430th anniversary of ManilaChinatown featuring the "Manila Chinatown Solidarity Float Parade" alongManila Central Post Office in Lawton,Ermita andJones Bridge led by AmbassadorHuang Xilian with Mr. & Ms. Chinatown Philippines 2023 winners. It was preceded by Chinese New Year's Eve, with the "Firstincense offering" atBinondo Church, aTaoism prayer ritual withJoss sticks, includingChinese ancestor worship atMartyr Saints of China altars inBinondo Chinese Parish Church. A midnight 2-minutepyro-musical fireworks was witnessed by 1.5 million at the Chinese-Filipino Friendship Bridge.[17][18]
命有司大儺，旁磔，出土牛，以送寒氣。
《吕氏春秋·季冬纪》《后汉书·礼仪志》均有相应记载，前者云，届时"命有司大傩，旁磔，出土牛，以送寒气"。后者云："先腊一日，大傩，谓之逐疫。"
据晋周处《〈周土记〉》载：除夕之夜，各相与赠送称曰馈岁：酒食相邀，称曰别岁：长幼聚欢，祝颂完备称曰分岁，大家终夜不眠，以待天明，称曰守岁。
蜀之风俗，晚岁相与馈问，谓之馈岁。酒食相邀为别岁。至除夕，达旦不眠，谓之守岁。
| Golden weeks |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Other holidays | ||
Sometimes if Mid-Autumn Festival is near National Day, Mid-Autumn Festival may be in the golden week. | ||
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