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Chinamita

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Coordinates:16°42′43″N89°14′10″W / 16.712°N 89.236°W /16.712; -89.236

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Former Maya nation from ca 16th cent to ca 1700

Territory of the Chinamita
ca 16th cent–ca 1700
Location of the Chinamita Territory in the 17th century/ most commonly accepted location in dark grey, with alternative ones in light grey / 2023 map based on scholarship / via Commons
Status	Dissolved
Capital	Tulumki/ likely
Common languages	Mopan Mayan/ likely
Religion	Maya polytheism
Demonym(s)	Chinamita; Tulumki
Government	Confederacy of settlements witharistocratic andtheocratic features/ possibly
Historical era	Spanish toPrecolonial/ likely

• Established	ca 16th cent
• Disestablished	ca 1700

Today part of	Belize/ likely Guatemala/ certain
Founding and dissolution dates perJones 1998, pp. 19–20 andPalka 2005, pp. 1–2. Capital perRice & Rice 2009, p. 13 andJones 1998, pp. 19–20. Common language perRice & Rice 2009, pp. 12–13 andJones 1998, pp. 20–21, though seeThompson 1977, p. 13 for dissent. Demonym perRice & Rice 2009, p. 13 andJones 1998, pp. 20–21, 433–434. Government perJones 1998, pp. 20–22.

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TheChinamitas orTulumkis (Nahuatlchinamitl,Mopantulumki) were likely aMopan Maya people who constituted the formerChinamita Territory, an early Columbian polity of theMaya Lowlands, likely in present-dayBelize andGuatemala. In the early 17th century, the Territory probably lay along theMopan River in the easternPetén Basin and neighbouring portions of western Belize, being thereby situated east of theItza ofNojpetén, south of theYaxhá andSacnab lakes, and west ofTipuj.

Etymology

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The termChinamita is derived from theNahuatlchinamitl, meaning "cane hedge". This was equivalent to theMopan termtulum ki, meaning "wall ofagave", which was the name of the Chinamita capital.^[1] Spanish chronicler Juan de Villagutierre Soto-Mayor described the Chinamitas and Tulunquies as two distinct peoples; however,chinamitl is merely the Nahuatl translation of the Mayantulum ki.^[2]

Territory

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The Territory is most commonly thought to have been situated along the Mopan River in northeastern Guatemala and southwestern Belize, wedged between Nojpeten and Tipu, and to have thereby been subordinate to or formed part of theMopan Territory.^[3]^{[nb 1]} However, some scholars have proposed that the Territory rather lay in northwestern Guatemala.^[4]^{[nb 2]}

The Chinamitas' principal settlement was a town called Tulumki,^[1] and the Chinamita people were also referred to as Tulumkis or Tulunquies.^[5] Tulumki was said to have a population of 8,000 in the early 17th century;^{[nb 3]} the population was said to include both male and female Spaniards who had been captured by the Chinamitas. The town was described as being defended by a moat and amaguey hedge, and was accessed via a narrow entranceway.^[2]

Relations with the Itza

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Itza–Chinamita relations were quite strained, as the former "waged incessant wars against" the latter,^[6] while the Chinamitas were reciprocally hostile towards their Itza neighbours and their allies.^[7] In 1618, Itza warriors informed theFranciscan missionaries Bartolomé de Fuensalida and Juan de Orbita that they always travelled armed when visiting their allies in Tipuj, for fear of encountering their fierce Chinamita enemies.^[1] According to Fuensalida, the Chinamitas had a reputation for being cannibals.^[2] When Franciscan friar Andrés de Avendaño y Loyola visited the Itza in 1696,^[8] he understood theTuluncies formed a part of the Itza kingdom.^[9]

Legacy

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As of 2009, the Territory and its residents remained "virtually unknown materially and geopolitically except for documentary references or linguistic reconstructions."^[10] Along with residents of the former Mopan Territory, the Chinamitas are presumed ancestors of the modern Mopan Maya people of Belize and Guatemala.

Notes and references

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Explanatory footnotes

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^However,Thompson 1977, p. 13 notes that the aforementioned location of the Territory "is surely incorrect; eastern and southeastern Petén, fully explored by the Spaniards [by 1697], contained no such group [ie no Chinamitas; m]oreover, moated and fenced strongholds [such as Tulumki] are typical of western, not eastern, Petén." Notably, in 1698, after thefall of Nojpetén, the Itza reportedly told the Spanish that the Chinamita Territory lay nine days to the east of the Itza capital (Jones 1998, pp. xix, 20).
^Caso Barrera 2006, first map, and para. 5 locates the Territory "near the Xocmo River [ieRío de la Pasión]," whileSpores 1986, p. 72 places it onRío San Pedro, andThompson 1977, p. 13 on the cordillera between theUsumacinta and San Pedro.Palka 2005, pp. 1–2 seems to place the Territory in northwestern Guatemala too, noting that by the early 18th century, at least some residents of the former Chinamita Territory were known to have settled on the Usumacinta. However,Jones 1998, p. 432 disagrees with all the aforementioned, noting they are "surely incorrect in locating the Chinamitas southwest rather than east of Nojpeten." NoteCaso Barrera 2006, para. 5 further proposes the Territory formed part of the Xocmo Territory, whose residents were "probably a dissident Itza faction established near the Xocmo River." SeeCaso Barrera 2006, first map andKöhler & Esponda Jimeno 2004, p. 122 for identification of Xocmo River as Río de la Pasión.
^The Maya counted using avigesimal system; the cited population of 8,000 is equal to 20x20x20. It is probable that the 8,000 quoted merely signifies "a great many" (Thompson 1977, loc. 500).

Short citations

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^^a ^b ^cJones 1998, p. 20.
^^a ^b ^cThompson 1977, loc. 500.
^Rice & Rice 2009, pp. 12–13;Cecil 2004, p. 387;Jones 1998, pp. 4, 20, 22;Simmons 1995, p. 144.
^Caso Barrera 2006, first map, and para. 5;Spores 1986, p. 72;Thompson 1977, p. 13.
^Jones 1998, pp. 20, 433n48.
^Caso Barrera 2006, paras. 5, 7, 19;Jones 1998, pp. 19–21;Thompson 1977, pp. 12–13.
^Simmons 1995, p. 144.
^Rice & Rice 2009, p. 24;Jones 1998, p. 62.
^Thompson 1977, loc. 517.
^Rice & Rice 2009, p. 17;Thompson 1977, p. 12.

Full citations

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Caso Barrera, Laura (2006)."Guerre et factionnalisme entre les Itzaes durant la periode coloniale".Civilisations.55:52–69.ISSN 2032-0442.
Cecil, Leslie G. (August 2004). "Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy and Postclassic Petén slipped pottery: an examination of pottery wares, social identity and trade".Archaeometry.43 (3):385–404.doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00164.x.
Jones, Grant D. (1998).The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford, California, US:Stanford University Press.ISBN 978-0-8047-3522-3.
Köhler, Axel M.; Esponda Jimeno, Victor M. (2004)."Choles y chortíes de Karl Sapper, 1907".Liminar.2 (1):114–142.doi:10.29043/LIMINAR.V2I1.147.
Palka, Joel (Winter 2005)."Rock Paintings and Lacandon Maya Sacred Landscapes".The PARI Journal.V (3):1–7.ISSN 1531-5398. Archived fromthe original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved17 August 2023.
Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2009).The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Mesoamerican Worlds. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado.ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8.OCLC 225875268.
Simmons, Scott E. (1995)."Maya Resistance, Maya Resolve: The tools of autonomy from Tipu, Belize".Ancient Mesoamerica.6 (2). New York, US:Cambridge University Press:135–146.doi:10.1017/s0956536100002145.ISSN 0956-5361.OCLC 88427811. Retrieved9 July 2014.
Spores, Ronald, ed. (1986).Ethnohistory. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vol. 4. Austin, Texas, US: University of Texas Press.ISBN 0-2927-7604-7.OL 18331655W.
Thompson, John E. (1977). "A Proposal for Constituting a Maya Subgroup, Cultural and Linguistic, in the Petén and Adjacent Regions". In Grant D. Jones (ed.).Anthropology and History in Yucatán. The Texas Pan American Series. Austin, Texas, US: University of Texas Press.doi:10.7560/703148.ISBN 978-0-292-76678-5.OCLC 2202479.

v t e Ancestry and ethnicity inGuatemala
Ancestral background ofGuatemalan citizens
Guatemalan native groups (Maya and others)	Achi Akatek Awakatek Chuj Chʼortiʼ Itza Ixil Jakaltek Kaqchikel Kʼicheʼ Mam Mopan Poqomam Poqomchiʼ Qʼanjobʼal Qʼeqchiʼ Sakapultek Sipakapense Tektitek Tzʼutujil Uspantek Xinca
Former and extinct	Acala Chʼol Alaguilac Chinamita Kejache Kowoj Lakandon Chʼol Manche Chʼol Pipil Tojolabal Toquegua Yalain
Guatemalan mestizo	Mestizo Ladino
Descendants of Europeans (white orCriollo)	French German Italian Russian Spanish Swiss
Descendants of Asians	Jewish Korean Lebanese Romani
Afro-descendants	Garifuna Mulatto Zambo
Americas	Americans Mexicans Salvadorans

v t e Ancestry and ethnicity in Belize
Indigenous	Maya Manche Ch'ol Mopan Chinamita Qʼeqchiʼ
Non-Indigenous	Africans Americans (Confederate) British (Baymen) Chinese Garifuna Germans (mennonites) Hispanic and Latin Indians

16°42′43″N89°14′10″W / 16.712°N 89.236°W /16.712; -89.236

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