China Railways SL12 (胜利12) Chosen Government Railway Pashishi class (パシシ) Korean National Railroad Pasi4 class (바시4) Korean State Railway Pasinŏ class (바시너) Central China Railway Pashishi class (パシシ)
바시4-62, named "Tong-il" ("Unity"), of the Korean National Railroad in 1955
TheChina Railways SL12 (胜利12, Shènglì, "victory") class steam locomotive was a class of4-6-2steam locomotives for freight trains operated by theChina Railway. The "Pashi" name came from theAmerican naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 4-6-2 wheel arrangement were called "Pacific".
Based on the experiences gained through the rebuilding of thePureshi-class engines, the Pashishi class was, together with theMikasa andTehoro classes developed simultaneously, the first steam locomotive designed in-house by Sentetsu. Designed specifically for Korean operational conditions and needs, it proved to be very easy to build, operate and maintain, as care was taken during the design process to maximise the interchangeability of parts between the three classes.[2]
The Pashishi class weresuperheated two-cylinder locomotives intended for use on high-value passenger trains, of which a total of 82 were built for Sentetsu and for theCentral China Railway byKawasaki andNippon Sharyō between 1927 and 1943.[2] From their inception, the Mikasa, Pashishi and Tehoro classes were designed to use thelignite abundant in Korea, which is less efficient than theanthracite the American-built locomotives needed; as such, they all had large heating areas. The Pashishi class featured a conicalboiler and acombustion chamberfirebox to achieve sufficient combustion of the coal, which in turn significantly improved evaporation and maintenance of steam.[2] The experience with these three classes induced theJapanese Government Railways to install combustion chamber fireboxes on the9700 andD52 classes built for the JGR from 1943.
A state-of-the-art locomotive in its time, structurally it is generally an American design in its features, with the first dome being a sandbox, and the second being for steam. The firebox is located above the trailing axle. After the first four were completed, the design was modified, resulting in a slightly different appearance of the smokestack and the steam dome, and smoke deflectors were added. The tender is a four-axle type, running on two four-wheel bogies of American Bettendorf design. Four units, numbers パシシ981–パシシ984, were built in 1936 with partial streamlining, featuring a shroud on top of the boiler from the chimney to the cab, giving an appearance similar to the JNR'sD51 22–23 locomotives. Further, they had a fully enclosed cab, a headlamp mounted at the centre of thesmokebox door, and the idler wheels and tender wheels had roller bearings.[2]
Between 1927 and 1940, Sentetsu took delivery of 72 Pashishi-class locomotives, with the first 64 built by Kawasaki, followed by a further 8 from Nippon Sharyō in 1940. They first entered service pulling the "Akatsuki"limited express, where its performance was found to be excellent,[2] and they were quickly put to use on the highest-value passenger trains in Korea, especially on theGyeongbu andGyeongui Lines, such as the "Akatsuki" limited express mentioned previously, along with other express trains, and trains connecting to express trains of theSouth Manchuria Railway atSinuiju/Andong.
By April 1938 twenty had been completed, numbered パシ971–パシ990. In Sentetsu's 1938 general renumbering, these became パシシ1–パシシ20, and those units built after the renumbering continued the new sequence.[3]
TheCentral China Railway suffered from a severe motive power shortage from its establishment in 1939. After receiving regaugedJGR locomotives second-hand as an emergency measure,[4] new locomotives were delivered in the early 1940s. Amongst these were ten Sentetsu-designed Pashishi-class locomotives built for the Central China Railway by Kawasaki in 1942 and 1943.
Timeline of Pashishi production for the Central China Railway
After the defeat of Japan and the Liberation of Korea and of China, these locomotives were taken over by the new national railway companies ofNorth Korea,South Korea and China. The exact division of the Korean locomotives is uncertain, but roughly equal numbers of the 72 locomotives are believed to have gone to theKorean National Railroad in the South and theKorean State Railway in the North.[3]
The exact identities of the locomotives that went to the Korean National Railroad is uncertain, but they were designated파시4 (Pasi4) class, and were used on passenger trains until the 1960s.[3]
Known KNR 파시4-class locomotives
KNR number
Final Sentetsu number
Original number
Builder
Year
Works Number
Notes
파시4-4
パシシ4
パシ974
Kawasaki
1927
1187
Derelict by 1954.
파시4-9
パシシ9
パシ979
Kawasaki
1934
1529
Streamlined tender.
파시4-14
パシシ14
パシ984
Kawasaki
1936
1737
Streamlining removed by 1951; wrecked in 1951, repaired and returned to service.
The locomotives taken over by the Korean State Railway were initially designated바시너 (Pasinŏ) class. The total number, their service lives and subsequent fates are unknown, but they were probably retired by the end of the 1960s.
After the end of the Pacific War, the Pashishi-class locomotives of the Central China Railway were taken over by the Republic of China Railway, and following the subsequent establishment of thePeople's Republic of China, by theChina Railway, which classified themㄆㄒ12 (PX12) in 1951. In 1959 they were reclassified胜利12 (SL12) class (胜利 = Shènglì, "victory"), and they remained in service into the 1980s. SL12 881, 883−888, and 891 were last seen working aroundHangzhou in 1983−1984.[5]
SL12 890 is preserved at theChina Railway Museum inBeijing.[6] Their renumbering seems to have not been sequential, as 890 is a 1942-built unit.[6]
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Chosen Government Railway locomotives and rolling stock
Rolling stock ofKorail
