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 China |  Turkmenistan |
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China–Turkmenistan relations are thebilateral relationship between China andTurkmenistan. An official diplomatic relationship was established between the countries on January 6, 1992.[1]
Chinese relations with Central Asia dates back to theSilk Road, a network of trade routes starting in the second century BCE.[2]
In October 1991, Turkmenistan declared independence following thedissolution of the Soviet Union. Under the presidency ofSaparmurat Niyazov, Turkmenistan’s foreign policy remained neutral. Turkmenistan’s presidentGurbanguly Berdimuhamedov maintainedauthoritarian control on rights concerning speech, religious expression, and foreign tourism.[3][4] Post-SovietCentral Asian countries, including Turkmenistan, are incentivized to pursue diplomatic and economic relations with China due to the opportunity of investment and exports, and China stands to gain access to raw materials, which Turkmenistan is able to produce in abundance. China and Central Asia broadly both have moved to contain Islamic and democratic sentiments. Such intersecting economic needs and political interests suggest that maintaining strong political and economic ties are of substantial importance to both China and Turkmenistan.[1]
On August 31, 1998, Turkmenistan President Niyazov visited China for a meeting with Chinese PresidentJiang Zemin. During this meeting, theChinese government expressed gratitude towards Turkmenistan for vocalizing support forChina in regards to Taiwan, and praised their economic and political stability.[5]
In April 2006, President Niyazov held and Chinese PresidentHu Jintao held talks in Beijing, during which they expressed satisfaction over beneficial cooperation in the areas of trade, transportation, energy, and culture. Both parties expressed desires for further cooperative development in chemical, textile, and telecommunication industries, as well as in culture, education, and tourism. Niyazov expressed support for theone-China policy, while Hu reified China’s support for Turkmenistan’s foreign neutrality policy. Both parties also acknowledged vested interest in combattingterrorism,separatism, andextremism.[6] This meeting marked the beginning of an intense cooperative relationship between the two countries, in which both countries establish agreement on not only cultural andhumanitarian ends, but economic pursuits as well.
Both countries would continue to engage in trade and diplomacy, notably in May 2010, the People’s Republic of China sent a delegation of Chinese officials toAshgabat. During the meeting, officials emphasized interest in pursuing Sino-Turkmen cooperation in the fields of culture and education.[7]
In November 2013, Chinese and Turkmen officials met in Beijing to discuss increased cooperation between the two countries on the issues of regional stability and development, following the signing of an agreement a few months prior. During this meeting, Turkmen Defense MinisterBegenc Gundogdiyev expressed interest in military cooperation with China in terms of military technology and personnel training.[8] Turkmenistan’s interest in military cooperation with China, though not necessarily breaking their policy of foreign neutrality, did represent a slight pivot from theisolationism present in Turkmen foreign doctrine since declaring independence.[citation needed]
In June 2016, Turkmenistan’s Foreign Ministry, and an envoy on behalf of China’s Foreign Ministry on Afghan affairs, Deng Xijun, attended a meeting in Ashgabat in which the parties established aligning agendas in terms of regional peace, security, and development. Both parties emphasized the importance of establishing regular communication between each country’s respective foreign ministry in order to further develop joint efforts on shared political agendas within the region, as well as economic collaboration.[9]
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Turkmenistan, signed a joint letter to theUnited Nations Human Rights Council defendingChina's persecution of Uyghurs. Turkmenistan was one of 16 countries that defended China in 2019 but did not do so in 2020.[10]
In July 2022, Turkmenistan and Chinese officials conducted a video conference for the purpose of discussing further cooperation on security in Afghanistan. During the meeting, officials on behalf of both sides reviewed the progress made by the Turkmen-Chinese Committee on Cooperation, and emphasized the importance of ensuring peace and development in Afghanistan as part of a larger effort of securing economic, social, and humanitarian international interests.[11]
In November of 2023, the China-Turkmenistan Cooperation Committee held the first meeting for their Science and Technology Cooperation sub-committee. At this meeting China, and Turkmenistan announced their intentions to further cooperative efforts on the frontiers of science and technology by promoting integration between their respective research institutions and enterprises. The specific fields of interests at the center of such efforts arenanotechnology, the development of new materials, the processing of natural resources,biomedicine,seismology, the development of information and communications technology, andsocial sciences.[12]
As an extension of joint humanitarian work, In May of 2024 a meeting was held betweenDunyagozel Gulmanova, Speaker of Parliament of Turkmenistan, andShen Yueyue, Vice Chairperson of The National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in Ashgabat. During this meeting, officials held discussions on the legislative reforms underway, and the importance of parliamentary negotiations as a means of integrating consideration to Turkmen-Chinese cooperation on a legislative level. Both countries established dialogue on key reformist issues, specificallywomen’s rights.[13]
In January 2025, an Assistant Foreign Minister of China, Liu Bin, attended a meeting with the Foreign Affairs Minister of TurkmenistanRashid Meredov, in which both parties reaffirmed intentions for enduring and extensive collaboration in several fields of interest: energy, transportation, communication, culture, and humanitarianism.[14]
China is by far Turkmenistan's largest trading partner. In 2020, the China exports to Turkmenistan were valued at $445 US million and Turkmenistan exports to China were valued at $5.3 US billion.[15] In 2022, China accounted for 65% of Turkmenistan's total trade.[16]
China’s imports from Turkmenistan in terms of commodity goods are mainly agricultural and textile products. China’s exports to Turkmenistan consist of a wide variety of goods, including but not limited to textiles, clothing, household appliances,consumer electronics, metals, chemicals, andfossil fuels.[citation needed]
Between 1998 and 2012, the value of the import and export volume between China and Turkmenistan grew from $12.51 million to $10.03 billion. During this period, the proportion of China’s imports and exports with Turkmenistan to China’s imports and exports to Asia broadly grew by 0.4%.[citation needed]
Between 2013 and 2017, the value of import and export volume between China and Turkmenistan grew from $8.2 billion to $23.6 billion, a fourth of Turkmenistan’s total foreign trade volume. Despite this, there was fluctuation in China’s imports and exports with Turkmenistan in proportion to China’s imports and exports with Asia, dropping to 0.3% in 2016.[citation needed]
Turkmenistan exports significant amounts ofnatural gas to China, with more than half of these exports going through theCentral Asia–China gas pipeline.[17] The pipeline project allowed Turkmenistan to significantly decrease its previous dependence on Russia; previously, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.[18] The output of China’s domestic energy markets are unable to secure national energy needs, thus incentivizing the pursuit of imports from Turkmenistan.[citation needed]
On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on a potential pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.[19] In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni PresidentGurbanguly Berdimuhamedow signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.[20] In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join the originalKazakhstan–China oil pipeline project.[21] The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009.[22]
During a meeting in Ashgabat in November of 2011, Turkmen President Berdimuhammadov expressed that Turkmenistan was working on increasing output of gas to China.[23]
In September 2013, China and Turkmenistan signed a joint agreement pledging their commitment as long-term partners in energy. The agreement included a guarantee of the annual transportation of 65 billion cubic meters of gas to China by 2016 through the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline.[24]
In January 2019, China refused to continue export of military arms to Turkmenistan in response to a substantial decrease in imports of gas.[1]
In October 2024, Turkmenistan and China held a meeting in which they discussed furthering investment efforts between each other in the general fields of energy,infrastructure, and the innovation ofgreen energy and minerals. China was also updated on Turkmen progress in the industries of oil, gas, transportation, and chemicals.[25]
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