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 China |  Italy |
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Bilateral relations between China and Italy date back toImperial China and Ancient Rome but the ties betweenItaly and modernChina only formally began on 27 November 1928 (began in 1913) and recognized the People's Republic on 6 November 1970.[1] News of Italy's recognition of the People's Republic of China and consequent breaking of formal relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) spurred other European countries such asAustria andBelgium to consider similar moves.[2]
Italian Foreign MinisterPietro Nenni presented the proposal for the recognition of China in January 1969.[3] TheItalian Communist Party had invitedChinese Communist Party (CCP) representatives to attend their 1969 party congress; however, the Chinese side declined the invitation.[4] The two countries exchanged ambassadors in February of the following year.[5]
Currently, China and Italy participate in high-level political exchanges. In September 2005, Chinese Defense MinisterCao Gangchuan and Italian Deputy Defense Minister Salvatore Cicu expressed their hope for closer military cooperation between the two countries.[6]
Hongdu Aviation, one of China's major aircraft manufacturers, was first established as Sino-Italian National Aircraft Works (SINAW) in 1934, as a joint venture between theRepublic of China and theKingdom of Italy. However, after theSecond Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Italy became an ally of Japan and assisted Japan in its bombing of SINAW factories. The Chinese government confiscated Italian properties in December 1937 and all Italian employees of the company left by the end of the year.[7] On March 24, 2019, Italy signed up to theBelt and Road Initiative, becoming the firstG7 nation to do so.[8]
Chinese people in Italy, comprising both recent immigrants as well as persons of Chinese descent born in Italy, form a significant minority especially inLombardy,Tuscany, andLazio.
The Roman historianFlorus describes the visit of numerous envoys, includingSeres (Chinese or central Asians), to the first Roman EmperorAugustus, who reigned between 27 BC and 14.[9][10] However,Henry Yule speculated that these were more likely to have been private merchants than diplomats, since Chinese records insist that Gan Ying was the first Chinese to reach as far west as Tiaozhi (條支;Mesopotamia) in 97 AD. In 97 the Chinese generalBan Chao dispatched an envoy toRome in the person ofGan Ying. Gan Ying never made it to Rome. He might have reached the eastern coast of theMediterranean,[11] although he most likely went no further than thePersian Gulf. Monk turned diplomatRabban Bar Sauma traveled from Beijing to Rome in the 1280s.[12] Andalò da Savignone, an Italian resident in the small Genoese colony inZaytun, was sent by the Khans from Beijing to Italy as a diplomat to the pope in 1336.[13] Chinese diplomats have been active in Italy since the time of theQing dynasty and just a few decades after theUnification of Italy. The Qing dynasty diplomatLi Fengbao was ambassador to Italy in the late 19th century, as were his contemporariesKung Chao-Yuan,Xue Fucheng andXu Jingcheng. TheRepublic of China would later send its own ambassadors after Italy's recognition of the Republic. Modern China's first ambassador wasShen Ping [zh] (沈平), while the current ambassador isLi Junhua (李军华).[14][needs update]
InRoman Times, the first group of people claiming to be an ambassadorial mission of Romans to China was recorded in 16 AD in theBook of the Later Han. The embassy came toEmperor Huan ofHan China from "Andun" (Chinese:安敦; EmperorAntoninus Pius orMarcus Aurelius Antoninus), "king of Daqin" (Rome).[15][16] In 226 AD China was visited by the RomanQin Lun (秦論), who wasn't a diplomat but a merchant. He visited the court ofSun Quan inNanjing.[17][18] Other Roman envoys followed in the 3rd century. One embassy from Daqin (Rome) is recorded as bringing tributary gifts to the ChineseJin Empire (266–420 AD).[18][19]
The most notable contact between China and Italy dates back to over 700 years ago, with Italian explorerMarco Polo famously sojourning in the country for seventeen years between 1271 and 1295,[20] a few decades afterGiovanni da Pian del Carpine's visit toKarakorum.[21] Polo's visit was followed by the arrival in Beijing ofGiovanni da Montecorvino, the firstarchbishop of Beijing, in 1294.[22]Michele Ruggieri, an Italian Jesuit priest fromApulia and one of the founding figures of theJesuit China missions, was the first European to enter theForbidden City.[23][24]
TheKingdom of Italy established diplomatic relations with China in 1866.[25] Italy receivedits concession in Tientsin on 7 September 1901. The concession was occupied by the Japanese in September 1943 after Italy surrendered to the Allies, and liberated in October 1945 by the Chinese Army.[26] Italy officially renounced its claims to the concession in 1947.[26] On October 16, 1866, a trade treaty between China an Italy was signed, and eight months later the ambassador CountVittorio Sallier de la Tour, appointed Italian representative to the courts ofJeddo andBeijing, arrived in East Asia.[25] He and his successorsAlessandro Fè d'Ostiani andRaffaele Ulisse Barbolani, however, kept their seat in Japan.[25]Ferdinando de Luca was the first Italian ambassador to be headquartered in China, establishing the embassy inShanghai, which was moved to Beijing at the end of the 1880s.[25] In 1913, Italy recognizedSun Yat-sen's Republic, and thereafter maintained a position of neutrality in the various conflicts with different parties vying for power in China.[25] Italy formally recognizedKuomintang'sRepublic of China, and on November 27, 1928, signed a new trade treaty, which supplanted the 1866 treaty.[25] The negotiations were led byDaniele Varè and the treaty signed inNanjing, China's new capital.[25]Chang Kai-shek insisted that all the Occidental powers move their embassies in Nanjing, considering this action as the further, final acknowledgment of his power.[25] Italy, as some other great powers, decided to split its embassy between Nanjing and Shanghai, in two physically detached offices.[25]
At the end of 1937Fascist Italy recognizedManchukuo, and in 1941 it recognizedWang Jingwei'sRepublic of China, with its capital inNanjing, although the Italian ambassadors continued to reside in Shanghai for some more time.[25] The Italian delegate Pier Pasquale Spinelli then decided to move the embassy's principal seat to Nanjing, while also reopening the detached offices of Beijing and Shanghai.[25] In 1945, Mussolini's followers kept in touch with Wang Jingwei's government in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing, while the post-fascistMinistry of Foreign Affairs worked to resume contact with Chiang Kai-shek, to whom the new Italian representativeSergio Fenoaltea officiallypresented his credentials in October 1946 in Naijing.[25] In 1945, the Italians were about to loan the offices of the closed embassy in Beijing to the Americans, which however didn't materialize because before the Americans arrived, a group of Chinese, on the nationalist side but following the orders of an independent general looking for riches, looted the embassy and damaged the building and the archives.[25] After thestart of the offensive in 1947, the CCP took Beijing in 1949 and shortly after Naijing.[25] In November 1950, Fenoaltea, who had been pressuring Rome to let him come back to Italy, departed from China.[25] Diplomatic relations were then led byEzio Mizzan who, in February 1951, reported that the CCP police was restricting ever more his activities and movements and that the permanence of the Italian embassy in Naijing, Chang Kai-shek's and Wang Jingwei's former capital, may cause political inconveniences.[25] He advised Rome to take a firm decision either recognizing China, moving him and the embassy to Beijing, or moving all diplomats out.[27][25] After initially leaning towards following such countries as Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom in recognizing China, Italy chose the opposite, dismantling Naijing's embassy and breaking diplomatic relations,[25] influenced by the counsel of the United States, which had initially pondered allowing Italy's recognition of China to pave the way for the inevitable recognition by them.[28]
Italy and China wouldn't recognize each other until 1970.[25] During the twenty-year break of diplomatic relations, Italy didn't have an embassy in China, and maintained relations with nationalist China, although it never sent an ambassador to Taipei either.[27] In the twenty-year break, Italy "limited itself to giving some unspecified duties of observation of the Chinese question" to its general consulate in Hong Kong.[27] In 1970, the news of Italy's recognition of the People's Republic of China and consequent breaking of formal relations with the Republic of China spurred other European countries such asAustria andBelgium to consider similar moves.[2]
In March 2019, during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit toItaly,China signed amemorandum of understanding on China'sBelt and Road Initiative (BRI) with Italy. Italy became the only G7 country to join the BRI.[29] In July 2023 declared its intention to quit the BRI.[30] Prime MinisterGiorgia Meloni stated that the project was not of any real benefit to Italy's economy.[31] TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs of China described Italy's actions as "disrupting cooperation and creating divisions".[32]: 71 Publishing in 2025, academic Chuchu Zhang writes that bilateral economic cooperation between Italy and China was not disrupted by Italy's intent to withdraw, and trade between the two countries increased through February 2024.[32]: 70
In March 2020, Chinese state owned TV channelCGTN and Chinese newspaperGlobal Times were reported to have attempted to spread a disinformation campaign that theCOVID-19 pandemic may have originated in Italy after the United States.[33][34]
On 13 March 2020, China sent medical supplies, including masks and respirators to Italy, together with a team of Chinese medical staff to help Italy and fight the virus across the country.[35][36][37] After China donated millions of masks, China sold masks to Italy. These were not donations but rather paid products and services.[38][39] On March 24, 2020, Italian Foreign MinisterLuigi Di Maio stated in an interview that after the outbreak in Italy, China was the first to provide Italy with medical supplies and dispatch medical experts. When the virus broke out, Italy was accused of dumping materials used to protect Italians at a low price because it presented 40,000 masks to China. Today, China is giving back millions of masks.[40] Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte thanked China for its support and assistance.[41] However, in April 2020 after the tragedy, it was reported that the PPE kits sold by China to Italy were the same that Italy had earlier donated to China during the initial spread of theCOVID-19 in China.[42][43] The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded: This is false news. The Italian government did not respond yet.[44]
In May 2020, Chinese official spokespeople tweeted videos of Italians chanting "Grazie, Cina" withChina's national anthem playing in the background. Analysis of the video revealed the video to be doctored and raised concerns aboutChinese propaganda activities in the European Union[45] including urging European officials to heap praise on China[46] and attempts to undermineEurope's response to the health crisis and project China and Russia as the only ones with a robust strategy to combat COVID-19.[47]
In March 2019, Italy's parliamentaryComitato parliamentare per la sicurezza della Repubblica (COPASIR), the body of the Italian Parliament to oversee the Italian intelligence agencies raised concerns that Italy joining the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project could present security risks for Italy given that infrastructure, telecoms, finance were all in the BRI agreement package to be signed with China.[48] The chief of COPASIR also raised the concerns of "evaluation of possible risks" in the area of cyber security.[49][50]
Concerns have been raised by the EU and the US over technology transfer and protection ofintellectual property of European partners as well as Chinese involvement in Italian telecommunications networks raising fears regardingnetwork security in Europe and the US.[51][48]
In October 2020, in signs of Italy toughening its stance with respect to communications and network security, the Italian government vetoed a5G deal between Italian telecom firmFastweb and China'sHuawei.[52] Earlier in July, Italy's largest telecom companyTelecom Italia (TIM) had left Huawei out of an invitation to tender for a contract to supply 5G equipment for its core network, where sensitive data was processed.[52]
In November 2024, Italy opened an investigation intoSinochem, the largest shareholder ofPirelli, for potential violations of restrictions to protect Italian national strategic assets.[53]
In 2021,CNN rated Italy and China as the top two countries with the best food, respectively.[56]
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[clarification needed]«Only China has responded bilaterally. This is not a good sign of EU solidarity»
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