| Chilika | |
|---|---|
 Birds eyeview of Chilika Lake | |
  Chilika | |
| Location | Odisha |
| Coordinates | 19°43′N85°19′E / 19.717°N 85.317°E /19.717; 85.317 |
| Lake type | Brackish,lagoon |
| Primary inflows | 52 streams including theBhargavi,Daya, Makra,Malaguni and Luna rivers[1] |
| Primary outflows | Old mouth at Arakhakuda, new mouth atSatpada toBay of Bengal |
| Catchment area | 3,560 km2 (1,370 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | India |
| Max. length | 64.3 km (40.0 mi) |
| Surface area | min.: 900 km2 (347 sq mi) max.: 1,165 km2 (450 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 4.2 m (13.8 ft) |
| Water volume | 4 km3 (3,200,000 acre⋅ft) |
| Surface elevation | 0 – 2 m (6.6 ft) |
| Islands | 223 km2 (86 sq mi): Badakuda, Breakfast, Honeymoon, Kalijai Island, Birds Island, Kanthapantha, Krushnaprasada (Old Parikuda), Nalabana, Nuapara, Somolo and Sanakuda. |
| Settlements | Balugaon,Satpada,Parikud,Rambha |
| References | [1][2] |
| Designated | 1 October 1981 |
| Reference no. | 229[3] |
Chilika Lake is the largestbrackish water lagoon with estuarine character that sprawls along the east coast in Asia[4] and second largestcoastal lagoon in the world,[disputed –discuss] covering an area of over 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi).[5][6][7] It is spread over thePuri,Khordha andGanjam districts ofOdisha state on theeast coast ofIndia, at the mouth of theDaya River, flowing into theBay of Bengal.
It has been listed as a tentativeUNESCOWorld Heritage site.[8] Its salinity varies by region, from freshwater where rivers flow in, to oceanic salinity levels due to tidal influx.
Geological evidence indicates that Chilika Lake was part of theBay of Bengal during the later stages of thePleistocene period (1.8 million to 10,000 yearsBP).
Excavations were conducted by theArchaeological Survey of India atGolabai Sasan (20°1′7″N85°32′54″E / 20.01861°N 85.54833°E /20.01861; 85.54833) north of Chilika lake in Khurdha district.[9] Golabai provides evidence of a sequence of Chilika area culture in three phases:Neolithic (c. 1600 BCE),Chalcolithic (c. 1400 BCE to c. 900 BCE) andIron Age (c. 900 BCE to c. 800 BCE).Radiocarbon dating traced the earliest level of Golbai to 2300 BCE. The site is located on the left bank of theMalaguni River, a tributary of theDaya River, which flows into Chilika Lake. This location, which gave access to the sea via Chilika Lake, gives evidence of the maritime activities of this region. The recovery of many woodworkingadzes and otherartifacts shows that Golabal was a boat-building centre. Golabai is the only excavated site in Odisha where boat building has been revealed. This also indicates that Chilika lake was close to Golabai and it facilitated the maritime trade of people in the area during the ancient period.[10]
Ancient texts say the southern sector of Chilika was a majorharbour for maritimecommerce, whenKharavela (c. 209 BCE–after 170 BCE), the King ofKalinga, was known as the "Lord of the Sea".[11]
Ptolemy (150 CE), theGreek geographer, referred toPalur as the portPaloura, located close to the point of departure situated outside of the southern tip of the lake at Kantiagarh, from where ships bound for different parts ofSoutheast Asia sailed. After 639, the Chinese pilgrimsFa-Hien andHiuen-Tsang mention a famous port "Che-li-ta-loChing" near the shore of the ocean which was a thoroughfare and resting place for seagoing traders and strangers from distant lands. This port was located at 'Chhatragarh' on the banks of Chilika Lake.[10]
A fourth-century legend, often told to explain the birth of Chilika, states that the pirate king, Raktabahu, planned to attackPuri with a huge fleet of ships. To avoid detection, he stealthily anchored out of sight, off the mouth to the sea. The deception was revealed by the ships' refuse floating to the shore, thus warning the town's people, who escaped with all their possessions. Raktabahu felt betrayed when he found an abandoned town and directed his fury towards the seathat had betrayed him. The sea parted to let the army march in, then surged back, drowned the army and formed the present lake.[2]
Archeological excavations discovered seventh-century ship anchors and stone memoirs dedicated to battle heroes at a village named Kanas, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Chilika on the banks of Nuna river, which flows into the lake. This gives evidence of a historic naval engagement off the coast.
A 10th-century text, theBrahmanda Purana, mentions Chilika Lake as an important centre of trade and commerce, and a shelter for ships sailing toJava,Malaya,Singhala, China and other countries. This suggests that the lake was then deep enough for berthing seagoing ships and had a channel to the sea big enough for loaded trading ships embarking toSoutheast Asia.[12][13][14] The villagers around Chilika Lake still observe an annual festival called "Bali Yatra" (Journey toBali).
In 1803, theBritish entered the shores of the lake, reached Puri and occupied Odisha with the help of Fateh Muhammed. Fateh Muhammed, in turn, was rewarded by the British withfreehold of the areas of Malud andParikud, of the present day Garh Krishnaprasad revenue block.[11]
Over the years, poets includingKabibar Radhanath Ray and PanditGodavarish Mishra, freedom fighters and Saints have extolled historicity of the lake as pertinent to its cultural, spiritual, religious and scenic aspects.[11][12]
"Gopabandhu Das, a famous Odiya poet, became impatient to see the beauty of the march of colorful sights and sounds of Chilika lagoon while going by train. He asked the speeding train to stop for a moment so that he could enjoy the beauty. It is because of the beauty that arrests him much".[15]
Chilika is an integral part of the culture of coastal Odisha. Almost 400 years ago, the saint poet Purshottam Das, a devotee of Lord Jagannath, wrote a poem about Lord Krishna dancing with a milkmaid called Maniki, who had come to sell curds on the banks of the Chilika.[16]
The lake is ofestuarine character in anephemeral environment. Geological studies indicate that the coastline extended along the western shores of the lake in thePleistocene era with its northeastern region lying under the sea. That the coastline has moved eastward over the ages is supported by the fact that the nearbyKonark Sun Temple, built originally on the seashore a few hundred years ago, is now about 3 km (2 mi), away from the coast.
Thecatchment area of Chilika lake has a rock, sand and mud substratum. It contains a wide range of sedimentary particles such as clay, silt, sand, gravel and shell banks but the major part of the catchment area is silt. Around 1.6 millionmetric tons per year of sediment is deposited in Chilika lake by rivers Daya and several streams.[15]
It is conjectured that a rise in worldwide sea levels over the last 6,000–8,000 years occurred with a pause in the rise of sea level about 7,000 years ago, which could have resulted in the formation of a sandy beach near the coast at the Southern sector. With the rise in the sea level, the sand beach grew gradually, progressed seaward to the northeast and formed the spit of Chilika. Afossil unearthed from the southwestern edge of the spit indicates that the lake was formed about 3,500–4,000 years ago. The abrupt change in the direction of the coast north of the lake, strong winds shifting sand to the shore, longshore drift (littoral drift), the presence or absence of strong river and tidal currents in different areas are the reasons attributed for the growth of the spit.[11]
White bands ofcoral in the southern sector, at a height of 8 m (26 ft), above the present water level, shows that the area was once marine and that the water was much deeper than present.[11] The chronological development of the outer barrier spit of the lake has been dated byOptically stimulated luminescence studies of minerals. This was done on sixteen samples of the lake bed. The studies indicated doses of between 153 ± 3 mGy and 2.23 ± 0.07 Gy, corresponding to ages from 40 years at the top of the spit to 300 years at the bottom. The youngest ages are consistent with the age of the overlying vegetation. A clearly defined period of > 4.0 km (2.5 mi) of barrier construction 40 years ago is identified. Prior to that the deposition rate was relatively constant for 300 years.'"[17]
Chilika Lake is a shallowbar-built estuary with large areas ofmudflats. The western and southern margins of the lake are fringed by theEastern Ghats hill range.[14]
Several inland rivers, which bring silt into the lake, control the northern end of the lake. A 60 km (37 mi) longbarrier beach calledRejhansa,[18] formed by northerly currents in theBay of Bengal, resulted in the formation of this shallow lake and forms its eastern side. As anephemeral lake, its water surface area varies from 1,165 km2 (449.8 sq mi) in the summermonsoon season to 906 km2 (349.8 sq mi) in the winterdry season.
The water spread area of the lagoon ranges between 1,165 and 906 square kilometres (450 and 350 sq mi) during the monsoon and summer respectively. A 32-kilometre (20 mi) long, narrow, outer channel connects the lagoon to theBay of Bengal, near the village Motto. More recently a new mouth has been opened by Chilika Development Authority (CDA) which has brought a new lease of life to the lagoon.
The lake has numerous islands. The larger islands, separated by shallow channels, lie between the barrier and the main body of the lake. A total 42 km2 (16 sq mi) of channels connect the lake with Bay of Bengal.[12] The six major islands areParikud, Phulbari, Berahpura, Nuapara, Nalbana, andTampara. These islands, together with thePeninsula of Malud, constitute theKrishnaprasad Revenue Block ofPuri District.[6][19]
The north shore of the lake is part ofKhordha District and the western shore is part ofGanjam District. Due tosiltation, the width of the barrier has fluctuated and the mouth to the sea has periodically been closed. The location of the mouth has also frequently shifted, generally towards the northeast. The mouth, which was 1.5 km (0.9 mi) wide in 1780, was only .75 km (0.5 mi) forty years later. The local fishermen, to maintain their livelihood, had to cut open the mouth to gain access to the sea for fishing.[11]
Water depth of the lake varies from 0.9 to 2.6 ft (0.3 to 0.8 m) in the dry season to 5.9 to 13.8 ft (1.8 to 4.2 m) in the rainy season. The width of the old channel to the sea, now reported to be about 100 m (330 ft), is known asMagarmukha (Mouth of the Crocodile). The lake is divided into four separate zones namely, the southern, central, northern sectors and the outer channel area. A 32 km (19.9 mi) long outer channel connects the lake with theBay of Bengal at Arakhuda village. The lake is pear-shaped and has a maximum length of 64.3 km (40.0 mi) with a mean width of 20.1 km (12.5 mi).[6][20]
Another lake in India calledVembanad Lake[21] is the longest lake (if the length is considered, 96.5 kilometres (60.0 mi) where the length of Chilika Lake is 64 kilometres (40 mi)) in India.
Three hydrological subsystems control the hydrology of the lake. The land-based system comprisesdistributaries of theMahanadi River on the northern side, 52 river channels from the western side and theBay of Bengal on the eastern side. Two of the three southern branches of the Mahanadi River that trifurcates atCuttack, feed the lake. 61% (850 m3/s (30,000 cu ft/s)) of the total freshwater inflow into the lake is contributed by these two branches.
The second drainage system which is non–perennial accounts for 39% (536 cubic metres per second (18,900 cu ft/s)) of the inflow. The important rivers of this drainage system are the Kansari, Kusumi, Janjira, and Tarimi rivers. The annual total surface freshwater input to the lake is estimated to be 1.76 cubic kilometres (1,430,000 acre⋅ft) including direct precipitation over the lake contributing 0.87 cubic kilometres (710,000 acre⋅ft)All the inland river systems disgorge an annual flow of about 0.375 million cubic metres (304 acre⋅ft) of freshwater which is estimated to carry 13 million metric tons of silt into the lake. On the northeast, a channel connects the lake to the Bay of Bengal.
Atropical monsoon climate prevails over the drainage basin area of the lake. The lake experiences South–west and North-east monsoons during June to September and November to December respectively with an average annual rainfall of 1,238.8 mm (48.77 in), with 72 rainy days. The maximum temperature of 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) and minimum temperature of 14 °C (57.2 °F) have been recorded.[22]
The Chilika Development Authority (CDA) established an organized system of water quality measurements andlimnological investigations indicating the following physico–chemical characteristics of the lake waters.[22]
Adverse tidal exchange occurred due to thelittoral drift along the coast line causing flow reduction and shifting of the lake mouth every year. Estimatedsediment transport due to this is on the order of 100,000metric tons. This adverse effect needed ameliorative actions.[20]
Sediment cores were collected from different locations of the lake. The result indicated spatial variation of sedimentation rate in three zones of the lake of 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in)/year (Northern Sector), 8.0 millimetres (0.31 in)/year (Central Sector) and 2.8 millimetres (0.11 in)/year (Southern Sector). The non–uniform sedimentation rate along with the porosity and water content of the sediment cores were also analysed which indicated the lake had different deposition zones, with comparatively higher sedimentation rate in Northern and Central Sector and a slow rate in the Southern Sector.[23]
In 1971, during Indira Gandhi's tenure as Prime Minister of India, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indianwetland of international importance under theRamsar Convention due to its richbiodiversity as shown by the facts that:[24]
Over the years, the ecosystem of the lake encountered several problems and threats such as:
The expansion of commercial aquaculture of prawn has contributed to the decline of the lakes fisheries and bird population.[27]
Concerted action was initiated by the Odisha State Government with support from the Government of India to adopt adaptive conservation and management actions.[28][20]
By 1993, the problems in Chilika were severe that the lake was put under "The Montreux Record" as the lake was considered to have "undergone, to be undergoing, or to be likely to undergo change in its ecological character brought about by human action". The purpose was to stimulate remedial measures for the lake's conservation, supplemented with adequate monitoring. It was expected that such an action would benefit from the advice from Ramsar Advisory Mission and other identified technical assistance programs.
In summary, siltation from upstream led to shrinkage of the water surface area, decrease of salinity and growth of invasive freshwater aquatic weed infestation, all of which had a negative impact on the habitat of wildlife and fishery resources.[15]
In 1992, the Government of Odisha, concerned by the degradation of the lake's ecosystem and cognizant of significant numbers of people who were dependent upon the lake's resources, set up the CDA. The CDA was set up for restoration and overall development of the lake under theIndian Societies Registration Act as a parastatal body under the administrative jurisdiction of the Forest and Environment Department, with the following charter:
The governing body of the Authority is headed by theChief Minister of Odisha State and has people's representatives (Members of Parliament andLegislative Assembly), representatives of the fisherfolk communities and secretaries of the key departments, experts and eminent scientists as its members.
In 1998, an executive committee constituted with financial authority, supplemented with financial support from the Tenth and Eleventh Finance Commissions of theGovernment of India, gave support to the management initiatives taken up by CDA. This facilitated a coordinated approach to plan and implement effective ameliorative management actions.
An Integrated Management Plan was implemented with financial support of Rs 570 million (US$12.7 million) out of "special problem grants" recommended by the Finance Commissions. Hydrobiological monitoring was supported under the Odisha Water Resources Consolidation Project of theWorld Bank, to the extent of Rs 10 million (US$220,000). A strong support network was created with 7 state government organizations, 33 NGOs, 3 national government ministries, 6 other organizations, 11 international organizations, 13 research institutions and 55 different categories of community groups.[20]
In 2003, a collaboration of Indian and Japanese experts led to a friendly relationship between Chilika lake andSaroma Lake in Japan calledSister Wetlands.[15]
Considering the threats faced by the lake, the national wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs committee of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, also identified the lake as a priority site for conservation and management.[22] The ameliorative actions were taken by the CDA to restore the ecosystem and to improve the socio-economic conditions of the communities living around the lake and on its islands involved the following.
The effective ameliorative action was the hydrological intervention of opening the new lake mouth and channel to the sea through the barrier beach at Satapura. This improved the spatial and temporal salinity gradients of the lake to maintain the unique characteristics of an estuarine eco-system. This intervention was undertaken after detailed scientific studies, including 3-dimensional mathematical modeling and hydraulics studies on a model prototype, were carried out by the Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune andNational Institute of Oceanography, Goa. In September 2000, the desiltation of the channel connecting the lake to the sea and opening of a new mouth to restore the natural flows of water and salinity levels was carried out. These actions resulted in a notable increase in the lake's fish yield and a reduction of freshwater weeds. The new mouth reduced the length of the outflow channel by 18 kilometres (11 mi).[26][29] Opening of the new mouth provided a favorable increased salinity regime throughout the lake with less fluctuations and improved water clarity.[15]
Other measures included:
In 2002, Chilika was taken out of the Montreux Record, in light of the improved conditions of the lake.[25][26] Chilika lake is the first Ramsar site in Asia to beremoved from the Montreux record.[15]
The ecological richness of the lake is of value in preserving the genetic diversity because of the multiplicity of its habitat,flora andfauna (see photo gallery).[28] TheZoological Survey of India (ZSI) surveyed the lake between 1985 and 1988 and identified 800 animal species, including many rare, endangered and vulnerable species, but excluding terrestrial insects.
The threatened animal species identified aregreen sea turtle (EN),dugong (VU),Irrawaddy dolphin (EN), blackbuck (NT),Spoon billed sandpiper (CR),Chilika limbless skink (CR) andfishing cat (VU). 24mammalian species were reported. 37 species ofreptiles andamphibians are also reported.[28][31]
Recent surveys revealed 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families. This represents about one fourth of the vascular plant species of the Odisha state where some 2900 species altogether are found.The flora is dominated by aquatic and sub-aquatic plants withFabaceae as the dominant plant family followed byPoaceae andCyperaceae. Certain species were found to be characteristic of specific islands.Important species identified are:[28][20]
Chilika Lake is the largest wintering ground formigratory birds, on theIndian sub-continent. The lake is home to a number ofthreatened species of plants and animals.[22][28] It is one of thehotspots ofbiodiversity in the country. Some species listed in theIUCN Red List of threatened animals inhabit the lake for at least part of their life cycle.[32]
The lagoon hosts over 160 species of birds in the peak migratory season. Birds from as far as theCaspian Sea,Lake Baikal,Aral Sea and other remote parts ofRussia,Kirghiz steppes ofKazakhstan,Central andsoutheast Asia,Ladakh andHimalayas come here. These birds travel great distances; some of them possibly travel as much as 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) to reach Chilika Lake.
Birds likeWhite bellied sea eagles,greylag geese,purple moorhen,jacana,flamingos,egrets,grey andpurple heron,Indian roller,storks,white ibis,spoonbills,brahminy ducks,shovellers,pintails, and more are found here.
Migratory waterfowl arrive here from as far as theCaspian Sea,Baikal Lake and remote parts ofRussia,Mongolia,Ladakh,Siberia,Iran,Iraq,Afghanistan and from theHimalayas.[12] A census conducted in the winter of 1997-98 recorded about 2 million birds in the lake.[33]
According to a survey, 45 percent of the birds are terrestrial in nature, 32 percent arewaterfowl, and 23 percent arewaders. The lagoon is also home to 14 types ofraptors. Around 152 rare and endangeredIrrawaddy dolphins have also been reported. Plus, the lagoon supports about 37 species ofreptiles andamphibians.[34]
In 2007, nearly 840,000 birds visited the lake, out of which 198,000 were spotted in Nalbana Island. On 5 Jan 2008, a bird census involving 85 wildlife officials counted 900,000 birds of which 450,000 were sighted in Nalabana. Removal ofinvasive species of freshwater aquatic plants, especiallywater hyacinth, due to restoration of salinity, is a contributing factor for the recent increasing attraction of birds to the lake.[12][35]
Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. Nalbana meansa weed-covered island In theOdia language. It is a major island in the center of the lake and has an area of 15.53 km2 (6.00 sq mi)[dubious –discuss]. The island gets submerged during the monsoon season. As the monsoon recedes in the winter, lake levels decrease and the island is exposed, birds flock to the island in large numbers to feed on its extensivemudflats. Nalbana was notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in 1973 under theWildlife Protection Act.[12][36]
As per the Chilika Development Authority's (CDA) updated data (2002), 323 aquatic species, which includes 261 fish species, 28prawns and 34crabs are reported out of which sixty five species breed in the lake. 27 species are freshwater fishes and two genera of prawns. The remaining species migrate to the sea to breed. 21 species ofherrings and sardines of the familyClupeidae are reported.
Microalgae, marine seaweeds,sea grasses, fish and crab also flourish in the brackish water of the Chilika Lagoon. Recovery of seagrass beds in recent years is a welcoming trend which may eventually result in re-colonization of endangereddugongs.[37]
Between 1998–2002, 40 fish species were recorded here for the first time and following the reopening of the lake mouth in 2000, sixthreatened species have reappeared, including:
The lake is anecosystem with large fishery resources. It sustains more than 150,000 fisher–folk living in 132 villages on the shore and islands.[31][19] For centuries fisher folk evolved exclusive rights of fishing through a complex system of partitioning the fisheries of the lake and developed a range of fishing techniques, nets and gear.[11]
During the British rule, in 1897–98, fishermen community enjoyed exclusive fisheries rights in the lake. The fisheries of the lake were part of the Zamindari estates ofKhallikote, Parikud, Suna Bibi, Mirza Taher Baig and the Chaudhary families of Bhungarpur and the Khas Mahal areas of Khurda, lying within the kingdoms of the Rajas of Parikud and Khallikote. The zamindars (Landlords) leased out the fisheries exclusively to the local fisherfolk.[11]
With the abolition ofzamindari (land lordship) system in 1953, traditional fishing areas continued to be leased out to cooperatives of local fishermen. Fishing, particularly, prawn fishing, became remunerative with outside interest playing an important role. But in 1991, when the government of Odisha proposed a leasing policy that would have resulted in the auction of leases to the highest bidder, the Fishermen's cooperatives challenged the order in court. The High Court of Odisha ordered the Government to enact changes that would protect the interests of traditional fishermen and since then no new leases have been reported. This has resulted in a chaotic regime in which powerful vested interests from outside dominate, and the local people have been subordinated.[11]
Butter catfish andWallago attu are the most common type of fish found in the lake. 11 species of fish, 5 species of prawn and 2 crab species are commercially important. The commercially important prawn aregiant tiger prawn (Metapenaeus monoceros),Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus),Metapenaeus monoceros (Speckled shrimp),Metapenaeus affinis (Pink prawn) andMetapenaeus dobson (Kadal shrimp).Mangrove crab is an important commercial crab.[27] Fish landings in the lake, which fluctuated in the past, have recorded a remarkable recovery after the opening of the new mouth anddredging of silt –choked old mouth Magarmukh in 2000–2001, resulted in a better intermixing of the tidal influx from the sea and freshwater inflow from rivers. Against an all time lowest landing of fish and prawn of 1,269 t (1,399 short tons) in 1995–96, the all-time high is reported to be 11,878 t (13,093 short tons) during 2001–2002 resulting in an estimated per capita income for the fisher folk of Rs 19,575 (about US$392) during the year.[31] Recently, theGovernment of Odisha have issued a notification banning the lease of Chilika Lake for Culture Fishery.[11]
TheIrrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is theflagship species of Chilika lake. Chilika is home to the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India[38] and one of only two lagoons in the world that are home to this species.[36]
It is classified as Endangered according to International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).
A small population ofBottlenose dolphins, also migrate into the lagoon from the sea.[5] Chilika fishermen state that when Irrawaddy dolphins and bottlenose dolphins meet in the outer channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.[39]
Some Irrawaddy dolphins used to be sighted only along the inlet channel and in a limited portion of the central sector of the lake. After the opening of the new mouth at Satapada in 2000, they are now well distributed in the central and the southern sector of the lake.[36] The number of dolphins sighted has varied from 50 to 170. A 2006 census counted 131 dolphins and the 2007 census revealed 138 dolphins. Out of the 138 dolphins, 115 were adults, 17 adolescents and six calves. 60 adults were spotted in the outer channel followed by 32 in the central sector and 23 in the southern sector.[40]
Dolphin tourism provides an important alternative source of income for many local residents. There are four tourist associations in Satapada employing three hundred and sixty 9-HP long-tail motor boats taking tourists to a 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi) area of the lake for dolphin watching. About 500 fishing families are involved in this business.[38] The Odisha Tourism Department and the Dolphin Motorboat Association, an NGO at Satpada, report about 40,000 tourists visit Chilika every year for dolphin watching. October–January, and May–June are the peak season for tourists at Chilika, with a maximum 600-700 per day during December–January. The Dolphin Motorboat Association has 75 8-passenger motorboats for dolphin watching. Tourists pay Rs. 250 for 60–90 minutes per trip(approx ₹4k for 10 people with 3.5 hours in a private boat in 2018). Besides the Association, the Odisha Tourism Department organises "dolphin-watch" for tourists. Even during monsoon, about 100 tourists/day visit the lake.[39]
Boat based dolphin watching tours impact dolphin behavior and cause several accidental dolphin deaths each year.[41] CDA conducts an annual census of dolphin deaths. They report 15 deaths in 2003–04, 11 in 2004–05, 8 in 2005-06 and 5 in 2006–07. 40% of the 2006-07 deaths were by mechanised boats.[40]
Since 2004, theWhale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been conducting a science-based community education project to conserve the Irrawaddy dolphins and Chilika Lake. They have determined the primary cause of mortality for this population of dolphins is floating gill nets and hook line fisheries and the secondary cause is boat strikes from increasing unmanaged tourism activities.[38]
The Irrawaddy dolphins have amutualistic relationship of co-operative fishing with the traditional fishermen. Fishermen recall when they would call out to the dolphins, to drive fish into their nets.[41] Castnet fishing with the help of Irrawaddy dolphins in upper reaches of the Ayeyawady River has been documented.[42]
The 15 km2 Nalaban Island is within the Lagoon and is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands. It was declared a bird sanctuary under theWildlife Protection Act in 1973. It is the heart of the park where one can see thousands of birds descending during the migratory season. The island disappears during monsoon season due to inundation, and post-monsoon, the island emerges again.
The lake harbours 225 species of fish, a variety of phytoplankton, algae and aquatic plants, and also supports over 350 species of non-aquatic plants. The other areas where high concentrations of birds are recorded are Gerasara, Parikud Island, and the western shores of the northern sector.
The open air and scenic natural flora and fauna of the lake are an attraction foreco-tourism. This is expected to provide a degree of alternate employment to the local community and generate environmental awareness, among local residents as well as visitors, about the conservation and wise use of the lake's natural resources. The locations within the lake identified for such activity are:
Recently Chilika Lake has gathered a reputation to be atourist trap where a number of individuals run pearl and gemstone scams.[1]Chilika Lake gemstone scam in India
The lake is connected by road toChennai andKolkata throughNational Highway No 16.Satpada town on the eastern bank of the lake is about 50 km (30 mi) by road southwest of the city ofPuri and at a distance of 100 km (60 mi) fromBhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, which is also the nearest airport.
Abroad-gauge railway line of theSouth Eastern Railway from Kolkata skirts along the western bank of the lake passing throughBalugaon, Chilika andRambha stations.[22]
Within the lake precincts, Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (OTDC) and the Revenue Department of the state government offer boat cruises. Private operators also provide country boats on hire to various islands in the lake.[44]
There are OTDC Guest houses at Barkul, Rambha, Satapada & several hotels at Balugaon. Before entering into the Nalbana Bird Sanctuary one has to obtain an entry permit. The entry permit has to be produced at entry/exit points, at check gates as and whenever requested by officials.
Akanksha Damini Joshi's film,Chilika Bank$ (2008) tells the story via a banyan tree on the banks of lake Chilika tracing the ecological changes in the lake over four decades. From 1970s, when it was exposed to poaching by the outsiders, through 1980s when the lake was over-fished, to 1990s when the aqua culture ponds became a common sight, and finally the first decade of the 21st century when the environmental interference that was made to protect the lake ended up becoming its greatest threat.[45][46][47][48][49][50]
Joshi's film maps the destruction of the lake and its abuse for the past four decades. The locals have been looted of their life support system with migration now being their only recourse. The film provides account of how uncontrolled human intervention has turned the lake, which was a sustainable livelihood resource, into a mere waterbody that tourists can dip their feet into.[51]
The film produced byPublic Service Broadcasting Trust[52] was honored with the Livelihood Award at the CMS Vatavaran Environment and Wildlife Film Festival, New Delhi in 2009. It was recipient of the First Prize atJeevika,[53] South Asia Documentary Film Festival. Chilika Bank$ was screened in the Indian Panorama section of the40th International Film Festival of India (IFFI),Goa 2009 in the non-feature film category.[54][55] The film has garnered multiple television screenings on India's public broadcaster,Doordarshan's various channels.
The film was an Official Selection at the Film South Asia,Kathmandu in 2009,[56] the Rodos EcoFilms International Festival,[57]Greece in 2010 and the 4th Samsung Women's International Film Festival,Chennai in 2011.[58]
Chilika Banks is displayed in various renowned university libraries like theHarvard University,Washington University,Duke University,Emory University andSyracuse University; and theLibrary of Congress, de facto the National Library of United States of America.
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