Achildren's film, orfamily film, is afilm genre that generally relates tochildren in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind.[1][2] Children's films come in several major genres likerealism,fantasy,adventure,war,musicals,comedy, andliterary adaptations.[3]
Children are born with certain innate biological dispositions as a product of longevolutionary history. This provides an underlying biological framework for what may fascinate a child and also impose limitations on the same. These can be seen in certain universal features shared in children's films.[4] According to Grodal, films likeFinding Nemo (2003),Bambi (1942), orHayao Miyazaki'sSpirited Away (2001) are based on certain strong emotions like fear, that lead to the activation of what Boyer and Lienard called the hazard-precaution system.[5] This enables the brain to take precautions in case of danger.[4] Children's films such as these explore various topics such as:attachment toparenting agency; the development of friendship; reciprocal relationships between individuals; or deal with the necessity or need in children and young people to explore and to engage inplay.[6] Thus these diverse films deal with certain aspects that are not mere social constructions, but rather emotions relevant to all children and therefore have an appeal to a wider universal audience. While cultural aspects shape how various films are created, these films refer to underlying universal aspects that areinnate and biological.[4] University of Melbourne scholar Timothy Laurie criticises the emphasis placed on children's innate psychic tendencies, noting that "pedagogical norms have been tirelessly heaped onto children's media", and that rather than deriving from hardwired biology, "the quality of childhood is more likely shaped by social policy, political opportunism, pedagogical institutions, and youth-specificmarket segmentation".[7]
In the United States and Europe, the idea of children's films began to gain relative prominence in the 1930s. According to Bazalgette and Staples, the term "family film" is essentially an American expression while "children's film" is considered to be a European expression.[8] The difference between the terms can be seen in casting methods adopted by American and European films respectively. In American family films, the search for a child protagonist involves casting children who meet a specific criterion or standard for physical appearance. In contrast, European children's films look to cast children who appear "ordinary".[9] Similarly, in American family films, the adult cast can be composed of well known actors or actresses in an effort to attract a wider audience, presenting narratives from an adult or parental perspective. This is shown through the casting, content of theplot, editing, and evenmise-en-scène.[9] According to Bazalgette and Staples, a fine example of a family film isHoney, I Shrunk the Kids (1989), which if it were a European children's film with a similar plot, the title would beSis, Dad Shrunk Us, explaining that European children's films are told from the child's perspective, portraying the story through the various emotions and experiences of the child.[10] Because of these differences, American family films are more easily marketable toward domestic and international viewing audiences while European children's films are better received domestically with limited appeal to international audiences.[11]
The Walt Disney Company made animated adaptations ofGrimms' Fairy Tales beforeWorld War II, beginning withSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The period immediately before and during World War II saw the release of three significant family films in the U.S. These wereSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Disney,Gulliver's Travels byFleischer Studios, andPinocchio (1940), also by Disney.[12] All of these were loose adaptations of literary sources.[12]
After the war, Disney continued to make animated features that could be classified as family films given the scope of its content.[13] According to Wojcik, the most important film adaptations of children's literature in the immediate post-World War II period were the motion picturesThe Diary of Anne Frank byGeorge Stevens (1959),Treasure Island (1950) byByron Haskin andLuigi Comencini's 1952 motion pictureHeidi.[14]
In the 1960s, motion pictures such asTo Kill a Mockingbird (1962) andOliver! (1968), directed byCarol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent.[15] Other films of the 1960s that involved children includeThe Sound of Music (1965) byRobert Wise andThe Miracle Worker (1962).[16] These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films:The Sound of Music,One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961),The Jungle Book (1967), andMary Poppins (1964).[17] Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations nonetheless. These include...And Now Miguel (1966),Doctor Dolittle (1967), andThe Learning Tree (1969).[18][19] Other family/children films of the decade includePollyanna (1960),Swiss Family Robinson (1960),In Search of the Castaways (1962),The Sword in the Stone (1963),That Darn Cat! (1965),Up the Down Staircase (1967),To Sir, With Love (1967),Yours, Mine and Ours (1968), andThe Parent Trap (1961).[20]
Children's films in the 1970s from the United States include animated films such asThe Aristocats (1970),Charlotte's Web (1973),Robin Hood (1973),The Rescuers (1977), andThe Hobbit (1977).[21] The decade also had live action children's films likeWilly Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971),Sounder (1972),Benji (1974),Tuck Everlasting (1976),The Bad News Bears (1976),Freaky Friday (1976), andA Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich (1978),[21] the divorce drama involving a childKramer vs. Kramer (1978), andThe Muppet Movie (1979).[22] There were also combination live action/animation films such as 1971'sBedknobs and Broomsticks andPete's Dragon (1977). This trend of films inspired the 1980s and 1990s productions of classic children's films from America includingBeauty and the Beast (1991) andMatilda (1996).[21]
American children's and family films of the 1980s includePopeye (1980),The Fox and the Hound (1981),Steven Spielberg'sE.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982),The Great Mouse Detective (1986), andThe Little Mermaid (1989).[23] Spielberg portrays children realistically, having to cope with issues.[24] This is seen inE.T. the Extra Terrestrial,[22] where the children have to cope with the issues of single parenting and divorce, as well as separation from their father. Also, in the motion pictureEmpire of the Sun (1987),[25] the protagonist child Jim Graham has to deal with separation from his parents for years, to the point where he is unable to even remember what his mother looked like. He is wounded not by bullets, but by the madness and cruelty of war and separation from his parents.[25] According to Robin Wood, in their films, Lucas and Spielberg both reconstruct "... the adult spectator as a child ..." or "... an adult who would like to be a child".[26][27] Other important children's films from the U.S. in the late 1970s includeClose Encounters of the Third Kind (1977).[24] Live action films likeSuperman (1978)[28] andSuperman II[29] are also important children's and family films. They have been ranked as some of the best family entertainment over the past generation. The 1970s and 1980s also include several films and their sequels as classics of family films, including:Star Wars (1977) and its sequelsThe Empire Strikes Back (1980) andReturn of the Jedi (1983).[30] Other similar movies and sequels includeRobert Zemeckis's filmBack to the Future (1985) and its sequelsBack to the Future Part II (1989) andBack to the Future Part III (1990).[30]
"Since the resurgence of Disney feature films withThe Little Mermaid (1989)", writes Laurie, "high-budget animations have become part of the Hollywood box office furniture, with phenomenal successes from Pixar Studios, DreamWorks animations and more recently, Blue Sky Studios".[7] Important animated family films of the 1990s include Disney titles such asBeauty and the Beast (1991),Aladdin (1992),The Lion King (1994),Mulan (1998),The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), and thePixar animated filmsToy Story (1995), its sequelToy Story 2 (1999), andA Bug's Life (1998).[31] This decade introduced the modernfairy tale filmEdward Scissorhands (1990),[32] depicting an isolated,artificially created young man with human emotions and childlike qualities who is ultimately rejected by society while the femaleprotagonist holds on to his memory. The 1990s also saw additional live-action family films such asBack to the Future Part III (1990), which brought theBack to the Future franchise into this decade,Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990),Home Alone (1990) and its sequelHome Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992),Hook (1991),Alan & Naomi (1992),Jurassic Park (1993),Steve Zaillian'sSearching for Bobby Fischer (1993),Super Mario Bros. (1993),Mrs. Doubtfire (1993),The Flintstones (1994),Babe (1995),Jumanji (1995),101 Dalmatians (1996),Fly Away Home (1996),Vegas Vacation (1997), andOctober Sky (1999).[33] Films such asA Little Princess (1995) were more successful in thehome video market than in theaters.Direct-to-video became important for both animated and live-action films, such asThe Return of Jafar (1994), and those starringMary-Kate and Ashley Olsen.[34]
In the 1930s and 1940s, a children's film studio was set up inMoscow. Several films were imported from this studio to the United Kingdom includingThe Magic Fish,The Land of Toys, andThe Humpbacked Horse.[35] Post World War II children's films include the Italian neorealist filmBicycle Thieves, byVittorio De Sica (1948).[36] According to Goldstein and Zornow, Clement's French film,Forbidden Games (1952), features children in the scenario of war, and shows the gap between children and adults.[37] This period also includes theCzech children's filmJourney to the Beginning of Time (1955), directed byKarel Zeman. In the 1960s, important European children's films include the British-Italian romance filmRomeo and Juliet (1968), and the French filmL'Enfant sauvage (1969). French film directorsLouis Malle andFrançois Truffaut made significant contributions to children's films. Louis Malle made the filmsZazie dans le Métro (1960),Murmur of the Heart (1971), andPretty Baby (1978). The works of Truffaut includeThe 400 Blows (1959),The Wild Child (1970) andSmall Change (1976).[38] The film making style of Malle and Truffaunt inspired present day directors in making children's films; includingPonette (1996) directed byJacques Doillon, which deals with the emotional and psychological pain and hurt that children experience "... while living without parental love and care".[39] Other important European children's cinema in the 1960s includeThe Christmas Tree (1969), which tells the story of a child coping with his imminent death due toleukemia, andRobert Bresson's filmMouchette (1964), which deals with the suicide of a 14-year-old girl. According to Wojcik, the contrast between films likeMary Poppins andMouchette shows the ambiguous or schizoid nature of the depiction of children in the 1960s.[40]
European children's films from the 1970s and 1980s include: theGerman film directed byWim Wenders,Alice in den Städten (1974); the Spanish filmThe Spirit of the Beehive (1973);Fanny & Alexander directed byIngmar Bergman; the Danish filmPelle the Conqueror (1988);The NeverEnding Story (1984), directed by German directorWolfgang Petersen;[24] theDanish film,Me and Mamma Mia (1989);[11] and theHungarian filmLove, Mother (1987).[41]Autumn Sonata by Ingmar Bergman is also an important cinema in the genre of family films, although it deals with issues between parent and child which the child expresses after reaching adulthood. The 1990s include the important Russian filmsBurnt by the Sun (1994) andThe Thief (1997), both of which are set in post-revolutionary Russia of 1917.[42] In the 2000s, important European children's films include theFinnish filmMother of Mine (2005), the Italian short filmIl supplente ("The Substitute") (2007), and the Polish animated filmPeter and the Wolf (2006). In 2010s the Belgian, French language film,The Kid with a Bike (2011) stands as an important children's film.[43]
In the 1960s, the UK made motion pictures dealing with children that are now regarded as classics.[30] These films includeThe Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962),Lord of the Flies (1963),Born Free (1966),To Sir, with Love (1967) (based onE. R. Braithwaite's real experiences), andif.... (1968).[44] The list also includes the filmKes (1969). Some children's motion pictures belong to the category ofavant-garde films because of the unconventional and often controversial treatment of the subject.[45] According to film scholars; an important example of an avant-garde children's film is the British filmPink Floyd The Wall (1982).[46][47]Pink Floyd The Wall is an unconventional and controversial motion picture that has a haunting and powerful nightmarish depiction of alienated childhood,boarding school separation,maternal deprivation,separation anxiety, war, andconsumerist greed that affects a child and further affects his relationships and experiences in adulthood. It shows the child with non traditional images and the social changes that has occurred with family.[47] InPink Floyd The Wall the representation of child and family "stresses confrontation, confusion, dysfunctionality and history".[47]
In the 1960s, important children's films from Japan includeBad Boys (1960), based on the lives of children in a reform school for juvenile delinquents, andBoy (1969).[38] In the 1960s, important children's films from Asia include the filmGoopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969) bySatyajit Ray.[13] South India gave us the children's filmDaisy (1988), depicting children in a boarding school and their experience of separation and longing. Other children's films from this region also includeAbhayam (1991), which is also known by the alternative title,Shelter, bySivan. It was awarded the Silver Elephant and Special International Jury & CIFEJ Jury Awards at the 7th International Children's Film Festival.[48] India also has a neo-realist children's film about street children in Mumbai,Salaam Bombay (1988) byMira Nair. It depicts the cruel way in which adults treat children in India by showing the hard life of street children inMumbai (also called as Bombay).[49] Important children's films from India also include theBollywood filmsMasoom (1983) andMr. India (1987); both directed byShekhar Kapoor. Other important children's films include the reproduction of the German Fairy tales of the Grimm brothers by theIsraeli film companiesGolan Globus and Cannon Films in their series calledCannon Movie Tales, which includes:The Frog Prince (1986), starringAileen Quinn,Helen Hunt, andJohn Paragon;Beauty and the Beast (1987), starringJohn Savage; andPuss in Boots (1988), starringChristopher Walken. From Japan, Miyazaki'sSpirited Away was voted as the number one film that must be seen by 14 years of age. That list also included theMāori filmWhale Rider (2002). Another important children's film isSon of Maryam (1998), directed byHamid Jebeli and set inAzerbaijan. It deals with the relationship between aMuslim boy and anArmenian priest.[49]
Children's films fromSouth Africa includeTsotsi (2006).[50] Another collection of family films is the anthology of 20 Canadian and European motion picture productions titledTales for All. This includes the Canadian children's filmBach and Broccoli (Bach et Bottine) (1986) and theArgentine filmSummer of the Colt (1990), directed byAndré Mélancon.[51]
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