| Chief of the Army Staff | |
|---|---|
| सेनाध्यक्ष | |
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.jpg) | |
 Indian Army | |
| Status | Professional head of land forces branch of theIndian Armed Forces. |
| Abbreviation | COAS |
| Member of | Defence Acquisition Council Defence Planning Committee National Security Council |
| Reports to |  President of IndiaPrime Minister of IndiaMinister of Defence.svg) Chief of Defence Staff |
| Residence | Army House, Residence 4, Rajaji Marg,New Delhi |
| Seat | Integrated HQ of MoD (Army),South Block, Central Secretariat, New Delhi |
| Appointer | Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) |
| Term length | 3 years or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier. (no renewal) |
| Constituting instrument | Army Act, 1950 (Act No. 46 of 1950) |
| Precursor | Chief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army |
| Formation | 21 June 1948; 77 years ago (1948-06-21) |
| First holder | GeneralRob Lockhart |
| Deputy |  Vice Chief of the Army Staff (VCOAS) |
| Salary | Pay level 18 ₹250,000 (US$3,000) monthly[1][2] |
TheChief of the Army Staff (COAS) is a statutory office held by the professional head of theIndian Army (IA), theland forcesbranch of theIndian Armed Forces.[3] Customarily held by afour-stargeneral officer, the COAS is the senior-most operational officer of the IA, tasked with the roles of overseeing the overall functioning of the force during peace and wartime, committing to the preparation and maintenance of the force's operational effectiveness and defending the nation's territorial integrity and sovereignty.[4]
Being a permanent member of theChiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) and theNational Security Council (NSC), the COAS also bears the responsibility of advising the nation'scivilian leadership i.e., theGovernment of India on all matters privy to the IA.[5]
Statutorily, the COAS ranks 12th-overall in theIndian order of precedence, and is the IA's status-equivalent of theChief of Defence Staff, theChief of the Naval Staff and theChief of the Air Staff - all three positions of which are also occupied by four-star officers from the armed forces.[6]
Seated at theIntegrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Army) (IHQ of MoD (Army)), stationed inNew Delhi, the COAS is the senior-most operational officer of the IA, and is tasked with the following:
In addition to these responsibilities, the COAS is also a permanent member of:
The office's eminence in the aforementioned groups thus grants the appointee with the role to advise theminister of defence (Raksha Mantri or RM) on the affairs related to the IA's functioning and the promotion of an comprehensive integrated planning policy with respect to the affairs of tri-service integration, doctrinal strategy, capability development, defence acquisition and infrastructure.[11][12]
As the professional head of the force, the COAS is assisted by one subordinate officer and threeprincipal staff officers, namely:
Beginning in the pre-independence era, the office of COAS has customarily been held by afour-star general.[15] The move to appoint a new designate to the position usually begins three months before the change-of-command, wherein theMinistry of Defence (MoD) reviews the résumés of the IA's solevice chief of Army Staff (VCOAS) and fivegeneral officer commanding-in-chiefs (of the force's five combatant commands) - all of whom are lieutenant generals, before making a decision.[16] Appointments to the position are made by theAppointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) - comprising theprime minister and theminister of defence, upon recommendation from the IHQ of MoD (Army); appointees to the office are automatically deemed promoted to the rank of general.[17]
Notably, for the first two decades following India's independence, the C-in-C and the successor COAS were the only four-star officers in the Indian Armed Forces, while the chiefs of theIndian Navy (IN) andIndian Air Force (IAF) were headed by three-starvice admirals andair marshals, respectively; the first chiefs to be promoted to four-star ranks ofadmiral andair chief marshal occurred in 1968 and 1966, respectively.[18]
Since 1950, the senior-most lieutenant generals in the IA's command cadre have customarily been appointed as COAS, nevertheless, this tradition has been broken twice, first in 1983 - when then-prime ministerIndira Gandhi chose to appoint then-Lieutenant GeneralA. K. Vaidya to supersede one senior officer, and in 2016 - when prime ministerNarendra Modi chose to appoint then-Lieutenant GeneralBipin Rawat to supersede two senior officers.[19]
According to the IA'sArmy Rules, 1954 - a COAS-appointee reachessuperannuation upon the completion of three years in the position or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.[20] However, an appointee may also be dismissed from office by thepresident of India before the conclusion of the tenure under Section 18-19 of theArmy Act, 1950 and Article 310 of theConstitution.[21]
Additionally, the appointee is eligible for an extension in tenure beyond the age of superannuation, as defined by Rule 16 A (4)Army Rules, 1954.[22] However, extensions to serving appointees have been rare, and have only been granted twice since 1947; first in June 1972 to General S. H. F. J. Manekshaw, who received a six-month extension which allowed him to serve until January 1973; and in May 2024 to GeneralManoj Pande, who received a one-month extension which allowed to serve until June 2024.[22][23]
Previously, in the event of an abrupt stoppage during the incumbent's tenure - by termination, resignation or sudden demise, the senior-most lieutenant-general in IA's command cadre has customarily been appointed as the successor; this situation has occurred twice in the past: first in 1962 - when then-Lieutenant GeneralJ. N. Chaudhuri was appointed after the resignation of then-incumbent GeneralPran Nath Thapar, and again in 1993 - when then-Lieutenant GeneralShankar Roychowdhury was appointed after the sudden demise of then-incumbent GeneralB. C. Joshi.[24]
Additionally, a COAS-appointee is also eligible to be selected for the position ofChief of Defence Staff (CDS), in accordance with theArmy (Amendment) Regulations, 2022 - which prescribes that the designated nominee, in this case the COAS, must be under the age of 62 at the time of appointment as CDS..[25] The first CDS General of India was Lieutenant GeneralBipin Rawat.[26]
The position's initial roots finds its origins in the 18th century, when theEast India Company (EIC) - a British-origintrade establishment and the then-de facto administrative organization of theIndian subcontinent, established the position ofCommander-in-Chief, India (C-in-C) in 1748 to head its threePresidency Armies, namely theBengal Army, theBombay Army and theMadras Army.[27] Following the1857-58 Indian rebellion against EIC rule, the control of the Presidency Armies were transferred directly to theBritish Crown, which succeeded the EIC as the official ruling-cum-governing entity of India. In 1895, the three armies were merged to form a unifiedBritish Indian Army (BIA), under the direct control of the C-in-C.[28] Following theKitchener Reforms in 1903, up untilthe establishment of India's independence in 1947, the C-in-C functioned as the supreme commander of the armed forces in the subcontinent, liaising directly with theGovernor-General of India over the administrative affairs of the stationed military.
Following independence and thesubsequent partition of the subcontinent, the BIA was bifurcated into two new entities: the modern-dayIndian Army (IA) - responsible for theDominion of India, and the newly-formedPakistan Army (PA) - responsible for theDominion of Pakistan. However, the post of C-in-C was trifurcated into three positions: theC-in-C Indian Army, theC-in-C Pakistan Army and theSupreme Commander India and Pakistan.
Following independence, the IA retainedGHQ India,New Delhi - headed byGeneral Sir Rob Lockhart as the first post-independence C-in-C, while the PA established its headquarters atGHQ Pakistan,Rawalpindi - headed byGeneral Frank Messervy (later succeeded byGeneral Sir Douglas Gracey) as its inaugural C-in-C. Nevertheless, the two forces were directed under the auspices of theSupreme Commander's Headquarters (Supreme HQ), headed byField Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, the Supreme Commander. In January 1948, the position of Supreme Commander was abolished and bifurcated into the positions ofCommander British Forces in India and theCommander British Forces in Pakistan, located atBombay andKarachi, respectively, and with the responsibility of overseeing the repatriation of British military units to the United Kingdom.[29] In June 1948, the title of C-in-C was modified with the prefixChief of the Army Staff, and re-designated asChief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (COAS & C-in-C).[30]
In January 1949, upon the impending retirement ofGeneral Sir Roy Bucher - the IA's second C-in-C, theGovernment of India considered the decision to appoint a native Indian general officer to the position; up until then, Indian officers had only achieved the positions associated with the three-star rank oflieutenant general.[31] Three lieutenant-generals were shortlisted as candidates for the position, namely:
Ultimately, Cariappa was chosen to succeed Bucher, which he did on 15 January 1949, with the substantive rank of afour-star general - which thus made him the first Indian-origin general and first native chief of the Indian Army; the day of his appointment has been commemorated annually ever since asArmy Day.[19] Shrinagesh, nevertheless, later served as COAS from 1955 to 1957.[32]
In 1955, the designation of the position was shortened to simply toChief of the Army Staff (COAS) through theCommanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act, 1955; as a result of the Act, the tenure of the then-serving C-in-C -General Rajendrasinhji Jadeja, continued under the new designation.[33]
In January 1973, GeneralS. H. F. J. Manekshaw, the Indian Army's seventh COAS, was promoted to thefive-star rank offield marshal, in recognition of his leadership during the1971 Indo-Pakistani War - which made him the only-serving COAS to have ever been promoted to the rank.[34] K. M. Cariappa, the second C-in-C of the Indian Army too was promoted to field marshal thirteen years later, in January 1986; however, unlike Manekshaw, he had superannuated at the rank of general in 1953 and had been in retirement for thirty-three years before his elevation.[31] To note, although a field marshal isnominally the highest-ranking officer in the IA, the rank istitular with no operational duties attached, which leaves the COAS as the highestoperationally-active officer in the IA.[35]
The undermentioned table chronicles the appointees to the office ofCommander-in-Chief, Indian Army (C-in-C) and the successor office ofChief of Army Staff (COAS), beginning fromAugust 1947 to the present-day.[36] Ranks and honours are as at the completion of their tenure.
Commanders-in-chief have been:[37]
† denotes people who died in office.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Unit of Commission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Lockhart, RobGeneral Sir Robert Mcgregor Macdonald Lockhart,KCB, CIE, MC (1893–1981) [a] | 15 August 1947 | 31 December 1947 | 108 days | 51st Sikhs |
| 2 |  | Bucher, RoyGeneral Sir Francis Robert Roy Bucher,KBE, CB, MC (1895–1980) [a] | 1 January 1948 | 20 June 1948 | 171 days | 4th Cameronians |
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Unit of Commission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | Bucher, RoyGeneral Sir Francis Robert Roy Bucher,KBE, CB, MC (1895–1980) [a] | 21 June 1948 | 14 January 1949 | 208 days | 4th Cameronians |
| 2 |  | Cariappa, Kodandera MadappaGeneral[b] Kodandera Madappa CariappaOBE (1899–1993) | 15 January 1949 | 14 January 1953 | 3 years, 365 days | 88th Carnatic Infantry |
| 3 |  | Jadeja, RajendrasinhjiGeneral MaharajShriRajendrasinhji Jadeja,DSO (1899–1964) | 14 January 1953 | 1 April 1955 | 2 years, 77 days | 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)[38] |
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Unit of Commission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | Jadeja, RajendrasinhjiGeneral MaharajShriRajendrasinhji Jadeja,DSO (1899–1964) | 1 April 1955 | 14 May 1955 | 43 days | 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) |
| 2 |  | Shrinagesh, S.General Satyawant Mallana Srinagesh (1903–1977) | 15 May 1955 | 7 May 1957 | 1 year, 357 days | 19th Hyderabad Regiment |
| 3 |  | Thimayya, KodenderaGeneral Kodandera Subayya Thimayya,DSO (1906–1965) | 8 May 1957 | 7 May 1961 | 4 years, 0 days | 19th Hyderabad Regiment |
| 4 |  | Thapar, PranGeneral Pran Nath Thapar,PVSM (1906–1975) | 8 May 1961 | 19 November 1962 | 1 year, 195 days | 1st Punjab Regiment |
| 5 |  | Chaudhuri, Jayanto NathGeneral Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri,OBE (1908–1983) | 20 November 1962 | 7 June 1966 | 3 years, 199 days | 16th Light Cavalry |
| 6 |  | Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva PrabhakarGeneral Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam,DSO, MBE (1913–2000) | 8 June 1966 | 7 June 1969 | 2 years, 364 days | Regiment of Artillery |
| 7 |  | Manekshaw, SamField Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw,MC (1914–2008) | 8 June 1969 | 15 January 1973 | 3 years, 221 days | 8th Gorkha Rifles |
| 8 |  | Bewoor, Gopal GurunathGeneral Gopal Gurunath Bewoor,PVSM (1916–1989) | 16 January 1973 | 31 May 1975 | 2 years, 135 days | Dogra Regiment |
| 9 |  | Raina, Tapishwar NarainGeneral Tapishwar Narain Raina,MVC, SM (1921–1980) | 1 June 1975 | 31 May 1978 | 2 years, 364 days | Kumaon Regiment |
| 10 |  | Malhotra, Om PrakashGeneral Om Prakash Malhotra,PVSM (1922–2015) | 1 June 1978 | 31 May 1981 | 2 years, 364 days | Regiment of Artillery |
| 11 |  | Rao, K.General Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao,PVSM (1923–2016) | 1 June 1981 | 31 July 1983 | 1 year, 364 days | Mahar Regiment |
| 12 |  | Vaidya, Arun ShridharGeneral Arunkumar Shridhar Vaidya,PVSM, MVC, AVSM (1926–1986) | 1 August 1983 | 31 January 1986 | 2 years, 244 days | The Deccan Horse (9 Horse) |
| 13 |  | Sundarji, KrishnaswamyGeneral Krishnaswamy Sundarji,PVSM (1928–1999) | 1 February 1986 | 31 May 1988 | 2 years, 120 days | Mahar Regiment |
| 14 |  | Sharma, Vishwa NathGeneral Vishwa Nath Sharma,PVSM, AVSM, ADC (born 1930) | 1 June 1988 | 30 June 1990 | 2 years, 29 days | 16th Light Cavalry |
| 15 |  | Rodrigues, Sunith FrancisGeneral Sunith Francis Rodrigues,PVSM, VSM (1933–2022) | 1 July 1990 | 30 June 1993 | 2 years, 364 days | Regiment of Artillery |
| 16 |  | Joshi, Bipin ChandraGeneral Bipin Chandra Joshi,PVSM, AVSM, ADC (1935–1994) | 1 July 1993 | 19 November 1994 | 1 year, 141 days | 64th Cavalry |
| 17 |  | Roychowdhury, ShankarGeneral Shankar Roy Chowdhary,PVSM, ADC (born 1937) | 20 November 1994 | 30 September 1997 | 2 years, 314 days | 20th Lancers |
| 18 |  | Chowdhury, Shankar RoyGeneral Ved Prakash Malik,PVSM, AVSM (born 1939) | 1 October 1997 | 30 September 2000 | 2 years, 365 days | Sikh Light Infantry |
| 19 |  | Padmanabhan, SundararajanGeneral Sundararajan Padmanabhan,PVSM, AVSM, VSM (1940–2024) | 1 October 2000 | 31 December 2002 | 2 years, 91 days | Regiment of Artillery |
| 20 |  | Vij, Nirmal ChanderGeneral Nirmal Chander VijPVSM, UYSM, AVSM (born 1943) | 1 January 2003 | 31 January 2005 | 2 years, 30 days | Dogra Regiment |
| 21 |  | Vij, Nirmal ChanderGeneral Joginder Jaswant Singh,PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC (born 1945) | 1 February 2005 | 30 September 2007 | 2 years, 241 days | Maratha Light Infantry |
| 22 |  | Kapoor, DeepakGeneral Deepak Kapoor,PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC (born 1948) | 1 October 2007 | 31 March 2010 | 2 years, 181 days | Regiment of Artillery |
| 23 |  | Singh, Vijay KumarGeneral Vijay Kumar Singh,PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC (born 1950) | 1 April 2010 | 31 May 2012 | 2 years, 60 days | Rajput Regiment |
| 24 |  | Singh, BikramGeneral Bikram SinghPVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC (born 1952) | 1 June 2012 | 31 July 2014 | 2 years, 60 days | Sikh Light Infantry |
| 25 |  | Singh, DalbirGeneral Dalbir Singh Suhag,PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC (born 1954) | 1 August 2014 | 31 December 2016 | 2 years, 152 days | 5th Gorkha Rifles |
| 26 | .jpg) | Rawat, BipinGeneral Bipin Rawat,PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, ADC (1958–2021) | 31 December 2016 | 31 December 2019 | 3 years | 11th Gorkha Rifles |
| 27 | .jpg) | Naravane, Manoj MukundGeneral Manoj Mukund Naravane,PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC (born 1960) | 31 December 2019 | 30 April 2022 | 2 years, 120 days | Sikh Light Infantry |
| 28 |  | General Manoj Pande,PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC (born 1962) | 30 April 2022 | 30 June 2024 | 2 years, 61 days | Bombay Sappers |
| 29 | | Dwivedi, UpendraGeneral Upendra Dwivedi,PVSM, AVSM (born 1964) | 30 June 2024 | Incumbent | 1 year, 149 days | Jammu and Kashmir Rifles |
| Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1947–1948) | | |
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| Chief of the Army Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Army (1948–1955) | ||
| Chief of the Army Staff (1955–present) |
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