Chidambaram | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Nickname: Temple City | |
  Chidambaram Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu Show map of Tamil Nadu Chidambaram Chidambaram (India) Show map of India | |
| Coordinates:11°24′25″N79°41′28″E / 11.407000°N 79.691200°E /11.407000; 79.691200 | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Cuddalore |
| Region | Chola Nadu |
| Government | |
| • Type | Selective Grade Municipality |
| • Body | Chidambaram Municipality |
| Elevation | 31 m (102 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
• Total | 115,913 |
| Demonym | Chidambaran |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 608001 |
| Telephone code | +91-4144 |
| Vehicle registration | TN-91 |
| Website | http://Cuddalore.tn.nic.in |
Chidambaram is a major town andmunicipality inCuddalore district in theIndian state ofTamil Nadu, on the banks of theVellar River where it meets theBay of Bengal. It is the headquarters of the Chidambaramtaluk. The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by thePallavas until ninth century,Medieval Cholas,Later Cholas,Later Pandyas,Vijayanagara Empire,Thanjavur Nayakas,Marathas and theBritish. The town is known for theThillai Nataraja Temple andThillai Kali Temple, and the annualchariot festival held in the months of December–January (In the Tamil month of Marghazhi known as "Margazhi Urchavam") and June to July (In the Tamil month of Aani known as "Aani Thirumanjanam"). One of the Divya DesamsDivya Sri Govindaraja Perumal Temple (Thiruchitrakoodam) is a part of Thillai Nataraja Temple complex.Thiruvetkalam Shiva Temple, Vadakiruppu,Thirunelvayil Shiva Temple, Sivapuri andTirukkazhippalai Palvannanathar Temple are the other three ancient Shiva temples in the region.
Chidambaram covers an area of 25.5 km2 (9.8 sq mi) and had a population of 1,15,913 as of 2011. It is administered by aSelective grade municipality. Tertiary sector involving tourism is the major occupation. Roadways are the major means of transportation with a total of 64.12 km (39.84 mi) of district roads including one national highway passing through the town. As of 2011, there were eleven government schools: six primary schools, three middle schools and two higher secondary schools in Chidambaram.Annamalai University, established in 1929 in Chidambaram, is one of the oldest and most prominent universities in the state.
Chidambaram is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity.[2] The traditional name of the temple complex, Chidambaram Thillai Nataraja-koothan Kovil.[3] The mangrove forests of Thillai trees (Excoecaria agallocha) were abundant in the town once. The temple and the town were once in the midst of Thillai trees. The Thillai trees of the nearbyPichavaram wetlands, the second largest mangrove forest in the world, extends to the temple area. The shrine is venerated asThillai ambalam literally meaning the open stage of Thillai.[4] The name of the town of this shrine, chit ambara means 'ether of consciousness' or 'atmosphere of wisdom' in theSanskrit Language.[5] This composite word comes from its association with Nataraja (Shiva), the cosmic dancer and the cultural atmosphere for arts.[6]
According to Hindu legend, in the Thillai forests resided a group of sages who believed in the supremacy of magic — that the gods could be controlled by rituals andmantras.Shiva, hearing this, assumed the form ofBhikshatana, a simple mendicant seeking alms, and went walking in Thillai. He was followed by his consort,Vishnu asMohini. The sages and their wives were enchanted by the beauty of the pair. On seeing their womenfolk enchanted, the angry sages performed a ritual to create serpents (nāga). Shiva lifted the serpents and donned them as ornaments on his matted locks, neck and waist. Further enraged, the sages invoked a fierce tiger, whose skin was used by Shiva as a shawl around his waist. Then followed a fierce elephant, which was ripped to death and devoured by Shiva (an episode depicted in theGajasurasamhara). The sages gathered all their spiritual strength and invoked the powerful demon Muyalakan — a symbol of complete arrogance and ignorance.[citation needed] Shiva smiled gently, stepped on the demon's back to immobilise him, and performed theÁnanda Thandavam (the dance of eternal bliss), thus disclosing his true form. The sages surrendered, realizing that rituals cannot control the gods.[7]
There is reference to the temple or the town inSangam literature of the first to fifth centuries and the earliest mention is found inTamil literature.[8] The temple and the deity were immortalized inTamil poetry in the works ofThevaram by three poet-saints belonging to the seventh century -Thirugnana Sambanthar,Thirunavukkarasar andSundaramoorthy Nayanar.[9] Thirugnana Sambanthar has composed two songs in praise of the temple, Thirunavukkarasar aka Appar eight songs in praise of Nataraja and Sundarar one song in praise of Nataraja. Sundarar commences hisThiruthondar Thogai (the sacred list of Lord Shiva's 63 devotees) paying his respects to the priests of the Thillai temple - "To the devotees of the priests at Thillai, I am a devotee". The works of the first three saints, theThirumurai were stored in palm leaf manuscripts in the temple and were recovered by the Chola KingRajaraja Chola[10] under the guidance of Nambiandarnambi.Manikkavasagar, the tenth centurysaivite poet has written two works, the first calledThiruvasakam (The sacred utterances) which largely has been sung in Chidambaram and theThiruchitrambalakkovaiyar (akaThirukovaiyar), which has been sung entirely in the temple. Manikkavasagar is said to have attained spiritual bliss at Chidambaram. The Chidambaram Mahatmiyam composed during the 12th century provides the subsequent evolution and Sanskritization of cults.[8]
There are several inscriptions available in the temple and referring to the Chidambaram temple in neighbouring areas. Most inscriptions available pertain to the periods of Cholas -Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014 CE),Rajendra Chola I (1012-1044 CE),Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 CE),Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 CE),Rajadhiraja Chola II (1163 -1178 CE),Kulothunga Chola III (1178-1218 CE) andRajaraja Chola III (1216-1256 CE). Pandya inscriptions date from Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerapandiyan,Jataavarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Sundarapaandiyan (1251-1268 CE) and Maaravarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerakeralanaagiya Kulashekara Pandiyan (1268-1308 CE). Pallava inscriptions are available for king Avani Aala Pirandhaan Ko-perum-Singha (1216-1242 CE). Vijayanagara Kings mentioned in inscriptions are Veeraprathapa Kiruttina Theva Mahaaraayar (1509-1529 CE), Veeraprathaapa Venkata Deva Mahaaraayar, Sri Ranga Theva Mahaaraayar, Atchyutha Deva Mahaaraayar (1529-1542 CE) and Veera Bhooopathiraayar. One of the inscriptions from the descendant of Cheramaan Perumal Nayanar, Ramavarma Maharaja has been found.[11]
In the north of India, the Indian subcontinent was conquered by theDelhi Sultanate. Muslim armies began raiding central India for plunder by the late 13th century. After subduing and extracting huge wealth along with promised annual tributes from the MarathasYadavas of Devagiri in 1308, the TeluguKakatiyas of Warangal in 1310 and the KannadaHoysalas of Dwarasamudra in 1311, Sultan Ala ud Din Khalji's infamous eunuch Muslim general,Malik Kafur, and hisDelhi Sultanate forces in 1311 went deeper into the Deccan peninsula for loot and to establish annual tributes to be paid by theHindu kings.[12][13][14] The records left by the court historians of the Delhi Sultanate state that Malik Kafur raided Chidambaram,Madurai,Srirangam,Vriddhachalam,Rameswaram and other sacred temple towns, destroyed the temples which were sources of gold and jewels. He brought back enormous loot from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom toDelhi in 1311.[15][16][17]
Chidambaram is located at11°23′N79°41′E / 11.39°N 79.69°E /11.39; 79.69. The town is located in Cuddalore district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, 215 km (134 mi) fromChennai. Chidambaram is located close to the shores ofBay of Bengal. The topography is almost plain with forests around the town, with no major geological formation. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are alluvial and red that are conducive for crops likepaddy, pulses andchili peppers. The temperature ranges from a maximum of 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) to a minimum of 24 °C (75 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Chidambaram receives an average of 10 mm (0.39 in) annually, which is lesser than the state average of 1,008 mm (39.7 in). The South west monsoon, with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scanty rainfall. Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December. The average number of rainy days ranges from 35 to 40 every year.[18][19]
| Climate data for Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) | 29.8 (85.6) | 32.0 (89.6) | 33.9 (93.0) | 36.4 (97.5) | 37.0 (98.6) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.8 (94.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 31.8 (89.2) | 29.4 (84.9) | 28.0 (82.4) | 32.6 (90.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 25.8 (78.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.3 (75.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 34 (1.3) | 12 (0.5) | 15 (0.6) | 23 (0.9) | 47 (1.9) | 37 (1.5) | 68 (2.7) | 133 (5.2) | 113 (4.4) | 230 (9.1) | 337 (13.3) | 199 (7.8) | 1,248 (49.2) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[20] | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Percent(%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hindu | 89.73% | |||
| Muslim | 8.22% | |||
| Christian | 1.18% | |||
| Sikh | 0.02% | |||
| Buddhist | 0.01% | |||
| Jain | 0.43% | |||
| Other | 0.39% | |||
| No religion | 0.02% | |||
According to2011 census, Chidambaram had a population of 62,153 with a sex-ratio of 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[21] A total of 5,869 were under the age of six, constituting 2,990 males and 2,879 females.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 6.81% and .09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 83.24%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[21] The city had a total of 15,166 households. There were a total of 22,194 workers, comprising 241 cultivators, 180 main agricultural labourers, 489 in household industries, 16,110 other workers, 5,174 marginal workers, 83 marginal cultivators, 213 marginal agricultural labourers, 401 marginal workers in household industries and 4,477 other marginal workers.[22]
As of 2001, the town covered an area of 480 hectares (4.8 km2). Out of the total area, 88 per cent of the land constituting 432 hectares (4.32 km2) is marked developed and the remaining area is used for agriculture and remains under water.Residential areas make up 55 per cent (265.75 hectares (2.6575 km2)) of the town's total area while commercial enterprises and industrial units make up 5 per cent (23.62 hectares (0.2362 km2)) and 1 per cent (3.63 hectares (0.0363 km2)) respectively.[23] As of 2008, there 31 notified slums having 3,954 houses in Chidambaram and a total of 17,102 people constituting 30 per cent of the total population lived in them. The municipality maintains the water supply and garbage collection of all these slums.[24] As of 2001, nearly 5,000 people constituting 10 per cent of the population werebelow the poverty line.[25]As per the religious census of 2011, Chidambaram had 89.73%Hindus, 8.22%Muslims, 1.18%Christians, 0.02%Sikhs, 0.01%Buddhists, 0.43%Jains, 0.39% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[26]
The temple complex is spread over an area of 40 acres (160,000 m2) in the heart of the city. The main complex is dedicated to ShivaNataraja and the complex contains shrines to deities such as Shivakami Amman,Ganesh,Murugan andVishnu in the form Govindaraja Perumal. The temple's earliest structures were designed and erected by ancient craftsmen called Perunthakkan. The golden tiled roof for theChitrambalam (the vimanam) was laid by the Chola KingParantaka I (907-950 CE)[10] following which he was given the title "Thillaiyambalathhukku porkoorai veiyntha thevan", meaning the one who constructed the golden roof. KingsRajaraja Chola I (reign 985-1014 CE) andKulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 CE) made significant donations to the temple. Gold and riches to the temple were donated by Rajaraja Chola's daughterKundavai II while Chola kingVikrama Chola (1118-1135 CE) made donations for the conduct of the daily rituals. Donations of gold and jewels have been made by various kings, rulers and patrons to the temple from 9th to 16th century[10] —including the Maharaja ofPudukottai, Sethupathy (the emerald jewel still adorns the deity). Naralokaviran, the General of the kingKulothunga Chola I was responsible for building a shrine for child saint Thirugnana Sambanthar and installed a metal image inside it. He constructed a hall for the recitation ofThevaram hymns and engraved the hymns in copper plates.[27]
Tourism forms the economic base of Chidambaram. There are household industries like weaving is present within town limits, otherwise, there are no major industries in the town. As of 2001, the worker population constituted 18,249 people amounting to 31.6 per cent of the total population. Out of the total workforce, 16,059 constituting 88 per cent people were employed in the tertiary sector, 1,277 people constituting 7 per cent were involved in the secondary sector and 912 people constituting 5 per cent were involved in primary sector activities. The primary sector consists of local and regional marketing, withpaddy being the primary traded product, followed bycereals,black gram,pulses,sugarcane and gingelly. The secondary sector activities consist of household activities and cane furniture manufacturing. The tertiary sector activities are the tourism-related activities centred on the Thillai Natarajar temple. The town has a floating population of around 100,000 every year being mainly religious tourists. Annamalai University, located in the outskirts of the town is also another major industrial driver. The town is a centre for trading for the surrounding villages, housing provisional stores, food grain stores, vegetable shops, hotels, markets and fertilizer shops.[28]
As of 2011, there were eleven government schools: six primary schools, three middle schools and two higher secondary schools in Chidambram. There were nine other private schools within the town.[29] Chidambaram is home to theAnnamalai University. Annamalai University is a public university located in Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Rajah Muthiah Dental College, Muthiah Polytechnic College, Government Arts College, Ragavendra Arts and science college, C.S. Jain College of Pharmacy and Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Institute of Maritime and Science Engineering College(pkimsec) are some of the prominent colleges in the town.
Electricity supply to Chidambaram is regulated and distributed by theTamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Cuddalore Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[30] Water supply is provided by the Chidambaram Municipality from the two mini power pumps, borewells and Deep borwell located in various parts of the town. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 7.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.[31]
As per the municipal data for 2011, about 31 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Chidambaram every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Chidambaram municipality. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.[32] There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences. The municipality maintained a total of 23.372 km (14.523 mi) of storm water drains in 2011.[33] As of 2011, there was one government hospital namely Kamaraj Government Hospital, one municipal maternity home and 17 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.[34] As of 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 1,856 street lamps: 339 sodium lamps, 1,500 tube lights and 17 high mast beam lamps.[35][36] The municipality operates four markets, namely the Daily Market West Car street, Gnanaprakasam market, North Main road fish market and Omakulam fish market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.[37]
The festivals in Chidambaram are centred on the festivals of the temple. The Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai festival celebrated in December–January indicates the first puja, the fourteenth day after the new moon (Chaturdashi) of the month of Masi (February–March) indicates the second pooja, the Chittirai Thiruvonam (in April–May), indicates the third pooja or uchikalam, the Uthiram of Aani (June–July) also called the Aani Thirumanjanam indicates the evening or the fourth puja, the chaturdasi of Aavani (August–September) indicates the fifth puja and the chaturdasi of the month of Puratasi (October–November) indicates the sixth pooja or Arthajama. Of these, the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December–January) and the Aani Thirumanjanam (in June–July) are the most important festivals. During these festivals, the festive deity is brought outside the sanctum sanctorum in a procession that includes a temple car procession followed by a long anointing ceremony.[38] Several hundreds of thousands of people flock the temple to see the anointing ceremony and the ritualistic dance of Shiva when he is taken back to the sanctum sanctorum. Shiva, in his incarnation of Nataraja, is believed to have been born on full moon day in the constellation ofArdra, the sixth lunar mansion. Lord Shiva is bathed only 6 times a year, and on the previous night ofArdra, the bath rituals are performed on a grand scale. Pots full of milk, pomegranate juices, coconut water, ghee, oil, sandal paste, curds, holy ashes, and other liquids and solids, considered as a sacred offering to the deity are used for the sacred ablution.[11]
Natyanjali is a prominent festival celebrated during February every year whenbharatanatyam dancers from all over the country converge to present dance offering to Nataraja.[38]
Chidambaram is administered by a selective-grade municipality formed as third-grade municipality in 1873, upgraded to a second-grade in 1949, first-grade in 1974 and a selection-grade in 1998. The municipality covers an area of 11.16 km2 (4.31 sq mi) and also thetaluk headquarters. The Chidambaram municipality has 33 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.[39] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[40] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 33 members, one each from the 33 wards.[41] The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.[42]
Chidambaram comes under theChidambaram assembly constituency and it elects a member to theTamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[43] From the 1977 elections,All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the assembly seat four times (in 1980, 1984, 2006 and 2016 elections), three times byDravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK, 1977, 1989 and 2001 elections) and once each byCommunist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M), 2011 election),Indian National Congress (INC, 1991 elections) andTamil Maanila Congress (TMC, 1996).[44] The current MLA of the constituency is K. A. Pandiyan (AIADMK).[45]
Law and order in the town is maintained by the Chidambaram sub division of the Cuddalore district ofTamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There is one police station in the town located in West Car street.[46][47]
The Chidambaram municipality maintains 64.12 km (39.84 mi) of road. The town has 8.44 km (5.24 mi) concrete roads and 48.69 km (30.25 mi) bituminous road. A total of 5 km (3.1 mi) of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and 6 km (3.7 mi) by the National Highways Department. It is located at a distance of 223 km (139 mi) from Chennai, 335 km (208 mi) from Madurai, 375 km (233 mi) fromRameswaram, 340 km (210 mi) fromBengaluru. The national highway NH- 32 (theChennai-Villupuram-Puducherry-Cuddalore-Chidambaram-Nagapattinam-Thoothukudi Highway) passes through Chidambaram andNH81 connects Chidambaram with Coimbatore throughKattumannarkoil,Tiruchirapalli andKarur. The Cuddalore road, Pitchavaram Road, Sirkazhi Road, Kattumanarkoil road and Old Bhuvanagiri road are the five main district roads connecting Chidambaram to other cities of Tamil Nadu.[48]
Minibus service operated by private companies cater to the local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in the heart of the town and has 46 bus bays.[36] TheTamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates daily services connecting various cities such asBengaluru,Madurai,Palani,Salem,Tindivanam,Kallakkurichi,Tiruvannamalai,Velankanni,Rameswaram,Tiruppur,Trichy,Perambalur,Karaikudi,Sivagangai,Paramakudi,Sayalkudi,Mudukulathoor,Panruti,Vriddhachalam,Erode,Mettur,Chennai,Puducherry,Viluppuram,Tirupathur andNeyveli[49] with Chidambaram.[50] TheState Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the town to important cities likeChennai,Coimbatore,Trichy,Salem, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Nagercoil. Three wheelers, calledautos, are also a common public transport system.[48]
Chidambaram railway station is located in the rail line fromMayiladuthurai toViluppuram. There are daily express trains toChennai,Rameswaram,Tirupathi,Cuddalore andManamadurai. There are passenger trains toMayiladuthurai,Cuddalore,Villupuram,Nagore andBengaluru.[49]
Pondicherry Airport(PNY) is the nearest airport located around 66 kilometres north of Chidambaram.
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