Chicham
Jibaroan
Geographic distribution	Peru
Linguistic classification	Macro-Jibaro ? Chicham
Subdivisions	Shuar Aguaruna Huambisa Shiwiar ?Palta†
Language codes
Glottolog	jiva1245
Chicham (violet) andCahuapanan (pink) languages. Spots are documented locations, shadowed areas probable extension in 16th century.

TheChicham languages, also known asJivaroan (Hívaro,Jívaro,Jibaro) is a smalllanguage family of northernPeru and easternEcuador.

Chicham consists of four languages:

1.Shuar

2.Achuar-Shiwiar

3.Awajun

4.Huambisa

This language family is spoken inAmazonas, Cajamarca,Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and theOriente region of Ecuador.

Internal classification of the Chicham languages byMason (1950):^[1]

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):^[2]

(† = extinct)

The extinctPalta language was classified as Chicham byJacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed byČestmír Loukotka. However, only 4 words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".

The most promising external connections are with theCahuapanan languages and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously calledJívaro-Cahuapana (Hívaro-Kawapánan) (Jorge Suárez and others) orMacro-Jibaro orMacro-Andean (Morris Swadesh and others, with Cahuapanan,Urarina,Puelche, and maybeHuarpe).

Theunclassified languageCandoshi has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives.

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with theQuechuan,Kwaza,Taruma,Yanomami,Katukina-Katawixi,Kandoshi,Tupi, andArawan language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region.^[2]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages.^[3]

Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra.

For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see the correspondingSpanish article.

• Campbell, Lyle (1997).American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Dean, Bartholomew (1990).The State and the Aguaruna: Frontier Expansion in the Upper Amazon, 1541-1990. M.A. thesis in the Anthropology of Social Change and Development, Harvard University.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987).Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Greene, Landon Shane (2004).Paths to a Visionary Politics. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
• Kaufman, Terrence (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.),Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press.ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.),Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Payne, David L. (1981). "Bosquejo fonológico del Proto-Shuar-Candoshi: evidencias para una relación genética."Revista del Museo Nacional 45. 323-377.
• Solís Fonseca, Gustavo (2003).Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.

Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms atAppendix:Proto-Shuar reconstructions

• Proel:Familia Jibaroana
  • Lengua Jíbaro
• Alain Fabre, 2005,Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: JIVARO.[1]

• Chicham languages
• Language families
• Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata