| Chesham | |
|---|---|
 The Chesham clock tower, located in the Market Square | |
  Chesham Location withinBuckinghamshire | |
| Population | 23,088 (2021)[1] |
| OS grid reference | SP965015 |
| • London | 25.8 miles (41.5 km)SE |
| Civil parish |
|
| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CHESHAM |
| Postcode district | HP5 |
| Dialling code | 01494 |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Buckinghamshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
| UK Parliament | |
| |
Chesham (/ˈtʃɛʃəm/CHESH-əm,locally/ˈtʃɛsəm/CHESS-əmor/ˈtʃɛzəm/CHEZ-əm) is amarket town andcivil parish inBuckinghamshire, England, United Kingdom, 11 miles (18 km) south-east of the county town ofAylesbury, about 26 miles (42 km) north-west ofcentral London, and part of theLondon commuter belt. It is in theChess Valley,[2] surrounded by farmland. The earliest records of Chesham as a settlement are from the second half of the 10th century, although there is archaeological evidence of people in this area from around 8000 BC.Henry III granted a royal charter for a weekly market in 1257.[3]
Chesham is known for itsfour Bs —boots,beer,brushes andBaptists.[4] In the face of fierce competition from both home and abroad during the later 19th and early 20th centuries, the three traditional industries rapidly declined. The ready availability of skilled labour encouraged new industries to the town both before and after theSecond World War. Today, employment in the town is provided mainly by small businesses engaged in light industry, technology and professional services.
From the early part of the 20th century, Chesham has experienced considerable expansion, with new housing developments and civic infrastructure. Chesham has become acommuter town with improved connection to London via theLondon Underground and road networks. The town centre has been progressively redeveloped since the 1960s and has been pedestrianised since the 1990s. The population at the 2021 census was 23,008.[1]
There is archaeological evidence of the earliest settlement during theLate Mesolithic period around 5000 BC in East Street, Chesham where a large quantity offlint tools were found.[5] The earliest farming evidence from theNeolithic era around 2500 BC.Bronze Age tribes settled in the valley around 1800 BC and they were succeeded byIron AgeBelgic people of theCatuvellauni tribe around 500 BC. Between 150 and 400 AD, there is evidence ofRomano-British farming, and nearby atLatimer, there isarchaeological evidence of aRomanvilla and the planting of grapevines. However, the area was then deserted until theSaxon period around the 7th century.[6]
Contrary to popular belief, the town is not named after the river; rather, the river is named after the town. The first recorded reference to Chesham is under theOld English nameCæstæleshamm, meaning "the river-meadow at the pile of stones"[7] around 970 in the will of Lady Ælfgifu, who has been identified with the formerwife of King Eadwig. She held an estate here which she bequeathed toAbingdon Abbey.[8]
Prior to1066 there were three adjacent estates which comprisedCaestreham which are briefly recorded in theDomesday Book as being of1+1⁄2, 4 and8+1⁄2hides, having four mills. The most important of these manors was held byQueen Edith, the widow ofEdward the Confessor. Other land having been returned to the Crown it was in the hands ofHarold Godwinson and his brotherLeofwine Godwinson.[7] Part of these later becameChesham Bois parish.[9][10] After 1066 Edith kept her lands andWilliam the Conqueror divided royal lands between his half-brotherOdo, Bishop of Bayeux and Hugh de Bolbec.[7]
TheDomesday Book records that there were threemanors in Cestreham and one at nearby Latimer.William the Conqueror shared out the estates between four of his dependants. The vast majority of land was granted to Hugh de Bolebec and smaller parcels to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, Toustain Mantel and Alsi.[11]
Before the 13th century, the three Cestreham manors were known as Chesham Higham, Chesham Bury and Chesham Bois. In the 14th century they were first recorded as 'the manors of Great Chesham'. Collectively they extended beyond the current Chesham town boundary.[11] Together with the manor at Latimer they were held by theEarls of Oxford andSurrey. During the 16th century Greater Chesham was owned by theSeymour family who disposed of it to the Cavendish family who werethe Earls and later Dukes of Devonshire. It is from the 15th century that the earliest surviving properties survive and are to be found close by the church in an area calledthe Nap, and along part of the present-day Church Street. Though gradually disposing of land the Cavendishes maintained an influence in the town until the 19th century. The Lowndes family started purchasing land from the 16th century.William Lowndes was an influential politician andSecretary to the Treasury during the reigns ofMary II,William III andQueen Anne. He rebuilt the original Bury andmanor house of Great Chesham in 1712. The Lowndes family settled in Chesham and over the next 200 years became equally influential both nationally through politics and the law and locally within the town as its principal benefactors.[7]
No evidence remains of any church prior to the Norman Conquest. However, the siting ofpuddingstones beneath the present-day church suggests a wooden church was constructed on the site during the Anglo-Saxon period. During the 12th century two families of Norman descent, the de Bolebecs and the Sifrewasts, each held a share of theadvowson assigned to the adjacent manors of Chesham Higham and Chesham Bury respectively for the Church at Chesham which it is evidenced from about 1154 was dedicated to St Mary.[12] These moieties were subsequently given by the families to twomonasteries. In 1194 the de Bolbecs bestowed their advowson to the abbot and monks ofWoburn Abbey and henceforth the parish of Chesham Higham was renamed 'Chesham Woburn'. Meanwhile, and sometime before 1199, the Sifrewast family granted their advowson to theconvent of St Mary's de Pré Leicester. As a consequence the advowson for the parish of Chesham Bury became known as 'Chesham Leicester'.[13] In 1536Henry VIII seized control of church property as part of theDissolution of the Monasteries. Subsequently, duringEdward VI andElizabeth I's reigns, first Chesham Woburn and then Chesham Leicester advowsons became part of the estates of theDukes of Bedford. Though there were originally two vicars appointed to theparish church of St Mary's, from the 17th century a singleincumbent was appointed. Jurisdiction was still shared between both advowsons and two parsonages, an 'upper' and 'lower', continued to be maintained until the 18th century when both were superseded by a single new parsonage.[13] The Duke of Bedford subsequently consolidated the moieties by Act of Parliament in 1767.[11] To accommodate the increasing population during the 19th century, a new parish church was built in 1867; Christ Church at Waterside, and further churches were built at Ashley Green and Bellingdon, which were at the time both within the civil parish of Chesham.[13]
Chesham is noted for the religious dissent which dominated the town from the 15th century. In 1532Thomas Harding wasburnt at the stake in the town for being aLollard andheretic. From the 17th century, Chesham was a focus forthose dissenting from mainstream religion.Quakers met in the late 17th century in Chesham and in 1798 they built the currentmeeting house. The firstBaptists' meeting dates back to about 1640 and a place was registered for services in 1706. The first chapel was opened in 1712, one of many to be built for the various Baptist groups during the 18th and 19th centuries.John Wesley preached in Chesham in the 1760s and a WesleyanMethodist society existed in the town. In more recent time aWesleyan Methodist chapel was opened in 1897. TheChristian Brethren which date back in Chesham to 1876, opened their Gospel Hall in 1895, which closed in December 2008. Broadway Baptist church had congregations at the Vale, Hawridge, Ashley Green and Chartridge; only the one at Chartridge survives. Trinity Baptist church had congregations at Hyde Heath, Ley Hill and Whelpley Hill; only the one at Hyde Heath survives. The Congregational Church had congregations at Asheridge and Pond Park.
In 1630 Aquila Chase left Chesham to join the colony, settling first at Hampton (now New Hampshire), thenNewbury, Massachusetts. Descendants of Aquila became influential in shaping political, legislative and commercial matters from the colonial period until after theDeclaration of Independence. For example,Salmon P. Chase was the United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice in the 1870s. TheChase Manhattan Bank is named after him (although Chase did not have any connection with the bank).[14][15]
The primary industries of the town inmedieval times were flour production, woodworking and weaving of wool. There were four mills built along the Chess which was diverted to generate sufficient power. Surplus flour was supplied to London. The number of clothworkers, including spinners and those associated with dying (fullers), grew rapidly between 1530 and 1730 and became the major industry in the town prior to a period of rapid decline. Between 1740 and 1798, mills were converted to produce paper (pulp), responding to London's insatiable demand for paper. However, technological developments in paper-making elsewhere rendered the mills unprofitable and they reverted to flour production in the 1850s.
New industries emerged from the 16th century onwards. The woodlands had been a source of firewood for London during the mediaeval period. A small-scale woodenware industry making shovels, brooms, spoons and chairs, began around 1538 and its expansion was accompanied by the planting of beechwoods between the 17th and 19th centuries.[7]Straw plaiting was seen as home-based work for the wives and daughters of labourers from the 18th century. Straw was also imported from Italy to produce the superior 'Tuscan plait' traded at a Saturday market for theLuton andDunstable hat trade and remained the major cottage industry until around 1860, providing employment for women and girls, some of whom attended a 'plait-school' inWaterside.[7]Lace making developed in the 16th century as a cottage industry and was valued for its quality. Chesham specialised in black lace. The industry declined in the 1850s due to mechanisation inNottingham.[7] Between 1838 and 1864 silk-spinning, powered by a steam-driven mill in Waterside, was started to make use of unemployed lace workers. This trend was relatively short-lived as changes in fashion and the growth of the railways resulted in competition from elsewhere for the valuable London markets.[7] However one exception was the firm ofGeorge Tutill which specialised in high-qualitybanners and was responsible for three-quarters of those made for trade unions. The firm is still a going concern, specialising in flags and banners.
Three of the four Bs that have shaped Chesham's history relate to its industries. Brush making was introduced around 1829 to make use of the off-cuts from woodworking. Boot and shoe making which started as acottage industry later expanding through small workshops, thrived following the opening oftanneries around 1792 which also supplied leather forsaddle making andgloves. By the mid-19th century both brushmaking and footwear manufacture became major industries in the town with production concentrated in large factories. The industry declined in the early-20th century as the market for heavy boots declined. Beer brewing grew rapidly around the town centre in the 19th century again declining at the start of the 20th century.[7] These traditional industries were succeeded by smaller but more commercial enterprises which took advantage of the available skilled labour. For example, in 1908 the Chiltern Toy Works was opened by Joseph Eisenmann on Bellingdon Road, later moving to the 'new' industrial estate in Waterside, making high qualityteddy bears. The works finally closed in 1960.[16] Post Second World War industry has ranged from the manufacture of glue (Industrial Adhesives) to aluminium-based packaging (Alcan), Aluminium Castings & Bronze Castings (Draycast Foundries Limited),balloons (B-Loony) andhousehold cleaning products (Kilrock).
Henry VIII imposed a tax on the town to pay for his wars against Scotland and France.
In common with the majority of communities in Buckinghamshire, Chesham'sLollard heritage andpuritan traditions ensured it would vehemently resistKing Charles I's demand forShip Money; a tax on tradesmen and landowners. In 1635 the townsfolk of Chesham protested to the Sheriff of Buckinghamshire, Sir Peter Temple, who was reluctantly enforcing a writ requiring payment of a levy to the King. Not surprisingly given the local allegiances toJohn Hampden, the towns' people largely sided with theParliamentarians at the outbreak of theEnglish Civil War. During 1642 the influential ParliamentariansJohn Pym andEarl of Warwick were headquartered in the town along with large numbers of troops. There are records of skirmishes in the area during 1643 whenPrince Rupert was stationed near Aylesbury and dispatchedRobert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon to pillage nearby towns, such asWendover. Heading toward Chesham a company of horse of the Parliamentary Army from the town met them outside Great Missenden where a skirmish took place ending with the Parliamentary force being driven back.[11]
The records of thePosse Comitatus for Chesham in 1798 recorded over 800 men between the ages of 16 and 60 enrolled in a militia to defend the town in the event of invasion byNapoleon I or to deal with civil unrest. Less than 50 years later, in 1846, a similar register of 22 able-bodied men had been assembled to form the Chesham troop of theRoyal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry which coincided with the billeting of troops from the7th Queen's Own Hussars passing through the town on their way to Ireland.[17]
During theFirst World War, 188 servicemen from Chesham lost their lives (see Landmarks).Alfred Burt, a corporal in theBedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment from Chesham, received theVictoria Cross for his actions in September 1915. The town provided temporary quarters for several regiments including theKings Royal Rifles and theRoyal Engineers honed their bridge building skills in local parks. In 1919, two 'Victory Oaks' were planted in the town: one was planted by Margot Cavendish,Lady Chesham ofLatimer House,Latimer, Buckinghamshire, and MajorLionel de Rothschild; the other by Mr. and Mrs. Lowndes (former owners of Lowndes Park), and Mr. and Mrs. Byrne (the chairman of Chesham Urban District Council and his wife).[18]
Over the duration of theSecond World War, 80 servicemen lost their lives. Air raid shelters were built by the Council in 1940, although the official view was that the town was unlikely to be targeted since its was not a strategic location. In fact at the end of the war it was estimated that 45 bombs fell in the Chesham area, killing at least nine people.[19]
A Cheshamworkhouse for 90 paupers was operating in Germain Street as early as 1777. New legislation transferred the control of the Chesham institution to AmershamPoor Law Union in 1835. However, there were long-standing rivalries between the locals of both towns and in July that year violence broke out when an order was given to remove the paupers to Amersham. TheRiot Act was read out to an angry crowd of 500 and arrests followed.[20]
Publicly funded education started with the opening of aBritish School in 1825 followed by aNational School in 1845, anInfants' School in 1851 and the first Elementary School for girls in 1864.Chesham Building Society opened for business in 1845 and continued to operate until June 2010, when it was taken over by theSkipton Building Society. Other public institutions also started at this time, with aFire Brigade being established in 1846, the first cemetery in 1858 and a police station built in 1861.[17]
Cheshamcottage hospital, built for £865 17s 11d on land provided byLord Chesham, opened in October 1869, just ahead of an outbreak oftyphoid in 1871. Despite a local campaign to save the hospital it closed in 2005.[21] In September 2010 the derelict hospital building was severely damaged by a fire caused by arsonists, according to police reports.[22] The Council commissioned awaterworks to be built in 1875 in Alma Road andmains drainage in the town and asewage works was opened adjacent to the Chess, downstream in 1887. Agasworks was constructed on the southern part of the town in 1847. Bathing in the Chess at Waterside was an old tradition which became increasingly popular in the 19th century. Complaints that it had become a nuisance led to the Urban District Council surrounding the site with a concrete wall. This further increased its popularity and an open-air pool was built by the council in 1912.[23]
Transport connections have always come late to the town. TheMetropolitan Railway eventually reached Chesham in July 1889. Electrification was not to come until the 1960s. Between the two world wars and in the 1950s and 60s there was much expansion in the town with new public housing developments along the Missenden Road, atPond Park and atBotley.[13][24]
The first public viewings of cinema films in Chesham were provided by travelling showmen around 1900 and attracted large crowds. The first purpose-built cinema,The Empire Picture Hall, opened in Station Road in 1912 and in 1914The Chesham Palace started up in The Broadway. Both showed silent films. By 1920 the Empire had closed. In 1930 the Chesham Palace was refurbished to show the new 'talkies' and reopened asThe Astoria which remained in business until 1959 when the arrival of television forced it to close.The Embassy in Germain Street opened in 1935 and survived until 1982, closing due to competition from cinemas in nearby towns.The Elgiva Theatre, completed in 1976 beside St Mary's Way, was equipped to show films and on moving to a new site just across the road in 1998 state of the art projection equipment was installed in the new theatre (see image below).[25]
The town is in the Chess Valley 13 miles south-east of the county townAylesbury and is 25 miles (40 km) north west of central London. It is the fourth largest town in theceremonial county of Buckinghamshire and the largest in Chiltern District, with a population of some 20,343[26] people behindMilton Keynes with 184,500,High Wycombe with 118,200 andAylesbury with 69,200. NearbyAmersham has 17,719.
Neighbouring areas | |
|---|---|
Chesham is in theChiltern Hills and from its lowest point of 295 feet (90 metres)above sea level rises up valley sides. It lies at the confluence of four dry valleys formed by themeltwater at the end of the lastice age which deposited onto the bed rock of chalk,alluvial gravels, silts, on which the town now sits. Subsequent periods of subsidence and submergence deposited clays and flints.[27] TheRiver Chess is a chalk-stream which rises from three springs; to the north-west along the Pednor Vale at Frogmoor, at Higham Mead to the north of the town, and to the west near the Amersham Road which converge in the town near to East Street.[7] The river was known as theIsen from at least the 12th century when it is found contributing to the name of the nearby hamlet of Isenhampstead, later to divide and become the manors of Isenhampstead Chenies and Isenhampstead Latimer and persisting until the 19th century.[28][29] It has been suggested, but not established, that the old name 'Isen', which derives from theAnglo-Saxon word for iron, refers to thechalybeate or iron-charged spring waters which feed the river[30] Today the streams areculverted and conducted below street level before emerging at Waterside and flowing in a south easterly direction towards Latimer. From there it flows to the north ofChenies and on towardsRickmansworth after which it joins theRiver Colne.
Chesham developed as a market town which prospered through its manufacturing industries fuelled by a series of mills which sprung up along the River Chess. Until the 19th century the town was centred to the south-eastern end of the present High Street. Most of the present-day town centre's development took place during Victorian times. The 'old town', particularly Church and Germain Street, has been well preserved and now designated aconservation area. It includes a number of impressive residential, institutional and commercial buildings that largely survived Victorian 'improvement'. The 12th century St Mary's Church, which underwent refurbishment and redesign byGeorge Gilbert Scott in the 19th century. 'The Bury', a Queen Annetown house was built in 1712 forWilliam LowndesSecretary to the Treasury. Chesham had twoworkhouses, both buildings survived and are located in Germain Street. In June 2009 the Chesham town centre and old town conservation area was placed on theEnglish Heritage Conservation Areas at Risk register which the District Council commented was due to the misinterpretation of its responses to the conservation body's questionnaire.[31][32] Due to the pattern of the town's expansion there are several centres of employment which are interspersed with residential housing. Industrial buildings on the north side of the town have been redeveloped into offices in recent years.[33]
The town had a population of 2,425 by 1841.[34] This had increased to more to 9,000 by the end of the 19th century. As a consequence the centre of the town shifted to the east as shops, workshops and cottages sprung up along the High Street and Berkhampstead Road. In the period after theSecond World War the town centre was progressively redeveloped. In the 1960s St Mary's Way was constructed, rerouting theA416 around the congested High Street which avoided the need to widen the street, conserved its character and allowed for its pedestrianisation during the 1990s. Industrial development became centred on two areas. At the southern end of the town atWaterside which was the site of the first mills and factories in the 18th and 19th centuries there is a mixture of original and newly constructed industrial units and at the northern end along the Asheridge Vale there is a further development of generally small commercial business units.
Compared to other towns in south Buckinghamshire, there are fewer detached and owner-occupied houses and a higher proportion of social rental accommodation.[33] Expansion in housing has occurred in several phases mainly to the east of the old town whereartisan's housing sprung up along Berkhamsted Road and subsequently along the many steep valley sides. Initially this development was as a consequence of the extension of the railway to the town in the 1880s, subsequently the promotion ofMetroland during the 1920s and the electrification of theMetropolitan line in the 1960s. Pond Park estate was built in the 1930s. The population grew fast after the Second World War as workers followed employers who moved out from London. The population in 1951 was 11,500 leading to the building of the Chessmount and Hilltop estates by speculative developers in the 1950s and '60s. By 1971 the population had reached 20,000 since when it has only increased slightly. The growing popularity of the Chilterns as a place to live from the latter part of the 20th century onwards led to restrictions on housing and industrial development in the ChilternsArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has sustained the demand for further house building in the town. Today an increasing number of those in employment find work outside the town, commuting by car or train as well as an increasing number who are home or office-based using technology to make a living.
Chesham experiences anoceanic climate (Köppen climate classificationCfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom, although the lower parts of the valley have significant frost hollow characteristics – being several degrees colder than surrounding areas on clear, calm nights and so have much lower average minimum temperatures than shown in the table. The lowest recorded temperature in Chesham was −19.6 °C (−3 °F) on 20 December 2010 at a private weather station, which was also the coldest place in the UK on that date.[35] On 12 February 2012, the coldest day in Britain since December 2010, temperatures in Chesham fell to −18.3 °C (−1 °F) again the lowest in the country on that date.[36]
| Climate data for Chesham | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8 (46) | 9 (48) | 12 (54) | 14 (57) | 18 (64) | 21 (70) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 20 (68) | 16 (61) | 11 (52) | 8 (46) | 15 (59) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2 (36) | 3 (37) | 4 (39) | 5 (41) | 8 (46) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 13 (55) | 10 (50) | 7 (45) | 4 (39) | 3 (37) | 7 (44) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 50.8 (2.00) | 44.4 (1.75) | 42.9 (1.69) | 51.1 (2.01) | 51.7 (2.04) | 46.1 (1.81) | 43.9 (1.73) | 74.9 (2.95) | 50.1 (1.97) | 66.8 (2.63) | 61.8 (2.43) | 57.5 (2.26) | 642 (25.27) |
| Source: World Weather Online[37] | |||||||||||||
The town comprises the following communities:
Aclock tower constructed in 1992 stands in Market Square on the site of Chesham's 18th-century town hall demolished in 1965. The turret is a reconstruction of the one built onto the original town hall in the 19th century and features the original glass-dialled clock face and clock mechanism from the mid 19th century.[38]
Cheshamwar memorial stands in a landscaped garden in the Broadway. It depicts aninfantryman with his rifle inverted and commemorates those who fell during theFirst andSecond World Wars. It was designed by the sculptorArthur George Walker and unveiled in 1921. The inscription reads:-To The Glorious Memory Of The Men Of The Town Who Gave Their Lives And To Honour:All Who Served Or Suffered In Cause Of God King And Country Their Deeds Live After Them Faithful Unto Death.[39]
There is evidence during the pre-Norman period of common fields being divided into parcels and strips of land. TheDomesday Book records Chesham with sufficient arable land to support fourwater-poweredcorn mills on the River Chess producing a surplus of flour exported to London. There was woodland to feed over 1600 pigs and supply timber for local manufacturing of farm tools (ploughshares). Fieldenclosure started in the early 16th century and although almost completed by the mid 19th century the productivity of Chesham farms provided work for over 450 agricultural labourers. Sheep that grazed on the hillside fields around Chesham provided wool for the cloth making and dying cottage industry which, due to the town's proximity to London, thrived until the 18th century when Yorkshire mills out-competed them.[7]
Until the 18th century, the economic activity of Chesham had remained largely unchanged since the granting of its town charter in 1257. The commercial planting ofbeechwoods established Chesham as one of a number of local centres in the Chilterns for the production of turned furniture components and other wooden items often calledbodging, produced in local workshops. Mills along the Chess concerned withpapermaking andsilk weaving continued to operate until the middle of the 19th century, as did 'outworkers' engaged inlace making andstraw plaiting, whose employment was impacted on by changes in fashion and due tomechanisation and from cheaper imports from the continent. The mineral-laden, unpolluted water of the Chess made it ideal for growingwatercress and this industry flourished in Chesham in theVictorian era, with beds extending along the Chess towardsLatimer, which continued in operation until after theSecond World War.
In the 18th century, home-based leather trade workers moved to the newly opened Barnes Boot factory, and to the Britannia Boot and Shoe Works towards the end of the 19th century. By this time, there were eight major manufacturers and many small workshops. In 1829 Beechwoodsbrushmaking factory was opened. At its height there were around 12 factories specialising in brushes made from locally grown beech, with bristles imported mainly from across Asia. The adoption of nylon for brushes was the cause of the downturn with only one manufacturer remaining today, Russell's Brushes.
Nash's Chesham Brewery opened in the High Street in 1841. Two other notable rivals were Darvell's Brewery and Sarah Howe and Sons. Competition led to amalgamations around the start of the 20th century although brewing continued at Chesham Brewery until the 1950s.[40]
Today Chesham has a diverse economic base comprising many typically small-medium-sized enterprises representing all business sectors. Within the two industrial parks light engineering and fabrication industry is to be found alongside printers and graphic designers or other technology-based firms, wholesalers, distribution and courier businesses. As elsewhere, there has been an expansion of professional business services and consultancies. The pedestrianised High Street retains some of the character of the old market town with some long-established traditional family retailers and also features astreet market on Wednesdays and Saturdays. This individuality was recognised in a survey of town 'high streets' which gave Chesham good marks for its distinctiveness.[41] There are two of the 'big five' supermarkets present which have impacted on the town's independent stores and all retail outlets have also to compete with other nearby town centres, at Amersham,Berkhamsted andTring as well as the large shopping centres inHigh Wycombe,Watford and Milton Keynes.
The town was part of the Aylesbury constituency from 1885 to 1974. Since the boundary changes that were made ahead of theFebruary 1974 general election, Chesham has been in theChesham & Amersham constituency. The constituency was traditionally solidlyConservative; it never returned a non-Tory candidate until aby-election in June 2021 following the death of previous MPCheryl Gillan returned the presentLiberal Democrat MP,Sarah Green.[42]
Chesham has two tiers of local government: Chesham Town Council andBuckinghamshire Council. Chesham Town Council is based at Chesham Town Hall.
The parish of Chesham was made aLocal Government District in 1884, governed by a local board, which then becameChesham Urban District Council in 1894.[43] The urban district council was abolished in 1974, merging with the neighbouringAmersham Rural District to becomeChiltern District, whilst Chesham Town Council was established as asuccessor parish covering the area of the abolished urban district. Chiltern District was abolished in 2020, merging with the other Buckinghamshire authorities to become a unitary authority called Buckinghamshire Council.
Chesham Urban District Council was granted a coat of arms in 1961, which subsequently transferred to Chesham Town Council. The colours are the same as those of Buckinghamshire County arms. The Chiltern woodlands are denoted by two beech trees. The river Chess is recognised in the black and white chequers and rooks. The swan is inherited from the Dukes of Buckingham. The lilies relate to St Mary, patron saint of the parish church.The buck's head is borrowed from the arms of The Cavendish family, which owned most of the parish lands. The motto is from the Epistle to the Galatians, Chapter V, Verse 13.[44]
Thames Valley Police headquartered inKidlington, Oxfordshire is accountable for the delivery of policing through the town's threeNeighbourhood Policing Teams.Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service based in Aylesbury oversees the town's fire and rescue services. There is afire station located in Bellingdon Road which is supplemented by services from the station at Amersham and other nearby towns. Ambulance services are managed bySouth Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust based inBicester,Oxford. The nearestambulance station is located in Amersham.
Buckinghamshire NHSPrimary Care Trust has overall responsibility for the provision of health services to the local community. Since the closure of the town's cottage hospital in 2004, the nearest hospitals areAmersham Hospital,Wycombe Hospital andStoke Mandeville Hospital. After several years of uncertainty, in 2008 the PCT confirmed it was proceeding with the Chesham Healthzone Project. Planning approval was granted by the district council in June 2009 for the purpose-built health facility comprising, two GP practices, a pharmacy, consulting, clinical and treatment rooms. Originally scheduled to open in 2010, phase 1 of the Chess Medical Centre opened in December 2011.[45][46][47]
Veolia Water Central suppliesdrinking water to the town extracted from the River Chess andMisbourne and fromaquifers in the Chiltern Hills.Thames Water undertakeswaste water treatment and has asewage treatment works beside the River Chess on Latimer Road to the south of the town. Chiltern District Council is responsible forwaste management and collection and disposal is currently carried out on its behalf bySerco.EDF Energy provideselectricity supply for the town.
The oldest church building in Chesham isSt. Mary's Church which dates from at least the 12th century. Chesham has a long history of religiousdissent, such as the persecutedLollards, followers of theJohn Wycliffe tradition. One of them,Thomas Harding, was martyred on White Hill, near Dungrove Farm, in 1532. TheAmersham Martyrs Memorial commemorates the execution of local Lollards inAmersham, and there are memorials to Thomas Harding in the churchyard and on White Hill. The 17th, 18th and 19th centuries saw the rapid growth ofnon-conformism especiallyBaptists. During the English civil war there were groups of Quakers, Baptists and Presbyterians. Broadway Baptist Church dates back to at least 1706 and had its 300th anniversary celebrations in Chesham in 2006. Its roots are in the Chesham and Berkhamsted Baptist Church which dates back to 1640.
In the present day, Chesham has four Baptist churches (Broadway Baptist, Trinity Baptist and Newtown Baptist) and fourAnglican churches (St Mary's, Christ Church in Waterside, Hope Church, formerly called Hiving's Free Church, in Upper Belmont Road and Emmanuel in Newtown). There is aUnited Reformed Church, formerly called the Congregational Church, in The Broadway, there was aGospel Hall in Station Road (which closed at the end of 2008), aRoman Catholic church (St Columba's) in Berkhampstead Road (built in 1960), aMethodist chapel in Bellingdon Road, aSalvation Army Citadel in Broad St (closed in 2015), an historicQuakerFriends Meeting House in Bellingdon Road, The King's Church charismatic fellowship which meets at Chesham Park Community College. Almost all of the Christian churches of Chesham work collectively as part of the Churches Together for Chesham (CTfC) group, which has 16 churches in membership. Other religious groups include CheshamSpiritualist Church in Higham Road and the Jehovah's Witnesses off Bellingdon Road.
During the Second World War, the first recorded Jewish congregation was founded by families evacuated from London who used to meet at the cricket pavilion. After the war, they combined with the Jewish community in Amersham which met at the synagogue in Amersham-on-the-Hill until 1968. This was succeeded by aLiberal Jewish community formed in 1990 which now meets at Chesham Grammar School.[48]
During the second half of the 20th century, a sizeableMuslim community became established in the town.Chesham Mosque, the first purpose-built mosque, was completed in 2005 and is located in Bellingdon Road.
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Demographics based on 2011 census for the population of Chesham:[53][54]
† Prior to boundary changes in 1974 reducing size of Chesham Town area
Chesham tube station, close to the town centre, is theterminus of theChesham branch, a single-track spur off the London Underground Metropolitan line connecting toChalfont & Latimer station. The station was opened on 8 July 1889 by theMetropolitan Railway (MR). The line had been intended to extend toTring with connections to theLondon and North Western Railway'sWest Coast Main Line. However, the MR chose an alternative route across the Chilterns and so the idea was abandoned and the Metropolitan line continued toAylesbury viaAmersham. There were some sizeable goods yards beyond the station, which were closed and now function asWaitrose's car park except for one portion occupied by coal merchants.
In 1959 electrification of the Metropolitan line to Chesham provided a more reliable connection to London. With the cessation of London Underground services to Aylesbury in 1961 and toOngar in 1994, Chesham became the furthest location served from central London, in terms of both distance and travelling time. Prior to December 2010, apart from a few direct trains to London at peak times, a shuttle service operated to and from Chalfont & Latimer. Since then the town has benefited from direct trains to London all day.[55]
The nearestNational Rail connections are at Amersham, although the LU line also connects directly to Chalfont & Latimer station, from where the Metropolitan line andChiltern Railways provide a joint service with Metropolitan line trains travelling toBaker Street andAldgate and Chiltern Railways trains travelling toMarylebone. There is also access to London viaBerkhamsted railway station on the West Coast Main Line.
In contrast to other towns in south Buckinghamshire, Chesham historically was not well served by road transport links. Thestage coach bypassed the town and, unlike Amersham, there were no turnpikes and consequently roads were poorly maintained. Significant change occurred in the post Second World War period with the opening of theM1 motorway. TheA416 now runs through the town, from Amersham toBerkhamsted, and connects the town to the more recently upgradedA41. The A416 was diverted around the High Street and later upgraded to be dual-lane. Although these improvements enable more through traffic, traffic congestion has increased. Chesham's High Street waspedestrianised in 1990 and the benefits to the High Street have been felt ever since. Whilst some of the previous bustle has been lost, the impact of pedestrianisation has generally been positive.
Bus companies running local services include Carousel Buses]], Red Rose, Redline and Red Eagle.
Residential areas of the town are connected with the central shopping-area. Chesham is also connected by services to nearby Amersham, and further afield toHigh Wycombe,Hemel Hempstead, and Uxbridge.[56]Less frequent services run toAylesbury and to surrounding villages.
There are sixpay and display car parks in the town, managed by Chiltern District Council. This demand for parking reflects the relatively high car usage, a result of both affluence and the limited public transport provision in rural areas. As a consequenceChiltern District has the 4th highestcarbon footprint of all local authorities.[57]
There is limited provision for cycle use within the town. The town is one setting off point for exploring the Chilterns and cycling heritage trails have been developed by the district authority, two of which are centred on countryside around Chesham.[58]
Luton airport is 15 miles away andHeathrow airport 22 miles away. TheBovingdon stack is directly above the town.
Between the 1960s and the mid-1990s Primary education provision in Chesham was organised intoFirst (ages 4–8) andMiddle (ages 8 – 12) with someCombined Schools taking pupils across the whole age range (4 -12). In 1996 the arrangements were modified and the age of transfer to Secondary education was changed to age 11. The schools still retain some elements of the previous arrangement reflected in their names. There are six Primary Schools within Chesham with catchment areas based on post codes: – Elmtree First School, Newtown Infant School, Brushwood Junior School, Thomas Harding Junior School, Ivingswood Academy (previously Little Spring Primary School), Waterside Combined School. Attendance by Chesham children at some of the village schools close to the town is popular.[59]
At secondary level, Buckinghamshire continues to operate a system ofselective education with pupils sitting theeleven plus exam to determine entry to either aGrammar school orSecondary Modern School (also known locally as an Upper School).[60] Two Secondary Schools are located in the town: –Chiltern Hills Academy, a co-educational Church of England Academy, previously known as Chesham Park Community College which was formed from the merger of Lowndes School and Cestreham School) andChesham Grammar School, a co-educational grammar school, which until May 2010 was called Chesham High School. Chesham also falls within the catchment areas of two further grammar schools,Dr Challoner's Grammar School for boys' in Amersham andDr Challoner's High School for girls inLittle Chalfont.
In the Chiltern and South Bucks area around Chesham and over the county border inHertfordshire there are also a number of independent fee-paying schools providing education between ages 4–13 and up to age 18. Chesham Preparatory School is an independent school which opened in 1938 in the town and shortly after relocated to the outskirts of Chesham atOrchard Leigh, providing fee-paying and scholarship-supported education.[61]
Chesham is the location of a nationally renownedSpecial school, Heritage House School which first opened in April 1968 and caters for pupils between the ages of 2 and 19 with severe learning difficulties.[62]AFurther education collegeAmersham & Wycombe College was founded in 1973 and has one of its four campuses in the town on the former Cestreham Senior Boys School at Lycrome Road. The college caters for a range of student cohorts with 2000 students on full-time courses and 5000 on a part-time bases.[63]Adult learning comprising a range of provision including academic,vocational andleisure courses, is provided a four sites in the town. Chesham Adult Learning Centre in Charteridge Lane, ElmTree School, ElmTree Hill, The Douglas McMinn Centre in East Street and The White Hill Centre White Hill.[64]The Chess Valley section of the ChilternUniversity of the Third Age (U3A) was formed in October 2008 in response to increasing demand for activities in the area and meets at St Mary's Church.[65]
The Elgiva Hall opened on its original location in 1976.[66] In 1998, having made way for an enlarged supermarket development the Elgiva was rebuilt as a purpose-built theatre on its current site and reopened as the New Elgiva. Now rebrandedThe Elgiva it is a 300 seated/400 standing capacity theatre, with a Dolby Digital 35mm cinema and is owned and managed by Chesham Town Council. The Elgiva presents a wide-ranging programme of professional and amateur theatre productions, musicals, comedy, dance, one night shows and concerts, pantomimes, films, exhibitions and other public and private events by both professional and community organisations. The Little Theatre by the Park is a facility owned by the Town Council and leased to the Little Theatre Trustees. It is the home to the Chesham Bois Catholic Players and used by other local theatre companies and is used for dance and exercise groups.
Chesham Museum is a newly established museum for the town and surrounding area which opened in 2004 having first been conceived in 1981. Initially it was housed in temporary premises at The Stables behind the Gamekeeper's Lodge Pub in Bellingdon Road. Since October 2009 it has been located at 15 Market Square.[67] There is also an annual Schools of Chesham carnival, Beer festival and bi-annual Chesham festival.
Chesham Library opened in Chesham in 1923 in a room at Cemetery Lodge on Berkhamsted Road. In 1927, it moved into new premises at 33 High Street on the Broadway which it shared with Chesham Urban District Council. After the war it expanded. A children's section was added in 1952. In 1971 the library moved to Elgiva Lane, a site it shared with the Elgive Theatre prior to the latter's relocation to new premises. Since then it has been updated to provide better access and improved internal facilities including the evolution of the reference library into a Study Centre. It also houses a special collection ofVictorian era children's books including some previously owned byFlorence Nightingale.[68]
The White Hill Centre, the site of an old school, is run by Chesham and District Community Association and since 1976 has provided educational, recreational social activities and facilities for societies and the local community to meet.[69]Opposite the town centre is Lowndes Park, a large park with playgrounds and formerly an open air paddling pool. There is a large pond in the park, known as Skottowe's Pond. Lowndes Park was donated to the town of Chesham in 1953. Prior to this it was part of the garden that belonged to the Lowndes family. The Moor, originally an island created by the diversion of the Chess to power mills is today an open space used for recreation and the location for travelling fairs which moved from their traditional location in the town centre in 1938. There are two public swimming pools in the town. Anoutdoor pool at the Moor in Waterside and a roofed pool (andleisure centre), next to Chesham Grammar School at the top of White Hill. The Town Council manages 227allotments spread across three sites.[70] There are 135 footpaths in the Chesham area and in May 2010 the town became the first in the Chilterns to be recognised as a "Walkers are Welcome Town".[71][72]
Chesham United F.C. is the local football club which plays in theSouthern League .v At the end of the 2009–2010 season it was promoted to thePremier Division.[73] It was formed in 1917 through the merger of Chesham Generals (the team of the Chesham General Baptist church now called Broadway Baptist Church), which was founded in 1887, and Chesham Town FC (started as the football team of Christ Church, Waterside), a founding member of the Southern League which started out in 1894 as Chesham FC. The club's most successful period was during the 1967–68 season when it reached the final of theFA Amateur Cup atWembley but lost out toLeytonstone F.C. 1–0 in front of a crowd of 54,000. The club has struggled financially and performance-wise over recent years but has recently had a cash injection from a new financial backer.[74]Chesham cricket club was founded in 1848 and is one of the oldest clubs in theThames Valley Cricket League. Its home ground is at Amy Lane. In addition to four senior Saturday XIs it also runs two Sunday XIs and a women's side. Chesham also has a Junior section, which competes in Buckinghamshire and national competitions.[75]CheshamRugby union Club ('The Stags'), was founded in 1980 and play rugby for boys, girls and adult men and women at Chiltern Hills Academy. The Stags also run netball teams playing in local leagues for girls and women.
Chesham hastwinned with three towns in other countries. It is organised by the Chesham Town Twinning Association. The first link-up was in 1980 withFriedrichsdorf,[76] at the foot of theTaunus Hills nearFrankfurt, Germany. Next followed the association withHouilles,[77][78] acommune of Paris, France, in 1986 and thirdly, in 1995 a tie-up withArchena, in theMurcia region of Spain.[79]Some organisations also have international links. Emmanuel Church is linked with a church in Prague, Czech Republic. Chesham British Legion is linked with its Canadian equivalent in Buckingham, Quebec. Ley Hill Methodist Church is linked with Skopje Methodist Church in Macedonia.
The local newspaper covering Chesham and the surrounding area, although it no longer has an office based in the town, is theBuckinghamshire Examiner founded in 1889.[80] Another Buckinghamshire newspaper with a circulation area covering Chesham is theBucks Free Press.[81]
Radio stations areBBC Three Counties Radio andHeart London.
TheOfcom licensed community radio station for the Chilterns isChiltern Voice which broadcasts on 107.4fm.
Due to its position in a fold in the hill, TV and radio reception in Chesham can be poor and the town now has its own TV mast. In the 1970s, Chesham was one of the last towns in the south east to receiveBBC2, and parts of it still cannot receiveChannel 5. Houses taking their TV reception from the Chesham transmitter[82] have vertically polarised aerials, whilst those in a good enough position receive their signal from theCrystal Palace Transmitter in London with horizontally polarised aerials – they always could receive BBC2 (and indeed Channel 4 & Channel 5).Digital terrestrial television coverage is patchy for much the same reason. Mobile phone reception can be poor in the steeper parts of Chesham and outlying villages.
The following TV series and episodes included filming in Chesham's Old Town and pedestrianised High Street:[83]
The following people have received theFreedom of the Town of Chesham.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Parish of Chesham constituted a Local Government District, formed 13 August 1884.
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