Thenames for chemical elements in East Asian languages, along with those for some chemical compounds (mostlyorganic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, the names of mostelements were created after modernchemistry was introduced to East Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, with more translations being coined for those elements discovered later.

While most East Asian languages use—or have used—theChinese script, only theChinese language useslogograms as the predominant way of naming elements. Native phonetic writing systems are primarily used for element names inJapanese (Katakana),Korean (Hangul) andVietnamese (chữ Quốc ngữ).

InChinese, characters for the elements are the last officially created and recognizedcharacters in theChinese writing system. Unlike characters for unofficial varieties of Chinese (e.g.,written Cantonese) or other now-defunctad hoc characters (e.g.,those by the Empress Wu), the names for the elements are official, consistent, and taught (withMandarin pronunciation) to every Chinese and Taiwanese student who has attended public schools (usually by the first year ofmiddle school). New names and symbols are decided upon by the China National Committee for Terminology in Science and Technology.^[1]

Some metallic elements were already familiar to the Chinese, as theirores were already excavated and used extensively in China for construction,alchemy, and medicine. These include the long-established group of "Five Metals" (五金) —gold (金),silver (銀/银),copper (銅/铜),iron (鐵/铁), andtin (錫/锡) — as well aslead (鉛/铅) andmercury (汞).

Some non-metals were already named in Chinese as well, because their minerals were in widespread use.^[2] For example,

• boron (硼) as part ofborax
• carbon (碳) in the form ofcharcoal
• sulfur (硫) had been used to makegunpowder since at least the 10th century in China.

However, the Chinese did not know about most of the elements until they were isolated during theIndustrial Age. These new elements therefore required new characters, which were invented using thephono-semantic principle. Each character consists of two parts, one to signify the meaning and the other to hint at the sound:

The semantic (meaning) part is also theradical of the character. It refers to the element's usual state atroom temperature andstandard pressure. Only four radicals are used for elements:釒/钅 (jīn "gold; metal") for solid metals,石 (shí "stone, rock") for solid non-metals,水/氵 (shuǐ "water") for liquids, and气 (qì "air, steam") for gases.

The phonetic (sound) part represents the character's pronunciation and is a partial transliteration of the element's name. For each element character, this is a unique phonetic component. Since 118 elements have been discovered, over 100 phonetic components are used in naming the elements. Because many characters in modern Chinese are homophones, including for tone, two different phonetic components can be pronounced the same. Current practice dictates that new names should avoid being homophonous with previous element names or withorganic functional groups. However, this rule was not rigorously followed in the past, and confusingly, the names of tin (锡) and selenium (硒) both have the pronunciationxī with the same tone. The alternative pronunciationxí for tin is recommended by the National Committee for Approval of Terms in Science and Technology (全国科学技术名词审定委员会).

锡 (tin) and 硒 (selenium) are not homophones inNanjing Mandarin, which was the prestige dialect of Chinese when most elements were named, which was until the late 19th century. The phonetic component of 锡, 易 (yì), was accurate when the character was invented around 3000 years ago, but not now because of sound change. InMiddle Chinese 锡 was anentering tone character, a closed syllable ending in -p/-t/-k (or -ʔ in some modern dialects). But 硒 was constructed in the late 19th century using the (still accurate) phonetic 西 (xī), which in Middle Chinese was alevel tone character, an open syllable with a vowel ending. In Beijing Mandarin, the variety on which Standard Modern Chinese is based, stop consonant endings of syllables were dropped, and the entering tone was merged into the other tones in a complex and irregular manner by the 16th–17th centuries, and 锡 and 西 both became Tone 1 (high tone) characters. In dialects that preserve the entering tone, like Nanjing Mandarin and Shanghainese and Cantonese, 锡 retains a -k or -ʔ ending and 锡 and 西 (硒) are pronounced differently.

This sometimes causes difficulty in verbal communication, as Sn and Se can both be divalent and tetravalent. Thus,SnO₂ 二氧化锡 andSeO₂ 二氧化硒 would be pronounced identically, asèryǎnghuàxī, if not for the variantxí for 锡. To avoid further confusion,P.R.C. authorities avoided using the name 矽xī (or any tonal variants) for silicon. (In Taiwan 矽 is pronouncedxì.)

†內/内 is primarily pronounced asnèi, but less commonly asnà, the source of納/纳. Likewise, the primary pronunciation of弟 isdì, but the alternate reading oftì gave rise to銻/锑.

* The derived pronunciation differs (in tone or in sound) from the pronunciation of the element.

The "water" radical (水) is not used much here, as only two elements (bromine and mercury) are truly liquid at standard room temperature and pressure. Their characters are not based on the European pronunciation of the elements' names. Bromine (溴), the only liquid nonmetal at room temperature, is explained in the following section. Mercury (汞), now grouped with theheavy metals, was long classified as a kind of fluid in ancient China.

A few characters, though, are not created using the above "phono-semantic" design, but are "semantic-semantic", that is, both of its parts indicate meanings. One part refers to the element's usual state (like the semanto-phonetic characters), while the other part indicates some additional property or function of the element. In addition, the second part also indicates the pronunciation of the element. Such elements are:

Simple covalent binary inorganic compounds E_mX_n are named as

n X 化 (huà)m E   (withn andm written as Chinese numerals),

where X is more electronegative than E, using the IUPACformal electronegativity order. 化 as a full noun or verb means 'change; transform(ation)'. As a noun suffix, it is equivalent to the English suffixes -ized/-ated/-ified. It is the root of the word 化学 (huàxué) 'chemistry'.

For example, P₄S₁₀ is called 十硫化四磷 (shíliúhuàsìlín) (literally: 'ten sulfur of four phosphorus', 'decasulfide of tetraphosphorus'). As in English nomenclature, ifm = 1, the numerical prefix of E is usually dropped in covalent compounds. For example, CO is called 一氧化碳 (yīyǎnghuàtàn) (literally: 'one oxygen of carbon', 'monoxide of carbon').

However, for compounds named as salts, numerical prefixes are dropped altogether, as in English. Thus, calcium chloride, CaCl₂, is named 氯化钙 (literally: 'chloride of calcium'). The Chinese name for FeCl₃, 氯化铁, literally means 'chlorinated iron' and is akin to the archaic English names 'muriated iron' or 'muriate of iron'. In this example, 氯 is 'chlorine' and 铁 is 'iron'.

There is a Chinese analog of the-ic/-ous nomenclature for higher/lower oxidation states:-ous is translated as 亚 (yà, 'minor; secondary'): for example, FeCl₂ is 氯化亚铁 and FeCl₃ is 氯化铁. In a four-way contrast,hypo- is translated as 次 (cì, 'inferior; following') andper- is translated as 高 (gāo, 'high, upper'). For example, the acid HClO is 次氯酸 "inferior chlorine acid", HClO₂ is 亚氯酸, HClO₃ is 氯酸, and HClO₄ is 高氯酸. In this example, the character 酸 (suān, 'sour') means (organic or inorganic) acid. The more modernStock nomenclature in which oxidation state is explicitly specified can also be used: thus, tin(IV) oxide (SnO₂) is simply 氧化锡(IV).

This article contains uncommonUnicode characters. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

In 2015, IUPAC recognised the discovery of four new elements. In November 2016, IUPAC published their formal names and symbols:nihonium (₁₁₃Nh),moscovium (₁₁₅Mc),tennessine (₁₁₇Ts), andoganesson (₁₁₈Og).

Subsequently, in January 2017, the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies published four naming characters for these elements.^[1] The National Academy for Educational Research under the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China on Taiwan published an almost identical list (the only differences being the use of the traditional Chinese metal radical '釒' in place of the simplified Chinese form '钅' for nihonium and moscovium) in April 2017.^[3]

For traditional Chinese, nihonium and moscovium were then existing characters; while in simplified Chinese, only moscovium already existed in theUnicode Standard. The missing characters were added to Unicode version 11.0 as urgently needed characters in June 2018.^[4]

TheChinese characters for these symbols are:

Nihonium: Traditional:U+9268鉨CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9268 Simplified:U+9FED鿭CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FED (nǐ)

Moscovium: Traditional:U+93CC鏌CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-93CC Simplified:U+9546镆CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9546 (mò)

Tennessine: Both Traditional and Simplified:U+9FEC鿬CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEC (tián)

Oganesson: Both Traditional and Simplified:U+9FEB鿫CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEB (ào)

v t e Names of the chemical elements inSimplified Chinese
	1	2		3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
1	氢 qīnghydro­genH[5]																		氦 hàihe­liumHe
2	锂 lǐlith­iumLi	铍 píberyl­liumBe												硼 péngboronB	碳 tàncarbonC	氮 dànnitro­genN	氧 yǎngoxy­genO	氟 fúfluor­ineF	氖 nǎineonNe
3	钠 nàso­diumNa	镁 měimagne­siumMg												铝 lǚalumin­iumAl	硅 guīsili­conSi	磷 línphos­phorusP	硫 liúsulfurS	氯 lǜchlor­ineCl	氩 yàargonAr
4	钾 jiǎpotas­siumK	钙 gàical­ciumCa		钪 kàngscan­diumSc	钛 tàitita­niumTi	钒 fánvana­diumV	铬 gèchrom­iumCr	锰 měngmanga­neseMn	铁 tiěironFe	钴 gǔcobaltCo	镍 niènickelNi	铜 tóngcopperCu	锌 xīnzincZn	镓 jiāgalliumGa	锗 zhěgerma­niumGe	砷 shēnarsenicAs	硒 xīsele­niumSe	溴 xiùbromineBr	氪 kèkryp­tonKr
5	铷 rúrubid­iumRb	锶 sīstront­iumSr		钇 yǐyttriumY	锆 gàozirco­niumZr	铌 nínio­biumNb	钼 mùmolyb­denumMo	锝 détech­netiumTc	钌 liǎoruthe­niumRu	铑 lǎorho­diumRh	钯 bǎpallad­iumPd	银 yínsilverAg	镉 gécad­miumCd	铟 yīnindiumIn	锡 xítinSn	锑 tīanti­monySb	碲 dìtellur­iumTe	碘 diǎniodineI	氙 xiānxenonXe
6	铯 sècae­siumCs	钡 bèiba­riumBa		镥 lǔlute­tiumLu	铪 hāhaf­niumHf	钽 tǎntanta­lumTa	钨 wūtung­stenW	铼 láirhe­niumRe	锇 éos­miumOs	铱 yīiridiumIr	铂 bóplat­inumPt	金 jīngoldAu	汞 gǒngmer­curyHg	铊 tāthalliumTl	铅 qiānleadPb	铋 bìbis­muthBi	钋 pōpolo­niumPo	砹 àiasta­tineAt	氡 dōngradonRn
7	钫 fāngfran­ciumFr	镭 léira­diumRa		铹 láolawren­ciumLr	𬬻 lúruther­fordiumRf	𬭊 dùdub­niumDb	𬭳 xǐsea­borgiumSg	𬭛 bōbohr­iumBh	𬭶 hēihas­siumHs	鿏 màimeit­neriumMt	𫟼 dádarm­stadtiumDs	𬬭 lúnroent­geniumRg	鿔 gēcoper­niciumCn	鿭 nǐnihon­iumNh	𫓧 fūflerov­iumFl	镆 mòmoscov­iumMc	𫟷 lìliver­moriumLv	鿬 tiántenness­ineTs	鿫 àooga­nessonOg
				镧 lánlan­thanumLa	铈 shìceriumCe	镨 pǔpraseo­dymiumPr	钕 nǚneo­dymiumNd	钷 pǒprome­thiumPm	钐 shānsama­riumSm	铕 yǒueurop­iumEu	钆 gágadolin­iumGd	铽 tèter­biumTb	镝 dīdyspro­siumDy	钬 huǒhol­miumHo	铒 ěrerbiumEr	铥 diūthuliumTm	镱 yìytter­biumYb
				锕 āactin­iumAc	钍 tǔthor­iumTh	镤 púprotac­tiniumPa	铀 yóuura­niumU	镎 náneptu­niumNp	钚 bùpluto­niumPu	镅 méiameri­ciumAm	锔 júcuriumCm	锫 péiberkel­iumBk	锎 kāicalifor­niumCf	锿 āieinstei­niumEs	镄 fèifer­miumFm	钔 ménmende­leviumMd	锘 nuònobel­iumNo
Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element

Pronunciations for some elements differ between mainland China and Taiwan, as described in the article. Simplified characters and mainland Chinese pronunciations are shown above.^[6] Some of the characters for thesuperheavy elements may not be visible depending on fonts.

A minority of the "new characters" are not completely new inventions, as they coincide with archaic characters, whose original meanings have long been lost to most people. For example,鈹 (beryllium),鉻 (chromium),鑭 (lanthanum), and鏷 (protactinium), are obscure characters meaning "needle", "hook", "harrow", and "raw iron", respectively.

Some elements' names were already present as characters used in the names of members of theHouse of Zhu. In the earlyMing dynasty, theHongwu Emperor established a rule that his descendants' given names must follow the order of theFive Phases per generation, and should have a character including theradical for one of the Five Phases. Some later descendants had to adopt rarely used characters, and even created new characters to fit this rule, which were later readopted for chemical elements. For example,

• radium (鐳/镭) fromZhu Shenlei [zh] (朱慎鐳, 1572–1598), Prince Yonghe Gongyi
• polonium (釙/钋) fromZhu Zhengpo [zh] (朱徵釙, 1440–1469), Prince Hanhui
• cerium (鈰/铈) fromZhu Enshi [zh] (朱恩鈰, 1460–1497), Prince Yuanling Xuanmu.

Most element names are the same inSimplified andTraditional Chinese, merely being variants of each other, since most of the names were translated by a single body of standardization before thePRC-ROC split. However, elements discovered close to, during, or after the split sometimes have different names in Taiwan and in mainland China. In Hong Kong, both Taiwanese and mainland Chinese names are used.^[7] A few pronunciations also differ even when the characters are analogous:cobalt gǔ (PRC) / gū (ROC);palladium bǎ (PRC) / bā (ROC);tin xī (PRC) / xí (ROC);antimony tī (PRC) / tì (ROC);polonium pō (PRC) / pò (ROC);uranium yóu (PRC) / yòu (ROC);bohrium bō (PRC) / pō (ROC).^[6]

The isotopes of hydrogen –protium (¹H),deuterium (D) andtritium (T) – are written 氕piē, 氘dāo and 氚chuān, respectively, in both simplified and traditional writing.鑀 is used in Taiwan for botheinsteinium (mainland China: 锿) andionium, a previous name for theisotopethorium-230.^{[citation needed]}

In 1871,John Fryer andShou Xu proposed the modern convention of exclusively using single characters for element names.^[8]

Like other words in the language, elements' names inJapanese can be native (yamatokotoba), from China (Sino-Japanese) or from Europe (gairaigo).

Even though the Japanese language also usesChinese characters (kanji), it primarily employskatakana totransliterate names of the elements fromEuropean languages (oftenGerman/Dutch orLatin [via German] orEnglish). Elements not listed in any of the tables below have their names follow English, like tungsten.

On the other hand, elements known since antiquity are Chinese loanwords, which are mostly identical to their Chinese counterparts, albeit in theShinjitai, for example, iron (鉄) istetsu (Tang-dynasty loan) and lead (鉛) isnamari (native reading). While all elements inChinese are single-character in the official system, some Japanese elements have two characters. Often this parallels colloquial or everyday names for such elements in Chinese, such as 水銀/水银 (pinyin:shuǐyín) for mercury and 硫黃/硫黄 (pinyin:liúhuáng) for sulfur. A special case is tin (錫,suzu), which is more often written inkatakana (スズ).

Some names were later invented to describe properties or characteristics of the element. They were mostly introduced around the 18th century to Japan, and they sometimes differ drastically from their Chinese counterparts. The following comparison shows thatJapanese does not use theradical system for naming elements likeChinese.

AsHanja (Sino-Korean characters) are now rarely used inKorea, all of the elements are written inHangul.Since manyKorean scientific terms were translated fromJapanese sources, the pattern of naming is mostly similar to that of Japanese. Namely, the classical elements areloanwords fromChina, with new elements fromEuropean languages. But recently, some elements' names were changed. For example:

Pre-modern (18th-century) elements often are the Korean pronunciation of their Japanese equivalents, e.g.,

InVietnamese, some of the elements known since antiquity andmedieval times areloanwords fromChinese, such as copper (đồng from銅), tin (thiếc from錫), mercury (thuỷ ngân from水銀), sulfur (lưu huỳnh from硫黃), oxygen (dưỡng khí from氧氣;oxi oroxy is the more common name) and platinum (bạch kim from白金;platin is another common name). Others have native or oldSino-Vietnamese names, such assắt for iron,bạc for silver,chì for lead,vàng for gold,kền for nickel (niken ornickel are the more common names) andkẽm for zinc. In either case, now they are written in theVietnamese alphabet. Before the Latin alphabet was introduced,sắt was rendered as𨫊,bạc as鉑,chì as𨨲,vàng as鐄,kền as𨪝 andkẽm as𨯘 inChữ Nôm.

The majority of elements are shortened and localized pronunciations of the European names (usually from French). For example:

• Phosphorus becomesphốtpho andphosphor.
• The -ine suffix is absent, e.g.,chlorine,iodine andfluorine becomeclo,iốt (oriod) andflo, respectively; compareFrenchchlore,iode,fluor.
• The -um suffix is lost, e.g.,caesium becomesxêzi (orcaesi), pronounced/sezi/; compare the Frenchcésium, pronounced/sezjɔm/ (whereas the English is/sizi-/).
  • Similarly,beryllium,tellurium,lithium,natrium (sodium), andlanthanum becomeberili,telua,liti,natri, andlantan respectively
• The -gen suffix is lost, e.g.,nitrogen,oxygen andhydrogen becomenitơ,ôxy andhiđrô, respectively

A minority of elements, mostly those not suffixed with -ium, retain their full name, e.g.,

• Tungsten (aka wolfram) becomesvolfram.
• Bismuth becomesbitmut.
• Aluminium becomesnhôm (銋), because the ending-nium has a similar pronunciation. It was the first element to be known in English in Vietnam.
• Elements with the -on suffix (e.g.noble gases) seem to be inconsistent.Boron andsilicon are respectively shortened tobo andsilic. On the other hand,neon,argon,krypton,xenon andradon do not have common shorter forms.
• Unlike the otherhalogens,astatine retains its suffix (astatin in Vietnamese).
• Antimony is shortened toantimon, and arsenic toasen; these names are similar to the German ones (Antimon andArsen, respectively).

Some elements have multiple names, for instance, potassium is known aspô-tát andkali (fromkalium, the element's Latin name).

Update in 2018 General Education Program, chemistry section:^[9] (At page 50)

• Integration principles: Chemical nomenclature is used according to recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) with reference to Vietnamese Standards (TCVN 5529:2010 and 5530:2010 of the Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality, Decision No. 2950-QD/BKHCN of the Ministry of Science and Technology), consistent with Vietnamese practice, gradually meeting the requirements of unification and integration.
• Practical principles: Use the names of 13 elements commonly used in Vietnamese: gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, aluminum, zinc, sulfur, tin, nitrogen, sodium, potassium and mercury; At the same time, there are English terms for easy reference. Compounds of these elements are named according to IUPAC recommendations

• Discoveries of the chemical elements
• Organic nomenclature in Chinese

• Wright, David (2000).Translating Science: The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China, 1840–1900. Leiden; Boston: Brill. See especially Chapter Seven, "On Translation".

• Interactive table in Traditional Chinese
• Interactive table in Simplified Chinese
• Interactive table in Japanese
• Interactive table in Korean
• Interactive table in Vietnamese
• English-Chinese periodic table of elements

• The Chinese Periodic Table: A Rosetta Stone for Understanding the Language of Chemistry in the Context of the Introduction of Modern Chemistry into ChinaArchived 2016-03-10 at theWayback Machine
• A New Inquiry into the Translation of Chemical TermsArchived 2016-03-10 at theWayback Machine by John Fryer and Xu Shou
• Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements
• Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC

• Naming of chemical elements
• Languages of East Asia
• Periodic table
• Science and technology in East Asia
• Chinese characters

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