| Mata mata | |
|---|---|
 | |
| In Shanghai Aquarium, China | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Pleurodira |
| Family: | Chelidae |
| Genus: | Chelus |
| Species: | C. fimbriata |
| Binomial name | |
| Chelus fimbriata | |
| Synonyms[1][6] | |
Species synonymy
| |
Themata mata,mata-mata, ormatamata (Chelus fimbriata)[7] is a South Americanspecies of freshwaterturtle found in theAmazon basin and river system of the easternGuianas. It was formerly believed to also occur in theOrinoco basin, western Guianas and upperRio Negro–Branco system, but in 2020 these populations were found to belong to a separate species,Chelus orinocensis (Orinoco mata mata).[1][8] Subsequently, some authorities have modified the common name ofChelus fimbriata toAmazon mata mata.[1] These two are the onlyextant species in thegenusChelus.[1][8]
The mata mata first became known to western scientists when it was described by FrenchnaturalistPierre Barrère in 1741 as a "large land turtle with spiky and ridged scales" (translation).[9] It was first scientifically described asTestudo terrestris in 1765 by Spanish zoologistFermín Zanón Cervera, but the same scientific name was used for describing theGreek tortoise byPeter Forsskål posthumously in 1775. In 1783, the mata mata was scientifically described again, this time asTestudo fimbriata by German naturalistJohann Gottlob Schneider. In 1805, it was moved to its own genus asChelys fimbriata byAndré Marie Constant Duméril.[1][10] From the mid 1700s to the late 1800s, altogether 15 different scientific names were used for the species.[11] Since the late 1800s, most authorities have used the nameChelys fimbriata. In 1963, theInternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature resolved the issue ofTestudo terrestris (Fermín 1765) by declaring it anomen oblitum (meaning that onlyTestudo terrestris Forsskål 1775 is valid and a synonym for the Greek tortoise), while also declaring thatChelys fimbriata is aconserved name for the mata mata.[1][10]
In 1995, distinct morphological differences were found between the populations of the Amazon and Orinoco basins.[12] In 2020, this was supported by agenetic analysis, which showed a deep split between two of its populations. The authors proposed that the mostly Orinoco population be assigned to a new species,Chelus orinocensis, with the Amazon population retaining theChelus fimbriatus. However,Chelus fimbriatus is absent from the upper Rio Negro–Branco system (the northernmost part of the Amazon basin), which instead is inhabited byChelus orinocensis.[8]
The mata mata is a large, sedentary turtle with a large, triangular, flattened head with manytubercles and flaps of skin, and a "spike" on its long and tubular snout.[9] Threebarbels occur on the chin and four additional filamentous barbels at the upper jaw, which is neither hooked nor notched.[13]
The mata mata's brown or black, oblongcarapace can measure up to 45 cm (18 in) at adult age.[14][11] The full adult weight is 17.2 kg (38 lb).[15] The mata mata'splastron is reduced, narrowed, hingeless, shortened towards the front, and deeply notched at the rear with narrow bridges.[13] These may be meant to allow the turtle to resemble a piece of bark, camouflaging it from possible predators.[16] The plastron and bridges are cream to yellow or brown.[13] The head, neck, tail, and limbs are grayish brown on adults.[13] The neck is longer than the vertebra under its carapace and is fringed with small skin flaps along both sides.[13] Hatchlings show a pink to reddish tinge in the underside edge of their carapaces and plastrons that gradually disappear as they grow.
Each forefoot has five webbed claws. Males have concave plastrons and longer, thicker tails than females.[13]
The mata mata inhabits slow moving streams,stagnant pools, marshes, and swamps ranging into northernBolivia, easternPeru, easternEcuador, southeasternColombia, the easternGuianas, and northern and centralBrazil.[1] The mata mata is strictly an aquatic species but it prefers standing in shallow water where its snout can reach the surface to breathe.[17]
The appearance of the mata mata's shell resembles a piece of bark, and its head resembles fallen leaves.[18] As it remains motionless in the water, itsskin flaps enable it to blend into the surrounding vegetation until a fish comes close.[18] The mata mata thrusts out its head and opens its large mouth as wide as possible, creating a low-pressure vacuum that sucks the prey into its mouth, known assuction feeding.[18] The mata mata snaps its mouth shut, the water is slowly expelled, and the fish is swallowed whole; the mata mata cannot chew due to the way its mouth is constructed.[18]
Males display for females by extending their limbs, lunging their heads toward the females with mouths agape, and moving the lateral flaps on their heads. Nesting occurs from October through December in theUpper Amazon. The 12 to 28 brittle, spherical, 35 mm-diametereggs are deposited in a clutch.
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The mata mata is carnivorous, feeding almost exclusively upon aquaticinvertebrates (such asworms,mussels,crustaceans andinsects)[19][20][21] andfish.[9][18] On rare occasions, it may feed on smallbirds,amphibians or smallmammals that have entered the water.[15][21] When the stomach content of 20 wild mata mata turtles was examined it consisted exclusively of small fish. The turtles predominantly feed at night in muddy water with limited visibility. However the turtle is well adapted to hunting in these conditions. The mata mata has very fine eyesight with eyes that reflect light, similar to other nocturnal reptiles. In addition, the skin flaps on the neck are also extremely sensitive and help the mata mata detect nearby movement.[22]
Mata mata turtles use a specific method of seizing their prey. They will move the prey into shallower areas of water, surround the prey, and wave their front legs to prevent them from escaping. Once surrounded, the mata mata turtles will open their mouths and contract their pharynx, causing a rush of water that pushes the prey into their mouth.[23]
Mata mata turtles are readily available in the exotic pet trade and are quite expensive to obtain. Due to their unique appearance, they make interesting display animals. They also grow quite large. However, mata matas are not active hunters, so, like thealligator snapping turtle, they need less space than a large, active species.
As with all aquatic turtles, water quality is one of the keys to keeping this species successfully in captivity. Warm, acidic water is the best type used with a hightannin content that should be maintained all year round. Moderate to heavy filtration is recommended.[24] Author David Fogel considers his captive mata mata turtles to be quite intelligent. For example, he has observed one turtle positioning itself near the spray bar of the aquarium at feeding time so that floating food is pushed beneath the water's surface where the turtle can catch it more easily.[25]
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