| Chelsea Girls | |
|---|---|
 US theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Andy Warhol Paul Morrissey |
| Written by | Ronald Tavel Andy Warhol |
| Produced by | Andy Warhol |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Andy Warhol Paul Morrissey (uncredited) |
| Music by | The Velvet Underground |
| Distributed by | Filmmakers Distribution Center |
Release date |
|
Running time | 210 minutes (approx.) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $3,000 (approx.) |
Chelsea Girls is a 1966 Americanexperimentalunderground film directed byAndy Warhol andPaul Morrissey. The film was Warhol's first major commercial success after a long line ofavant-gardeart films (both feature-length and short). It was shot at theHotel Chelsea and other locations in New York City, and follows the lives of several of the young women living there, and stars many ofWarhol's superstars. The film is presented in asplit screen, accompanied by alternating soundtracks attached to each scene and an alternation between black-and-white and color photography. The original cut runs at just over three hours long.[1]
In 2024, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[2]
The cast of the film is largely made up of persons playing themselves, and are credited as follows:
According to scriptwriterRonald Tavel, Warhol first brought up the idea for the film in the back room ofMax's Kansas City, Warhol's favorite nightspot, during the summer of 1966. InRic Burns' documentary filmAndy Warhol, Tavel recollected that Warhol took a napkin and drew a line down the middle and wrote 'B' and 'W' on opposite sides of the line; he then showed it to Tavel, explaining "I want to make a movie that is a long movie, that is all black on one side and all white on the other." Warhol was referring to both the visual concept of the film, as well as the content of the scenes presented.
The film was shot in the summer and early autumn of 1966 in various rooms and locations inside the Hotel Chelsea, though contrary to the film's title, only poetRené Ricard actually lived there at the time.[3] Filming also took place at Warhol's studioThe Factory. Appearing in the film were many of Warhol's regulars, includingNico,Brigid Berlin,Gerard Malanga,Mary Woronov as Hanoi Hannah, Ingrid Superstar,International Velvet andEric Emerson. According to Burns' documentary, Warhol and his companions completed an average of one 33-minute segment per week.
Once principal photography wrapped, Warhol and co-directorPaul Morrissey selected the 12 most striking vignettes they had filmed and then projected them side by side to create a visual juxtaposition of both contrasting images and divergent content (the so-called "white" or light and innocent aspects of life against the "black" or darker, more disturbing aspects.) As a result, the 6.5 hour running time was essentially cut in half, to 3 hours and 15 minutes. However, part of Warhol's concept for the film was that it would be unlike watching a regular movie because the two projectors could never achieve exact synchronization from viewing to viewing; therefore, despite specific instructions of where individual sequences would be played during the running time, each viewing of the film would, in essence, be an entirely different experience.
Several of the sequences have gone on to attain acult status, most notably the "Pope" sequence, featuring avant-garde actor and poet Robert Olivo, orOndine as he called himself, as well as a segment featuringMary Woronov titled "Hanoi Hannah," one of two portions of the film scripted specifically by Tavel.
Notably missing is a sequence Warhol shot with his most popular superstarEdie Sedgwick which, according to Morrissey, Warhol excised from the final film at the insistence of Sedgwick, who claimed she was under contract toBob Dylan's managerAlbert Grossman at the time the film was made. Sedgwick's footage was used in the Warhol filmAfternoon.
The film was the inspiration for starNico's 1967 debut album,Chelsea Girl, which featured a ballad-like track titled "Chelsea Girls", which was written about the hotel and its inhabitants.
Warhol and his entourage attended the 1967 Cannes Film Festival to present the film, but it wasn't shown.[4] "The festival authorities explained that the film was too long, there were technical problems, there was no time."[4]
In the UK,Chelsea Girls was refused a theatrical certificate in 1967 by theBritish Board of Film Classification.[5]
The girl in the poster isClare Shenstone, at the age of 16, an aspiring artist later influenced byFrancis Bacon.[6] With its creativity and eroticism, the poster captures the sensual essence of the film, and was designed for its London release by graphic artist Alan Aldridge. Warhol was extremely happy with the design, and commented that he "wished the movie was as good as the poster".[7] The poster was used as the cover art forFelt's 1984 albumThe Splendour of Fear.
Although the film garnered the most commercial success of Warhol's films, reaction to it was mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 50%, based on reviews from 10 critics.[8]
Roger Ebert reviewed the film in June 1967, and had a negative response to it, granting it one star out of four. In his review of the film, he stated, "what we have here is 3½ hours of split-screen improvisation poorly photographed, hardly edited at all, employing perversion and sensation like chili sauce to disguise the aroma of the meal. Warhol has nothing to say and no technique to say it with. He simply wants to make movies, and he does: hours and hours of them."[9]Variety wrote that the film was "a pointless, excruciatingly dull three-and-a-half hours spent in the company of Andy Warhol's friends."[10]
Kenneth Baker of theSan Francisco Chronicle reviewed the film in honor of its screening in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2002, and gave the film a positive review, stating "The tyranny of the camera is the oppressionThe Chelsea Girls records and imposes. No wonder it still seems radical, despite all we have seen onscreen and off since 1966."[11] Jonathan Rosenbaum also gave the film a positive review, stating that "the results are often spellbinding; the juxtaposition of two film images at once gives the spectator an unusual amount of freedom in what to concentrate on and what to make of these variously whacked-out performers."[12]TV Guide reviewed the film in December 2006, granting it four stars, calling it "fascinating, provocative, and hilarious" and "a film whose importance as a 1960s cultural statement outweighs any intrinsic value it may have as a film."[13]
In 2024, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[14]
Chelsea Girls is largely unavailable for home video format. The film belongs to the Andy Warhol Foundation, and it, along with Warhol's other films (apart from a handful of hisScreen Tests, which have since been released on DVD)[15] have never seen home video releases in the United States. In Europe, however, a handful of Warhol's films were released on DVD, including a short-lived DVD print ofChelsea Girls which was available in Italy for some time. This Italian DVD print, which is the film's only official home video release, was released on September 16, 2003.[16]
While the film is unavailable for personal purchase, it is often screened at art museums, and has been shown atThe Museum of Modern Art[17] (which owns a rare print of the film reels) as well asThe Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The film was screened in San Francisco for the first time in nearly 20 years atCastro Theatre in April 2002.[18] Screenings were held in 2010 at theSeattle Art Museum[19] and at the Varsity Theater in Chapel Hill, North Carolina,[20] in 2011 at theHigh Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia,[21] and theBlock Museum of Art in Evanston, Illinois in 2016.[22] The full 3 1/2 hour version of the film was screened at theBrooklyn Museum in a custom built theatre within their edition of theAndy Warhol: Revelation exhibit from November 19, 2021 to June 19, 2022.[23]
