Cheboksary was first mentioned in written sources in 1469,[4] but according to archaeological excavations, the area had been populated much earlier. The site hosted a Bulgarian city ofVeda Suvar, which appeared after Mongolsdefeated major Volga Bulgarian cities in the 13th century. During Khanate period the town is believed by some[who?] to have had aTurkic (probably,Tatar[citation needed]) nameÇabaqsar and that the current Russian and English names originate from it. However, in maps by European travelers it was marked asCibocar (Pizzigano, 1367),Veda-Suar (Fra Mauro, 1459).Shupashkar, the Chuvash name literally means the "fortress of the Chuvash".
In 1555, the Russians built a fortress and established a settlement here. In 1625, there were 458 soldiers quartered in Cheboksary, and in 1646 there were 661 males living in the settlement. At the end of the 17th century, Cheboksary was regarded as a major commercial city of the Volga region, and in 1781 it was granted town status[4] withinKazan Governorate. In the beginning of the 19th century the population was about 5500, the town had a sawmill and several small manufactures.
In the 16th and the first half of the 17th century the Vvedensky cathedral, four monasteries and eight churches had been built, in the 18th century the stone buildings of treasury and archive, magistracy, court, and ten churches. In 1880, here were counted 783 houses (33 of them from stone), 91 stores, three schools, two hospitals, and one bank.[citation needed]
In the beginning of the 20th century, 5,100 people lived in Cheboksary. In 1965, the population grew to 163,000.
The city of Cheboksary together with the satellite city Novocheboksarsk forms a polycentric agglomeration with a population of more than 680 thousand people.
The population of Cheboksary consists mainly of the two following ethnic groups; theChuvash (62%), and ethnicRussians (34%).[18] Mixed marriages are quite common.
Cheboksary is located near theCheboksary Dam generating up to 1,404 MW, with a reservoir of 2,274 square kilometers (878 sq mi). Cheboksary is the location of the headquarters of theConcern Tractor Plants, Russia's leading machine building company and one of the largest heavy mechanical engineering companies in the world.[19][21]
Cheboksary trolleybus, the blue stripe at the bottom symbolizes the Volga River
An extensive system oftrolleybuses,autobuses, andminibuses covers the city, providing quick, convenient access to all parts of the city. For those who prefertaxis, there are several taxi agencies available, but the favorite means of transportation among locals are so-called "Gypsy" cabs. In Russia, anybody who owns a car is potentially a taxi. This can be a convenient way to get around but it is also potentially dangerous. Official taxis cost less than 6 dollars for travel between most points within the city.[19]
Because theVolga River runs through Chuvashia, Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the manyboat tours that travel along the major cities up and down the Volga.To the south,Volgograd,Rostov-on-Don,Astrakhan, theCaspian Sea, andBlack Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary withNizhny Novgorod,Yaroslavl,Moscow, and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, it is possible to take cargo from Chuvash riverports all the way toSaint Petersburg,Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea),Astrakhan, and ports situated on theDanube river. However, the river is frozen from December to April.[19]
TheCheboksary Airport (IATA CSY,ICAO UWKS, international airport since 1995) receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights toMoscow and other destinations.Chuvashia Airlines was based at this airport until operations ceased in 2009.Cheboksary is located about a four-hour drive fromStrigino International Airport nearNizhny Novgorod, which offers more flight connections.
Theclimate in the region iscontinental (Köppen: Dfb), and it is similar to theclimate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover.
Climate data for Cheboksary (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–present)
Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. Закон №28 от 19 декабря 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чувашской Республики», в ред. Закона №37 от 30 июля 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Чувашской Республики и признании утратившим силу Закона Чувашской Республики "О едином балансе активов и пассивов Чувашской Республики"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости Государственного Совета ЧР", №23, 1998. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. Law #28 of December 19, 1997On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Law #37 of July 30, 2013On Amending Several Legislative Acts of the Chuvash Republic and on Abrogating the Law of the Chuvash Republic "On Consolidated Balance of Assets and Liabilities of the Chuvash Republic". Effective as of the official publication date.).
Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. Закон №37 от 24 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Чувашской Республики и наделении их статусом городского, сельского поселения, муниципального района и городского округа», в ред. Закона №54 от 9 октября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чувашской Республики "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Чувашской Республики и наделении их статусом городского, сельского поселения, муниципального района и городского округа"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика", №49-50, 30 ноября 2004 г. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. Law #37 of November 24, 2004On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Chuvash Republic and on Granting Them Status of Urban, Rural Settlement, Municipal District, and Urban Okrug, as amended by the Law #54 of October 9, 2015On Amending the Law of the Chuvash Republic "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Chuvash Republic and on Granting Them Status of Urban, Rural Settlement, Municipal District, and Urban Okrug". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication date.).
Чебоксарское городское Собрание депутатов. Решение №40 от 30 ноября 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования города Чебоксары — столицы Чувашской Республики», в ред. Решения №1743 от 20 ноября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования города Чебоксары — столицы Чувашской Республики». Вступил в силу 1 января 2006 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Чебоксарские новости", №255–260, 31 декабря 2005 г. (Cheboksary City Assembly of Deputies. Decision #40 of November 30, 2005Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Cheboksary—the Capital of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Decision #1743 of November 20, 2014On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Cheboksary—the Capital of the Chuvash Republic. Effective as of January 1, 2006 (with the exception of certain clauses).).
Чебоксарское городское Собрание депутатов. Решение №1525 от 24 декабря 2009 г. «О гимне муниципального образования города Чебоксары — столицы Чувашской Республики». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Чебоксарские новости", №148–149, 29 декабря 2009 г. (Cheboksary City Assembly of Deputies. Decision #1525 of December 24, 2009On the Anthem of the Municipal Formation of the City of Cheboksary—the Capital of the Chuvash Republic. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Администрация города Чебоксары Чувашской Республики. Постановление №2083 от 1 июля 2013 г. «О социальном паспорте города Чебоксары за 2012 год». Опубликован: "Вестник органов местного самоуправления города Чебоксары", №12, 10 июля 2013 г. (Administration of the City of Cheboksary of the Chuvash Republic. Resolution #2083 of July 1, 2013On the 2012 Social Passport of the City of Cheboksary. ).
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