La Chasse-galerie, also known as "The Bewitched Canoe" or "The Flying Canoe", is a popularFrench-Canadian tale of lumberjacks from camps working around theGatineau River who make a deal with thedevil, a variant of theWild Hunt. Its best-known version was written byHonoré Beaugrand (1848–1906). It was published inThe Century Magazine in August 1892.
The story has origins in aFrenchlegend about a rich nobleman named Gallery who loved to hunt. He loved it so much that he refused to attendSunday mass. As punishment for this sin he was condemned to fly forever through the night skies, chased by galloping horses and howling wolves, in a fashion reminiscent of theWild Hunt stories.
When French settlers arrived inCanada, they swapped stories with the natives and the tale of Gallery was combined with aFirst Nations legend about a flying canoe. In time, bark canoes became associated with French-Canadian culture as well; when some of the earliest French-Canadians arrived inNew York City, they were reported to have landed on the banks of the Hudson River to "the amazement and admiration of the people, who had never seen bark canoes in their waters before".[1]
After a night of heavy drinking onNew Year's Eve, a group ofvoyageurs working at a remote timber camp yearn to visit their sweethearts some 100 leagues (500 kilometres) away. The only way to make such a long journey, and be back in time for work the next morning, is to run thechasse-galerie. Running thechasse-galerie means making a pact with the Devil so that their canoe can travel through the air to their destination quickly. However, the travellers must not mention God's name or touch the cross of any church steeple as they whisk by in the flying canoe. If either of these rules is broken during the voyage, then the Devil will take their souls. This in mind, the men promise not to touch another drop of rum, to keep their heads clear. The crew take their places in the canoe which begins to rise off the ground. They start to paddle. Far below they see the frozenGatineau River, many villages, plenty of shiny church steeples and even the lights ofMontreal. The bewitched canoe eventually touches down near a house where New Year's Eve festivities are in full swing. No one questions the trappers'/loggers' sudden arrival. They are embraced with open arms and soon are dancing and celebrating as merrily as everyone else. After spending time with their sweethearts and enjoying the festivities, the men notice it is late and know they must leave if they are to get back to camp in time for work. As they fly through the moonless night, it becomes apparent that their navigator had been drinking as he steers the canoe on a dangerously unsteady course. While passing over Montreal, they narrowly miss running into a church steeple, and soon after the canoe ends up stuck in a deep snowdrift. The drunken navigator starts swearing and taking the Lord's name in vain. Terrified the devil will take their souls, the men bind and gag their friend and elect another to steer. The navigator soon breaks his bonds and begins swearing again. The crew become more and more shaken at the possibility of losing their souls, and they accidentally steer the bewitched canoe right into a tall pine. The men spill out of the canoe, and are knocked unconscious.
The ending of the story changes from version to version. In some versions, the men are sentenced to fly the canoe through Hell. They appear in the sky every New Year's Eve but, in all but one version, all the men escape the terms the devil (Lucifer) made.
Several different versions of this legend exist.[2] AnAcadian version involves an axe handle. It stretches to accommodate as many as climb on.
Another variation has the devil himself steering and deliberately trying to break the rules on the return journey, at which point they throw him out of the canoe to save themselves.
In English, this particular legend is known as "The Canoe", or "The Wild Hunt Bewitched". The second name is used to translate preciselychasse-galerie as it is known in Canadian French; the other term is much broader.
In Quebec, the best-known version is written byHonoré Beaugrand. This is the story of theGatineau loggers who make a pact with the devil in order to steal a boat so they can visit their women. They are warned, however, not to blaspheme during the voyage, or touch crosses atop church steeples, and they must be back before six o'clock the next morning. Otherwise they would lose their souls. In his version, the devil (Lucifer) is rather generous, and allows the men to return unhurt and undamaged.
The tale appeared in a book of French-Canadian folktales calledLegends of French Canada byEdward C. Woodley, published in 1931, republished in 1938.[3] The tale is told as a recollection of one of the men who madechasse-galerie. The men travel fromSt. Maurice toSt. Jean. The return accident is credited towhiskey-blanc.[4]
An earlier volume in English, entitledThe Flying Canoe (La Chasse-Galerie) was written byJ.E. LeRossignol, byMcClelland & Stewart Publishers in 1929. In it, thanks is given (with no further publication information) to "the TorontoStar Weekly, and theCanadian Home Journal for their courteous permission to republish certain stories which appeared originally in these journals."[5]
In 2015, a musical theatre version of the story was performed at the Storefront Theatre in Toronto. It won twoDora Awards and twoToronto Theatre Critics Awards. A larger production was mounted in 2016 bySoulpepper Theatre.[6]
A Canadian 40¢postage stamp was issued in 1991 (as the Witched Canoe), illustrating this legend (Canadian Scott #1334 or #1445), which forms part of a series on Canadianfolktales.
One of the oldest rides at Montreal'sLa Ronde amusement park, La Pitoune, uses this legend as inspiration. It is a basic sawmill log ride, but overhead is a representation of the flying canoe, with the devil perched behind the terrified men. The high bench at the back of the log-cars is therefore referred to as "the devil-seat". It closed down during the 2016 season.
The legend serves as the label motif forMaudite, an ale produced by theUnibroue brewery of Quebec.
The science fiction authorGordon R. Dickson wrote a novelette titled "The Immortal" in 1965, which was later incorporated into the collectionMutants (1970). A French-Canadian spaceman, piloting a spaceship called "la Chasse Gallerie" (the misspelling is consistent through the story), is the victim of an attack by aliens that misfires, sending his ship hundreds of light-years away. He tries to return, but only the ship itself, devoid of any occupant, is then discovered and rescued by humans two centuries later. The novelette was later expanded into the novelThe Forever Man (1986), by the same author.
TheNational Film Board of Canada produced a short animated film ofThe Legend of the Flying Canoe (La Chasse-galerie).[7]
Claude Dubois sings a song called "Chasse Galerie" on the live albumRencontre de rêves (1992).Bruno Pelletierperformed it in 2001 at the opening of the fourth Jeux de la Francophonie.
The Quebec folk bandLa Bottine Souriante recorded a song based on the legend, "Martin de la Chasse-Galerie", for their albumLa Mistrine in 1994. In the song, Satan condemns the men in the flying canoe to wander in the skies over Montreal until the day of judgement.
Montrealfolk metal bandBlackguard use an image of the flying canoe on the cover of their 2009 albumProfugus Mortis. Included on the album is a song called "The Last We Wage". Its lyrics are based on this legend.
During theOpening Ceremony for the2010 Winter Olympics inVancouver, a canoe containing fiddlerColin Maier was lowered from the ceiling in an allusion to the legend.
The Flying Canoe appears inFrédéric Back's 1981 animated filmCrac.[8]
The Legend of the Flying Canoe: Directed by Robert Doucet, with Yvon Thiboutot is an animated French-Canadian folktale based on Chasse galerie released in 1996.[[1]]
The radio programC'est la Vie retold the story on December 28, 2001, narrated by storytellerMarylyn Peringer.[citation needed]
The first feature film adaptation,Wild Run: The Legend (Chasse-Galerie: La Légende), was released in February 2016.[9] It was written byGuillaume Vigneault and directed by Jean-Philippe Duval.[10]
A stage play written byTyrone Savage, with music and lyrics by James Smith, was produced by theSoulpepper Theatre Company inToronto in 2016.[11]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
La Chasse-galerie public domain audiobook atLibriVox (in French)New France (1534–1763) | |
|---|---|
| History | |
| Colonies |
|
| Towns and villages |
|
| Forts | |
| Governments |
|
| Laws | |
| Economy | |
| Society | |
| Missionary groups | |
| Wars | |
