Charles's reign of almost six years proved to be deeply unpopular amongst the liberals in France from the moment ofhis coronation in 1825, in which he tried to revive the practice of theroyal touch. The governments appointed under his reign reimbursed formerlandowners for theabolition of feudalism at the expense ofbondholders, increased the power of theCatholic Church, and reimposed capital punishment forsacrilege, leading to conflict with the liberal-majorityChamber of Deputies.[4]
At the death of his father in 1765, Charles's oldest surviving brother,Louis Auguste, became the new Dauphin (theheir apparent to the French throne). Their mother Marie Josèphe, who never recovered from the loss of her husband, died in March 1767 fromtuberculosis.[6] This left Charles an orphan at the age of nine, along with his siblings Louis Auguste,Louis Stanislas, Count of Provence,Clotilde ("Madame Clotilde"), andÉlisabeth ("Madame Élisabeth"). Louis XV fell ill on 27 April 1774 and died on 10 May ofsmallpox at the age of 64.[7] His grandson Louis-Auguste succeeded him as King Louis XVI.[8]
In November 1773, Charles marriedMarie Thérèse of Savoy. In 1775, Marie Thérèse gave birth to a boy,Louis Antoine, who was createdDuke of Angoulême by Louis XVI. Louis-Antoine was the first of the next generation of Bourbons, as the king and the Count of Provence had not fathered any children yet, causing the Parisianlibellistes (pamphleteers who published scandalous leaflets about important figures in court and politics) to lampoon Louis XVI's alleged impotence.[9] Three years later, in 1778, Charles' second son,Charles Ferdinand, was born and given the title ofDuke of Berry.[10]
Also in 1778, QueenMarie Antoinette gave birth to her first child,Marie Thérèse, quelling all rumours that she could not bear children. Charles was thought of as the most attractive member of his family, bearing a strong resemblance to his grandfather Louis XV.[11] His wife was considered quite ugly by most contemporaries, and he looked for company in numerous extramarital affairs. According to the Count of Hézecques, "few beauties were cruel to him". Among his lovers was notablyAnne Victoire Dervieux. Later, he embarked upon a lifelong love affair with the beautifulLouise de Polastron, the sister-in-law ofMarie Antoinette's closest companion, theDuchess of Polignac.
Charles struck up a firm friendship with Marie Antoinette herself, whom he had first met upon her arrival in France in April 1770 when he was twelve.[11] The closeness of the relationship was such that he was falsely accused by Parisian rumour mongers of having seduced her. As part of Marie Antoinette's social set, Charles often appeared opposite her in the private theatre of her favourite royal retreat, thePetit Trianon. They were both said to be very talented amateur actors. Marie Antoinette playedmilkmaids,shepherdesses, and country ladies, whereas Charles played lovers,valets, and farmers.
A famous story concerning the two involves the construction of theChâteau de Bagatelle. In 1775, Charles purchased a smallhunting lodge in theBois de Boulogne. He soon had the existing house torn down with plans to rebuild. Marie Antoinette wagered her brother-in-law that the new château could not be completed within three months. Charles engaged theneoclassical architectFrançois-Joseph Bélanger to design the building.[12] He won his bet, with Bélanger completing the house in sixty-three days. It is estimated that the project, which came to include manicured gardens, cost over two millionlivres. Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts, totalling 21 millionlivres. In the 1780s, King Louis XVI paid off the debts of both his brothers, the Counts of Provence and Artois.[12]
In March 1778, Charles caused a scandal when he assaulted the Duchess of Bourbon,Bathilde d'Orléans, at a masked ball, while "escorting [Madame] Canillac,a lady of the town ... After exchanging a few words, the irritated Duchess reached up and snatched off his mask whereupon he pulled her nose so hard and painfully that she wept."[13] Her husband,Louis Henri, Prince of Condé, challenged him to aduel, during which Charles was wounded in the hand. When the Bourbons later attended a play, they were received with "enthusiastic cheers",[13] although the two men were reconciled the next year. This affair became known as:An Incident at the Opera Ball on Mardi Gras in 1778. In 1781, Charles acted as a proxy forHoly Roman EmperorJoseph II at the christening of his godson, theDauphin Louis Joseph.[14]
Charles's political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, when it became apparent that the kingdom was bankrupt from previous military endeavours (in particular theSeven Years' War and theAmerican War of Independence) and needed fiscal reform to survive. Charles supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges, but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by either theCatholic Church or the nobility. He believed that France's finances should be reformed without the monarchy being overthrown. In his own words, it was "time for repair, not demolition."[15]
King Louis XVI eventually convened theEstates General, which had not been assembled for over 150 years, to meet in May 1789 to ratify financial reforms. Along with his sister Élisabeth, Charles was the most conservative member of the family[16] and opposed the demands of the Third Estate (representing thecommoners) to increase their voting power. This prompted criticism from his brother, who accused him of being "plus royaliste que le roi" ("more royalist than the king"). In June 1789, the representatives of the Third Estate declared themselves aNational Assembly intent on providing France with a new constitution.[17]
In conjunction with theBaron de Breteuil, Charles had political alliances arranged to depose the liberal minister of financeJacques Necker. These plans backfired when Charles attempted to secure Necker's dismissal on 11 July without Breteuil's knowledge, much earlier than they had originally intended. It was the beginning of a decline in hispolitical alliance with Breteuil, which ended in mutual loathing.[citation needed]
Necker's dismissal provoked thestorming of the Bastille on 14 July. With the concurrence of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Charles and his family left France three days later, on 17 July, along with several other courtiers. These included theDuchess of Polignac, the queen's favourite.[18] His flight was historically attributed to personal fears for his own safety. However recent research indicates that the King had approved his brother's departure in advance, seeing it as a means of ensuring that one close relative would be free to act as a spokesman for the monarchy, after Louis himself had been moved fromVersailles to Paris.[19]
Charles and his family decided to seek refuge inSavoy, his wife's native country,[20] where they were joined by some members of theCondé family.[21] Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis XVI was struggling with the National Assembly, which was committed to radical reforms and had enacted theConstitution of 1791. In March 1791, the Assembly also enacted aregency bill that provided for the case of the king's premature death. While his heirLouis-Charles was still a minor, theCount of Provence, the Duke of Orléans or, if either was unavailable, someone chosen by election should become regent, completely passing over the rights of Charles who, in the royal lineage, stood between the Count of Provence and the Duke of Orléans.[22]
After theattempted flight was stopped atVarennes, Charles moved on toKoblenz, where he, the recently escaped Count of Provence and the Princes of Condé jointly declared their intention to invade France. The Count of Provence was sending dispatches to various European sovereigns for assistance, while Charles set up acourt-in-exile in theElectorate of Trier. On 25 August, the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire andPrussia issued theDeclaration of Pillnitz, which called on other European powers to intervene in France.[24]
On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared allemigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands.[25] This measure was followed by the suspension and eventually theabolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned, and the former king and former queen were eventually executed in 1793.[26] The young former dauphin died of illnesses and neglect in 1795.[27]
When theFrench Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where KingGeorge III gave him a generous allowance. Charles lived inEdinburgh and London with his mistressLouise de Polastron.[28] His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated toVerona and then toJelgava Palace,Mitau, where Charles' son Louis Antoine married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie Thérèse, on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to the United Kingdom.[29]
In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join theCoalition forces insouthern France. Louis XVIII, by then reliant on a wheelchair, supplied Charles withletters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of France. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later,Napoleon abdicated. TheSenate declared the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, with Louis XVIII as King of France. Charles (now heir-presumptive) arrived in the capital on 12 April[30] and acted as Lieutenant General of the realm until Louis XVIII arrived from the United Kingdom. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created anultra-royalistsecret police that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years.[31]
Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy theTuileries Palace.[32] The Count of Artois lived in thePavillon de Mars, and the Duke of Angoulême in thePavillon de Flore, which overlooked the RiverSeine.[33] The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on10 August 1792.[32]
Following the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII promulgated aliberal constitution, theCharter of 1814, which provided for abicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men andfreedom of religion.[34] After theHundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815,[35] theWhite Terror focused mainly on the purging of a civilian administration which had almost completely turned against the Bourbon monarchy. About 70,000 officials were dismissed from their positions. The remnants of theNapoleonic army were disbanded after theBattle of Waterloo and its senior officers cashiered. MarshalNey was executed for treason, and MarshalBrune was murdered by a crowd.[36] Approximately 6,000 individuals who had rallied to Napoleon were brought to trial. There were about 300mob lynchings in southern France, notably in Marseille where a number of Napoleon'sMamluks preparing to return to Egypt, were massacred in their barracks.
While the king retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such asJules de Polignac, the writerFrançois-René de Chateaubriand andJean-Baptiste de Villèle.[37] On several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministers and threatened to leave the country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them.[38] Louis, in turn, feared that his brother's andheir presumptive'sultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more (which they eventually did).
On 14 February 1820, Charles's younger son, theDuke of Berry, was assassinated at theParis Opera. This loss not only plunged the family into grief but also put the succession in jeopardy, as Charles's elder son, theDuke of Angoulême, was childless. The lack of male heirs in the Bourbon main line raised the prospect of the throne passing to theDuke of Orléans and his heirs, which horrified the more conservative ultras. Parliament debated the abolition of theSalic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow,Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son,Henry, Duke of Bordeaux.[39] His birth was hailed as "God-given", and the people of France purchased for him theChâteau de Chambord in celebration of his birth.[40] As a result, his granduncle, Louis XVIII, added the title Count of Chambord, henceHenri, Count of Chambord, the name by which he is usually known.
Charles' brother King Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824.[41] Having bothdry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year, aged almost 69. Charles, by now aged 66, succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X.[42] On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral ofReims, the traditional site ofconsecration of French kings; it had been unused since 1775, as Louis XVIII had forgone the ceremony to avoid controversy and because his health was too precarious.[43] It was in the venerable cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris that Napoleon had consecrated hisrevolutionary empire; but in ascending the throne of his ancestors, Charles reverted to the old place of coronation used by the kings of France from the early ages of the monarchy.[44] The last coronation to be held there was theCoronation of Louis XVI in 1775.
The Coronation of Charles X byFrançois Gérard. Consecration of Charles X as King of France in the Cathedral of ReimsCoronation robe of King Charles X. Preserved in the palais du Tau in Reims (Marne, France).
Like the regime of the Restoration itself, the coronation was conceived as a compromise between the monarchical tradition and theCharter of 1814: it took up the main phases of traditional ceremonial such as the seven anointings or the oaths on the Gospels, all by associating with it the oath of fidelity taken by the King to the Charter of 1814 or the participation of the great princes in the ceremonial as assistants of the Archbishop of Reims.
A commission was charged with simplifying and modernizing the ceremony and making it compatible with the principles of the monarchy according to the Charter (deletion of the promises of struggle against heretics and infidels, of the twelve peers, of references to Hebrew royalty, etc.) – it lasted three and a half hours.
In fact, the choice of the coronation was applauded by the royalists in favor of a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy and not only by those nostalgic for the ancien régime; the fact that the ceremony was modernized and adapted to new times encouragedChateaubriand, a non-absolutist royalist and enthusiastic supporter of the Charter of 1814, to invite the king to be crowned. In thebrochureThe King is Dead! Long live the king! Chateaubriand explains that a coronation would have being the "link in the chain which united the oath of the new monarchy to the oath of the old monarchy"; it is continuity with the Ancien Régime more than its return that the royalists extol, Charles X having inherited the qualities of his ancestors: "pious likeSaint Louis, affable, compassionate and vigilant likeLouis XII, courteous likeFrancis I, frank asHenry IV".
The coronation showed that dynastic continuity went hand in hand with political continuity; for Chateaubriand: "The current constitution is only the rejuvenated text of the code of our old franchises". This coronation took several days: the 28 May, vespers ceremony; 29 May, ceremony of the coronation itself, chaired by the Archbishop of Reims,Jean-Baptiste de Latil, in the presence in particular of Chateaubriand,Lamartine,Victor Hugo, and a large audience; 30 May, award ceremony for the Knights of theOrder of the Holy Spirit and finally, 31 May, theRoyal touch of scrofula.
The coronation of Charles X therefore appeared to be a compromise between the tradition of the ancien régime and the political changes that had taken place since the Revolution. The coronation nevertheless had a limited influence on the population. It wasLuigi Cherubini who composed the music for theCoronation Mass. For the occasion, the composerGioachino Rossini composed the OperaIl Viaggio a Reims.
Charles got closer to the population by the trip he made to the north of France in September 1827,[45] then to the east of France in September 1828.[46] He was accompanied by his eldest son and heir-apparent, the Duke of Angoulême, nowDauphin of France. In his first act as king, Charles attempted to bring comity to the House of Bourbon by granting the style ofRoyal Highness to his cousins of theHouse of Orléans, a title denied by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' vote for the death of Louis XVI.
Charles gave his prime minister, Villèlle lists of laws to be ratified in each parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation originally proposed by Louis XVIII to pay anindemnity (thebiens nationaux) to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution.[47] The law gave approximately 988 millionfrancs worth of government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership. In the same month, theAnti-Sacrilege Act was passed. Charles's government attempted to re-establish male-onlyprimogeniture for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but this was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies.[47]
Charles's unpopularity in the mostly-liberal minded urban Paris became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the king's review of theNational Guard in Paris after several guardsmen chanted "down with Villèle!" and "down with theJesuits!". In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat.[43] After losing his parliamentary majority in a general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointedJean-Baptise de Martignac, a man the king disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointedJules de Polignac, who, however, lost his majority in parliament at the end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. Regardless, Polignac retained power and refused to recall the Chambers until March 1830.[48]
On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to end the threat of Algerian pirates toMediterranean trade, hoping also to increase his government's popularity through a military victory. The pretext for the war was an outrage by theViceroy of Algeria, who had struck the French consul with the handle of hisfly swat in a rage over French failure to pay debts fromNapoleon's invasion of Egypt.[48] French troops occupied Algiers on 5 July.[49]
THE GREAT NUTCRACKER OF 25 JULY. In this caricature Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack.
The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, but Charles's opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill requiring the King's minister to obtain the support of the Chambers, and on 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority of 30, voted in favor. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections, and the chamber was suspended on 19 March.[50]
The elections of 23 June did not produce a majority favorable to the government. On 6 July, the king and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for in Article 14 of the Charter in case of emergency. On 25 July, at theroyal residence inSaint-Cloud, Charles issued fourordinances thatcensored the press,dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered theelectoral system, and called for elections under the new system in September.[49]
The Ordinances were intended to quell the popular discontent but had the opposite effect. Journalists gathered in protest at the headquarters of theNational daily, founded in January 1830 byAdolphe Thiers,Armand Carrel, and others. On Monday, 26 July, the government newspaperLe Moniteur Universel published the ordinances, and Thiers published a call to revolt signed by forty-three journalists:[51]"The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty!"[52] In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of thePalais-Royal, shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Long live the Charter!". As the police closed off the gardens, the crowd regrouped in a nearby street where they shatteredstreetlamps.[53]
The next morning of 27 July, policeraided and shut down newspapers includingLe National. When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they threw stones at the soldiers, prompting them to shoot. By evening, the city was in chaos and shops were looted. On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in the streets.Marshal Marmont, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive, but some of his men defected to the rioters, and by afternoon he had to retreat to theTuileries Palace.[54]
The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the king to assuage the protesters by revoking the four Ordinances. On Marmont's request, the prime minister applied to the king, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled atJacques Laffitte's house and electedLouis Philippe d'Orléans to take the throne from King Charles, proclaiming their decision on posters throughout the city. By the end of the day, the authority of Charles' government had evaporated.[55]
A few minutes after midnight on 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were planning to attack the Saint-Cloud residence, Charles X decided to seek refuge in Versailles with his family and the court, with the exception of the Duke of Angoulême, who stayed behind with the troops, and the Duchess of Angoulême, who was taking the waters atVichy. Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom.[56] Charles' road to Versailles was filled with disorganized troops and deserters. The Marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royalcortège entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe, as the Versailles national guards wearing the revolutionary tricolor were occupying thePlace d'Armes. Charles then set out for theTrianon at five in the morning.[57] Later that day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême from Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles ordered a departure forRambouillet, where they arrived shortly before midnight. On the morning of 1 August, the Duchess of Angoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of events, arrived atRambouillet.
The following day, 2 August, King Charles X abdicated, bypassing his son the Dauphin in favor of his grandsonHenry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême (the Dauphin) refused to countersign the document renouncing his rights to the throne of France. According to the Duchess of Maillé, "there was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room." Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned his father's declaration:[58]
"My cousin, I am too deeply pained by the ills that afflict or could threaten my people, not to seek means of avoiding them. Therefore, I have made the resolution to abdicate the crown in favor of my grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux. The Dauphin, who shares my feelings, also renounces his rights in favor of his nephew. It will thus fall to you, in your capacity as Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, to proclaim the accession of Henri V to the throne. Furthermore, you will take all pertinent measures to regulate the forms of government during the new king's minority. Here, I limit myself to stating these arrangements, as a means of avoiding further evils. You will communicate my intentions to the diplomatic corps, and you will let me know as soon as possible the proclamation by which my grandson will be recognized as king under the name of Henri V."[a]
Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimedKing of the French by the members of the Chamber.[59]
The Coronini Cronberg Palace inGorizia, where Charles X spent the last month of his lifeTombs of Charles X and his son Louis at theKostanjevica Monastery in the Slovenian town ofNova Gorica
When it became apparent that a mob 14,000 strong was preparing to attack, the royal family left Rambouillet and, on 16 August, embarked for the United Kingdom onpacket steamers provided by Louis Philippe. Informed by theBritish prime minister, theDuke of Wellington, that they needed to arrive in Britain as private citizens, all family members adopted pseudonyms; Charles X styled himself "Count of Ponthieu". The Bourbons were greeted coldly by the British, who upon their arrival mockingly waved the newly adoptedtricolour flags at them.[60] Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had lent him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be repaid in full. However, the family was able to use money Charles's wife had deposited in London.[60] The Bourbons were allowed to reside inLulworth Castle in Dorset, but quickly moved toHolyrood Palace in Edinburgh,[60] near theDuchess of Berry atRegent Terrace.[61]
Charles' relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess declared herself regent for her son Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was now the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her this role, but in December agreed to support her claim[62] once she had landed in France.[61][page needed] In 1831, the Duchess made her way from Britain by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria to her family in Naples.[61][page needed] Having gained little support, she arrived inMarseille in April 1832,[61][page needed] and made her way to theVendée, where she tried to instigate an uprising against the new regime. There she was imprisoned, much to the embarrassment of her father-in-law Charles.[62] He was further dismayed when after her release the Duchess married the Count of Lucchesi Palli, a minor Neapolitan noble. In response to thismorganatic match, Charles banned her from seeing her children.[63]
At the invitation ofEmperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved toPrague in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at theHradschin Palace.[62] In September 1833,Bourbon legitimists gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations, but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority.[64] On the same day, after much cajoling byChateaubriand, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place inLeoben on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet her after they learned of hersecond marriage. Charles refused the Duchess' demands, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, he acquiesced. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.[64]
Upon the death of the Austrian emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Prague Castle, as the new emperorFerdinand wished to use it forcoronation ceremonies. The Bourbons moved initially toTeplitz. Then, as Ferdinand continued his use of Prague Castle, Kirchberg Castle was purchased for them. Moving there was postponed due to an outbreak ofcholera in the locality.[65] In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival atGörz (Gorizia) in theKingdom of Illyria, he caughtcholera and died on 6 November 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black mourning. Charles was interred in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in theFranciscanKostanjevica Monastery (now inNova Gorica, Slovenia), where his remains lie in a crypt with those of his family.[65] He is the only King of France to be buried outside the country.[66][67] A movement reportedly began in 2016 advocating for Charles X's remains to be buried along with other French monarchs in theBasilica of St Denis,[66][67] althoughLouis Alphonse, current head of theHouse of Bourbon, stated in 2017 that he wished the remains of his ancestors to lie undisturbed.[68]
Charles X marriedPrincess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of KingVictor Amadeus III of Sardinia, andMaria Antonietta of Spain, on 16 November 1773.The couple had four children – two sons and two daughters – but the daughters did not survive childhood. Only the oldest son survived his father. The children were:
^Charles X's abdication(in French):"Mon cousin, je suis trop profondément peiné des maux qui affligent ou qui pourraient menacer mes peuples pour n'avoir pas cherché un moyen de les prévenir. J'ai donc pris la résolution d'abdiquer la couronne en faveur de mon petit-fils, le duc de Bordeaux. Le dauphin, qui partage mes sentiments, renonce aussi à ses droits en faveur de son neveu. Vous aurez donc, en votre qualité de lieutenant général du royaume, à faire proclamer l'avènement de Henri V à la couronne. Vous prendrez d'ailleurs toutes les mesures qui vous concernent pour régler les formes du gouvernement pendant la minorité du nouveau roi. Ici, je me borne à faire connaître ces dispositions : c'est un moyen d'éviter encore bien des maux. Vous communiquerez mes intentions au corps diplomatique, et vous me ferez connaître le plus tôt possible la proclamation par laquelle mon petit-fils sera reconnu roi sous le nom de Henri V."
^abPrice, Munro.The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions. Macmillan. pp. 185–187.
^abMerriman, John M.; Winter, J. M. (2006).Europe 1789 to 1914: encyclopedia of the age of industry and empire. Detroit, Mich.: Charles Scribner's Sons.ISBN978-0-6843-1496-9.OCLC76769541.
^Évelyne Lever,Louis XVI, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris (1985), p. 43.
^Antonia Fraser,Marie Antoinette: the Journey, pp. 113–116.
^Charles Porset, Hiram sans-culotte? Franc-maçonnerie, lumières et révolution: trente ans d'études et de recherches, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998, p. 207.
^Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter"p. 18
^Almanach de la cour: pour l'année 1817. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. 63,78.
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1 Actually reigned twice: first from 1814–1815, second from 1815–1824 2 Actually reigned from 1824–1830 3 Reigned in pretense asLouis Philippe II from 1848–1873 4 Briefly restored and then deposed in 1815 5 Actually reigned from 1852–1870 6 Pretense disputed until 1891 7 Pretense currently disputed
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