Charles Neill | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Commissioner of theU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | |
| In office February 1905 – May 1913 | |
| President | Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Carroll D. Wright |
| Succeeded by | George Wallace William Hanger |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1865-12-12)December 12, 1865 Rock Island, Illinois |
| Died | October 3, 1942(1942-10-03) (aged 76) Washington, D.C. |
| Education | University of Notre Dame University of Texas Georgetown University |
Charles Patrick Neill (December 12, 1865 – October 3, 1942) was an American civil servant who was raised inAustin, Texas, after his family emigrated from Ireland in 1850. Neill graduated fromJohns Hopkins University in 1897 with adoctorate ineconomics andpolitics. He was appointed theUnited States Commissioner of Labor in 1906 by PresidentTheodore Roosevelt. As Commissioner of Labor he helped inspect theMeat Packing industries, and reported women andchild labor injustices. He also mediated labor disputes between workers and employers in the coal, railroad, and steel corporations.
Charles P. Neill was born on December 12, 1865, atRock Island, Illinois. His parents, James and Julia Neill had emigrated fromIreland in 1850. The family moved to Austin, Texas, in 1871, where Charles' father, James, practiced law. Charles was employed as a bank messenger from 1876 to 1885. He attended theUniversity of Notre Dame from 1885 to 1888 where he enjoyed his youth playing with snowballs.[1][2] He then attended theUniversity of Texas at Austin from 1888 to 1889 and finally graduated fromGeorgetown University inWashington, D.C., in 1891. He later taught at Notre Dame from 1891 to 1894. He studied at Johns Hopkins University from 1894 to 1897 and earned a doctorate in economics and politics. He then decided to continue teaching at theCatholic University of America, where he taught as an economics professor from 1896 to 1905 along with his peerCarroll D. Wright.[3] He married Esther Waggaman of Washington, D.C., in 1901.
In 1902, Charles was appointed by President Roosevelt to serve as assistant recorder of theAnthracite Coal Strike Commission and his work received recognition. In 1904, the board ofarbitration was appointed to defuse a threatened coal strike in Alabama, and one of the members, Judge George Gray ofDelaware, made his participation dependent upon Charles serving as the recorder, which allowed for Charles to become better known in his field. Shortly after, in 1905, Roosevelt selected Neill to succeedCarroll D. Wright, who had also taught economics at Catholic University, as United States Commissioner of Labor from 1905 to 1913.[4]
PresidentWilliam Howard Taft reappointed Charles in 1909.Woodrow Wilson appointed him Commissioner of Labor Statistics in 1913 when theDepartment of Commerce and Labor was divided and theBureau of Labor Statistics was established in the new Department of Labor. Neill provided federal mediation services in railroad labor disputes and he drafted the Newlands Labor Act in 1913. WhenUpton Sinclair wrote his bookThe Jungle, Roosevelt sent Neill toChicago investigate themeat packing industry, when Neill returned he described the packing industries as being "revolting".[5] This caused much controversy in society as the terrible unsanitary conditions were of meat products were being publicized.The Neill-Reynolds Report (which is what the investigation report was named) led to theMeat Inspection Act of 1906. ThePure Food and Drug Act, enacted on the same day in 1906, also gave the government broad jurisdiction over food in interstate commerce.[3] In addition, his detailed report onchild labor provided a basis for congressional legislation. his child labor report showed the injustices of the working condition for children as well as women.[6]
Many employers believed that getting women and children out of the farm and working in mills was actually better for them. However, this was proved untrue, as reports were publicized about the bad ventilation in these factories and the unsanitary conditions in which they were put to work. Also, it was noted that they did not receive the same benefits as men and were often used as cheap labor.[7] As a result, Charles helped pass an 8-hour maximum work day. Charles P. Neill also exposed the shocking working hours and conditions in the Bethlehem Steel Works company,[8] as well as writing a report on the strike of textile workers inLawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912.[6]
What Roosevelt has said about his work with Charles P. Neill:
Unfortunately, thoroughly efficient government servants often proved to be the prime offenders so far as the enforcement of the eight-hour law was concerned, because in their zeal to get good work done for the Government they became harsh taskmasters, and declined to consider the needs of their fellow-employees who served under them. The more I had studied the subject the more strongly I had become convinced that aneight-hour day under the conditions of labor in the United States was all that could, with wisdom and propriety, be required either by the Government or by private employers; that more than this meant, on the average, a decrease in the qualities that tell for good citizenship. I finally solved the problem, as far as Government employees were concerned, by calling in Charles P. Neill, the head of the Labor Bureau; and, acting on his advice, I speedily made the eight-hour law really effective. Any man who shirked his work, who dawdled and idled, received no mercy; slackness is even worse than harshness; for exactly as in battle mercy to the coward is cruelty to the brave man, so in civil life slackness towards the vicious and idle is harshness towards the honest and hard-working.We passed a good law protecting the lives and health of miners in the Territories, and other laws providing for the supervision of employment agencies in the District of Columbia, and protecting the health of motormen and conductors on street railways in the District. We practically started the Bureau of Mines. We provided for safeguarding factory employees in the District against accidents, and for the restriction of child labor therein. We passed a workmen's compensation law for the protection of Government employees; a law which did not go as far as I wished, but which was the best I could get, and which committed the Government to the right policy. We provided for an investigation of woman and child labor in the United States. We incorporated the National Child Labor Committee. Where we had most difficulty was with the railway companies engaged in inter-State business. We passed an act improving safety appliances on railway trains without much opposition, but we had more trouble with acts regulating the hours of labor of railway employees and making those railways that were engaged in inter-State commerce liable for injuries to or the death of their employees while on duty.[9]
After his departure from the Department of Labor later in 1913, the skilledarbitrator was employed by Southeastern Railways from 1915 to 1939 to handle labor issues. He also served on the United States Railroad Board of Adjustments from 1919 to 1921.[4] He was interested in industrial safety and workmen's compensation laws. Some of his charitable work included the Girls' Reform School, and the Board of Charities of the District of Columbia. He had numerous memberships and positions of leadership in several professional societies, including serving as president of theAmerican Statistical Association, which elected him as aFellow in 1916.[10]
He was honored by Notre Dame with theLaetare Medal in 1922.[11] Charles Patrick Neill died in Washington, D.C., on October 3, 1942.
The Charles Patrick Neill Papers consist of seven manuscript boxes and one reel of microfilm from the years 1893 to 1956. His personal papers include correspondence, tax information (1940–1946), clippings and a scrapbook (1893–1903).Neill's professional papers contain correspondence (1904–1942) written while performing one of his various positions as professor, arbitrator, labor commissioner and so on.[4]
Included with these papers are:
However,Richard G. Balfe, notes that Neill destroyed most of his personal papers during the last year of his life; little remains apart from some press clippings and letters of congratulations from friends.
