Charles Hutton | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 14 August 1737 Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
| Died | 27 January 1823(1823-01-27) (aged 85) London, England, UK |
| Nationality | British |
| Awards | Copley Medal 1778 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | mathematics |
| Institutions | Royal Military Academy |
Charles HuttonFRSFRSE LLD (14 August 1737 – 27 January 1823) was an Englishmathematician andsurveyor. He was professor of mathematics at theRoyal Military Academy, Woolwich from 1773 to 1807. He is remembered for his calculation of the density of the earth fromNevil Maskelyne's measurements collected during theSchiehallion experiment.
Hutton was born on Percy Street inNewcastle upon Tyne[1] in the north of England, the son of a superintendent of mines, who died when he was still very young.[2] He was educated at a school atJesmond, kept by Mr Ivison, anAnglicanclergyman. There is reason to believe, on the evidence of two pay-bills, that for a short time in 1755 and 1756 Hutton worked in thecolliery atOld Long Benton. Following Ivison's promotion to a church living, Hutton took over the Jesmond school, which, in consequence of his increasing number of pupils, he relocated to nearby Stotes Hall, since demolished. While he taught during the day at Stotes Hall, which overlookedJesmond Dene, he studied mathematics in the evening at a school in Newcastle. In 1760 he married, and began teaching on a larger scale in Newcastle, where his pupils includedJohn Scott, later Lord Eldon, who becameLord High Chancellor of Great Britain.[3]
In 1764 Hutton published his first work,The Schoolmasters Guide, or a Complete System of Practical Arithmetic, which was followed by hisTreatise on Mensuration both in Theory and Practice in 1770.[3] At around this time he was employed by the mayor and corporation of Newcastle to make a survey of the town and its environs. He drew up a map for the corporation; a smaller one, of the town only, was engraved and published.[4] In 1772 he brought out a tract onThe Principles of Bridges, a subject suggested by the destruction of the sole Newcastle bridge by theGreat Flood of 1771.[3]
Hutton left Newcastle in 1773, following his appointment as professor of mathematics at theRoyal Military Academy,Woolwich.[3] He was elected aFellow of the Royal Society in July, 1774[5] He was asked by the society to perform the calculations necessary to work out the mass and density of the earth from the results of theSchiehallion experiment – a set of observations of the gravitational pull of a mountain inPerthshire made by theAstronomer Royal,Nevil Maskelyne,[6] in 1774–76.[3] Hutton's results appeared in the society'sPhilosophical Transactions for 1778, and were later reprinted in the second volume of Hutton'sTracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects. His work on the question procured for him the degree ofLL.D. from theUniversity of Edinburgh. He became the foreign secretary of the Royal Society in 1779. His resignation from the society in 1783 was brought about by tensions between its president SirJoseph Banks and the mathematicians amongst its members.[3] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788.[7]
While working on the Schiehallion experiment, Hutton recorded 23Gaelic place-names on or near his measurement contour. Less than half are to be found on the modernOrdnance Survey map.[8]
After hisTables of the Products and Powers of Numbers, 1781, and hisMathematical Tables of 1785 (second edition 1794), Hutton issued, for the use of the Royal Military Academy, in 1787Elements of Conic Sections, and in 1798 hisCourse of Mathematics. HisMathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, a valuable contribution to scientific biography, was published in 1795 and the four volumes ofRecreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, mostly translated from the French, in 1803. One of his most laborious works was the abridgment, in conjunction with G. Shaw and R. Pearson, of the Royal Society'sPhilosophical Transactions. This undertaking, the mathematical and scientific parts of which fell to Hutton, was completed in 1809, and filled 18quarto volumes.[3] From 1764 he contributed toThe Ladies' Diary (a poetical and mathematical almanac established in 1704), and became its editor in 1773–4, retaining the post until 1817.[9] He had previously begun a small periodical calledMiscellane Mathematica, of which only 13 numbers appeared; he subsequently published five volumes ofThe Diarian Miscellany which contained substantial extracts from theDiary.[3]
Due to ill health, Hutton resigned his professorship in 1807,[3] although he served as the principal examiner of the Royal Military Academy, and also to theAddiscombe Military Seminary for some years after his retirement. The Board of Ordnance had granted him a pension of £500 a year.[2] During his last years, he worked on new editions of his earlier works.[10]
He died on 27 January 1823, and was buried in the family vault atCharlton, inKent.[2]
During the last year of his life a group of his friends set up a fund to pay to have a marble bust made of him. It was executed by the sculptorSebastian Gahagan. The subscription exceeded the amount necessary, and a medal was also produced, engraved byBenjamin Wyon, showing Hutton's head on one side and emblems representing his discoveries about the force of gunpowder, and the density of the earth on the other.[2]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hutton, Charles".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
Works by or aboutCharles Hutton atWikisource