Chaoyang 朝阳市 | |
|---|---|
 An ancient street in Chaoyang. | |
.png) Location of Chaoyang City jurisdiction in Liaoning | |
  Chaoyang Location of the city centre in Liaoning | |
| Coordinates (Chaoyang People's Park):41°34′16″N120°27′11″E / 41.571°N 120.453°E /41.571; 120.453 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Liaoning |
| Municipal seat | Shuangta District |
| Districts and Counties | List
|
| Government | |
| • CPC Chief | Chen Tiexin |
| • Mayor | Zhang Tiemin |
| Area | |
| 19,698 km2 (7,605 sq mi) | |
| • Urban (2017)[2] | 570.00 km2 (220.08 sq mi) |
| • Districts[2] | 1,170.5 km2 (451.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 170 m (560 ft) |
| Population (2010)[3] | |
| 3,044,641 | |
| • Density | 154.57/km2 (400.32/sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[2] | 537,800 |
| • Districts[2] | 639,000 |
| GDP[4] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 85.5 billion US$ 13.7 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 28,852 US$ 4,632 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 122000 |
| Area code | 0421 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-LN-13 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 辽N |
| Administrative division code | 211300 |
| Website | zgcy |
| Chaoyang, Liaoning | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 朝陽 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 朝阳 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠴᠤᠤᠶᠠᠩ | ||||||
Chaoyang (Chinese:朝阳市;pinyin:Cháoyáng) is aprefecture-level city in westernLiaoning province,People's Republic of China.
With a vast land area of almost 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi), it is by area the largest prefecture-level city in Liaoning, and borders onHebei province and theInner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west.
The area under Chaoyang's jurisdictional control is split up into two counties (Jianping, Chaoyang), two urban districts (Longcheng, Shuangta), two county-level cities (Beipiao, Lingyuan), and theHarqin Left Wing Mongolian Autonomous County. The total regional population is 3 million, while the urban centre where the government office is located has a population of 430,000 and forms the core of Chaoyang.
Known as China's 'fossil city', many important paleontological discoveries have been made in Chaoyang, and the Harqin region is the oldest currently known prehistoric site in northern China. Two of the most remarkableEarly Cretaceous birds known to date were recovered in the vicinity of theJiufotang Formation rocks and namedLongipteryx chaoyangensis andSapeornis chaoyangensis in reference to the city.
The name "Chaoyang" originates from a poem found in one of the oldest collections of Chinese poetry, theShijing. "A wutong tree grew on a mountain. Afenghuang bird perched at the top and sang towards the morning sun" (Chaoyang's name means "morning sun" in Chinese). The eastern part of Chaoyang is home to a mountain that has been called Fenghuang Mountain since ancient times. In 1778, this mountain was connected with the poem from the Shijing and Chaoyang was given its current name.
Chaoyang has a long and rich history. The discovery of the over five-thousand-year-oldNiuheliangHongshan Cultural Ruins in the region has drawn attention to Chaoyang as one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture.[5] The area first appears in Chinese historical records as “Liucheng County” in the EarlyHan period of the 3rd century B.C. In 342 AD, King of theFormer Yan, Murong Huang, made Chaoyang his capital under the name Longcheng ("Dragon City"), and the city remained the capital through theLater Yan andNorthern Yan periods.[6] The center of Longcheng was located at the old town of modern Chaoyang.[7] Since this time, Chaoyang has functioned as a center of Buddhism in Northeast China, with the construction of Longxiang temple in 345 AD forming the beginning of Buddhist culture in the Northeast.
During theSui andTang dynasties, Liucheng (renamed from Longcheng) was the seat of Ying Prefecture (Yingzhou, 營州). It was a prosperous multi-cultural city whose inhabitants included theKhitans,Kumo Xi,Mohe,Shiwei,Goguryeo,Göktürks andSogdians. The Khitan generalLi Guangbi of Tang dynasty, who played an instrumental role during the war against theAn Lushan rebels, was a native of Liucheng. The city went into a period of decline after the An Lushan rebellion. TheLiao dynasty established Ba Prefecture (霸州) at Liucheng. As its importance grew again a century later, it was renamed Xingzhong Prefecture (兴中府). The city was abandoned during the MongolYuan dynasty.[7]
TheMongols seized Chaoyang and surrounding regions. When they submitted to the ManchuQing dynasty, Chaoyang was controlled by Chinggisid princes and descendants ofJelme. Their territories becameTümed Right Wing Banner,Kharachin Left Wing Banner,Kharachin Right Wing Banner, andKharachin Middle Banner, all of which were underJosutu League.[8]
Although the Qing officially prohibited the Chinese from immigrating to Mongol lands, the southernmostleague of Mongolia was flooded by Chinese peasants.[citation needed] As a result, several Chinese prefectures were created within the Mongol lands, and the Chinese came under the jurisdiction of the neighboringChengde-fu. Chaoyang County was established in 1778, with its seat at the old town of Chaoyang.
In 1891, a Chinese secret society namedJindandao raised a rebellion, massacring tens of thousands of Mongols and forcing survivors to flee northward.[9]
UnderManchukuo, the eastern part of Chaoyang, including the city of Chaoyang, belonged to Kin-chow Province while the western part constituted Jehol Province.[8] The People's Republic of China incorporated Chaoyang into Liaoning Province in 1955 although ethnic Mongols wished to join Inner Mongolia.[9] It was declared a prefecture level city in 1984.[10]
Chaoyang has a rather dry,monsoon-influencedhumid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification:Dwa/BSk), with cold but very dry winters, and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are relatively brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −9.2 °C (15.4 °F) in January to 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) in July, for an annual average of 9.52 °C (49.1 °F). A majority of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Due to the aridity,diurnal temperature variation is large, especially during spring and autumn, and averages 12.9 °C (23.2 °F) annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 71% in January, the city averages 2,748 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Chaoyang City, elevation 174 m (571 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 28.4 (83.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | 41.3 (106.3) | 40.0 (104.0) | 43.3 (109.9) | 41.6 (106.9) | 36.1 (97.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 22.9 (73.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) | 3.1 (37.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 19.3 (66.7) | 26.0 (78.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 25.8 (78.4) | 18.1 (64.6) | 7.6 (45.7) | 0.1 (32.2) | 16.6 (61.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) | −4.2 (24.4) | 3.3 (37.9) | 12.3 (54.1) | 19.2 (66.6) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.0 (75.2) | 18.6 (65.5) | 10.7 (51.3) | 1.0 (33.8) | −6.5 (20.3) | 9.8 (49.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.7 (5.5) | −10.6 (12.9) | −3.3 (26.1) | 5.4 (41.7) | 12.4 (54.3) | 17.2 (63.0) | 20.5 (68.9) | 18.9 (66.0) | 12.2 (54.0) | 4.2 (39.6) | −4.6 (23.7) | −11.9 (10.6) | 3.8 (38.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.4 (−29.9) | −32.3 (−26.1) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −10.3 (13.5) | −1.4 (29.5) | 6.9 (44.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.5 (47.3) | −0.2 (31.6) | −9.0 (15.8) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −27.7 (−17.9) | −34.4 (−29.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.5 (0.06) | 2.3 (0.09) | 6.4 (0.25) | 22.7 (0.89) | 45.8 (1.80) | 90.8 (3.57) | 129.0 (5.08) | 100.9 (3.97) | 35.6 (1.40) | 22.7 (0.89) | 9.6 (0.38) | 1.5 (0.06) | 468.8 (18.44) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 62.8 |
| Average snowy days | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 13.5 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 44 | 38 | 35 | 37 | 44 | 61 | 72 | 73 | 63 | 53 | 49 | 47 | 51 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 191.5 | 195.8 | 231.0 | 236.4 | 261.3 | 225.6 | 219.1 | 238.4 | 238.7 | 224.4 | 182.2 | 175.1 | 2,619.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 65 | 65 | 62 | 59 | 58 | 50 | 48 | 56 | 65 | 66 | 62 | 62 | 60 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[11][12][13] | |||||||||||||
The prefecture is divided into 7 administrative areas. There are 2 districts, 2 subordinate cities and 3 counties of which one county is an Autonomous County for the Mongolian minority.
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020 est.)[14] | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Shuangta District | 双塔区 | Shuāngtǎ Qū | 463,543 | 211 | 970 |
| Longcheng District | 龙城区 | Lóngchéng Qū | 222,065 | 346 | 359 |
| Beipiao City | 北票市 | Běipiào Shì | 439,998 | 4,583 | 99 |
| Lingyuan | 凌源市 | Língyuán Shì | 540,832 | 3,297 | 165 |
| Chaoyang County | 朝阳县 | Cháoyáng Xiàn | 404,460 | 4,216 | 107 |
| Jianping County | 建平县 | Jiànpíng Xiàn | 455,826 | 4,838 | 94 |
| Harqin Zuoyi Mongol Autonomous County | 喀喇沁左翼 蒙古族自治县 | Kālāqìn Zuǒyì Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn | 346,133 | 2,240 | 154 |
Agriculture forms the backbone of Chaoyang's economy. In addition to wheat, corn, beans, and potatoes, Chaoyang is also an important region for the growing of cotton and fruit. The city has also begun to venture into the production ofshaji (sea-buckthorn berries), which have become popular in China because of their dual use as food and as medicine. Chaoyang is home to the largest man-made thicket of shaji.
Chaoyang has more than 1,600 industrial enterprises, manufacturing a wide range of products including steel, machinery, textiles, diesel engines, automobiles, and paper.[15] Lingyuan Iron and Steel Works and the Liaoning Tyre Factory are two of the largest such enterprises.
The city is served byChaoyang Airport.
Liaoning, and in particular Chaoyang, has become the focus of great interest in the world ofpalaeontology. During the 1990s, many new, unique and fascinating fossils were discovered in this region. Some of the finds have completely revolutionised our ideas of dinosaurs and shed new light on the origin of birds. Chaoyang's fossils are in theJiufotang Formation. These fossils include:Liaoxipterus, a genus ofctenochasmatidpterodactyloidpterosaur from theLower Cretaceous;Microraptor, a feathered dinosaur; and several early birds such asLongipteryx,Sapeornis,Yanornis andJeholornis, an early bird. Insects have also been found such asDictyoptera, a fossilised cockroach andHymenoptera, a fossil bee, which also date to the Lower Cretaceous period. A local trade in rare fossils has developed in the wake of the finds, with an estimated sixty vendors gathering in one area, called Ancient Street.[16]
Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan - (2000)
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