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Changzhi 长治市 Ch'ang-chih | |
|---|---|
 Changzhi Bayi Square rostrum | |
.png) Location of Changzhi City jurisdiction in Shanxi | |
  Changzhi Location of the city center in Shanxi | |
| Coordinates (Changzhi government):36°11′42″N113°07′01″E / 36.195°N 113.117°E /36.195; 113.117 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shanxi |
| County-level divisions | 13 |
| Incorporated (city) | 1945.10 |
| Municipal seat | Chengqu (Urban District) |
| Government | |
| • Type | Prefecture-level city |
| • Communist Party Committee Secretary of Changzhi City | Ding, Xiaoqiang (丁小强) |
| • Mayor | Chen, Xiangyang (陈向阳) |
| Area | |
| 13,976 km2 (5,396 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,619 km2 (1,011 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 818 km2 (316 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 3,180,884 | |
| • Density | 227.60/km2 (589.47/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,687,952 |
| • Urban density | 644.5/km2 (1,669/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,214,940 |
| • Metro density | 1,490/km2 (3,850/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 171.2 billion US$ 26.9 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 53,810 US$ 8,610 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 046000 |
| Area code | 0355 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SX-04 |
| Licence Plate Prefix | 晋D |
| Administrative division code | 140400 |
| Website | Official website |
| Changzhi | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 长治 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 長治 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Long Rule" | ||||||||||||||||||
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Changzhi (Chinese:长治;pinyin:Chángzhì) is aprefecture-level city in the southeast ofShanxi Province, China, bordering the provinces ofHebei andHenan to the northeast and east, respectively.[3] Historically, the city was one of the 36 administrative areas (seeAdministrative Divisions of Qin Dynasty) extant under the reign ofQin Shi Huang.
Changzhi is a transportation centre in Shanxi. Transportation is facilitated by fourcontrolled-access highways (Taiyuan-Changzhi, Changzhi-Jincheng, Changzhi-Linfen, and Changzhi-Handan);[4] two railways (Taiyuan–Jiaozuo Railway andHandan–Changzhi Railway); threenational highways (China National Highway 207,208 and309); andChangzhi Wangcun Airport (ITAT Code: CIH,ICAO Code: ZBCZ). Internal transportation also includes a bus and taxi network.
The city is a rising commercial and industrial centre in the southeastern area of Shanxi. In 2011, itsGDP ranked 1st out of 11 prefecture-level cities in the province.[5] According to the latest census, in 2020 the city was home to 3,180,884 residents whom 1,214,940 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Luzhou and Shangdang Districts.[6] The other 2 urban districts Tunliu and Lucheng are not conurbated yet.
In ancient times, the area around Changzhi (IncludingJincheng) was known asShangdang.[7] Changzhi was the site of the 1945Shangdang Campaign, the first battle between theKuomintang and thePeople's Liberation Army after the end ofWorld War II.[8] The campaign, which happened from August to October 1945, when the local Shanxi warlord,Yan Xishan, attempted to retake the region from Communist forces.[9] Yan's forces were eventually defeated by an army led byLiu Bocheng, who was later named one of China'sTen Great Marshals. Liu's political commissar wasDeng Xiaoping, who later became China's "paramount leader". The campaign ended with the complete destruction of Yan's army (Jinsui army, 晋绥军), most of which joined the Communists after surrendering. Following the Shangdang Campaign, the Communists remained in control of the region until they won thecivil war in 1949.[7]
The area under the control of People's Government of Changzhi City is divided into 12county-level administration zones – 4 districts and 8 counties. The districts areLuzhou,Lucheng,Shangdang, andTunliu; and the counties areXiangyuan County,Pingshun County,Licheng County,Huguan County,Zhangzi County,Wuxiang County,Qin County, andQinyuan County.[10]
| Map | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2003 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | ||
| Luzhou District | 潞州区 | Lùzhōu Qū | 706,000 | 340.6 | 2072.8 | ||
| Lucheng District | 潞城区 | Lùchéng Qū | 210,000 | 615 | 341 | ||
| Shangdang District | 上党区 | Shàngdǎng Qū | 320,000 | 483 | 663 | ||
| Tunliu District | 屯留区 | Túnliú Qū | 240,000 | 1,042 | 230 | ||
| Xiangyuan County | 襄垣县 | Xiāngyuán Xiàn | 250,000 | 1,158 | 216 | ||
| Pingshun County | 平顺县 | Píngshùn Xiàn | 160,000 | 1,550 | 103 | ||
| Licheng County | 黎城县 | Líchéng Xiàn | 160,000 | 1,166 | 137 | ||
| Huguan County | 壶关县 | Húguān Xiàn | 280,000 | 1,013 | 276 | ||
| Zhangzi County | 长子县 | Zhǎngzǐ Xiàn | 340,000 | 1,029 | 330 | ||
| Wuxiang County | 武乡县 | Wǔxiāng Xiàn | 210,000 | 1,610 | 130 | ||
| Qin County | 沁县 | Qìn Xiàn | 170,000 | 1,297 | 131 | ||
| Qinyuan County | 沁源县 | Qìnyuán Xiàn | 150,000 | 2,556 | 59 | ||
Changzhi is located in southeasternShanxi province, along the southern section of theTaihang Mountains.[11] The majority of the city's area is mountainous, and much of the remaining geography is hilly in nature.[11] The average elevation in the city is approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level, with prominent peaks including Liyu Mountain (Chinese:历峪山;pinyin:Lìyù Shān) and Shigao Mountain (Chinese:石膏山;pinyin:Shígāo Shān), reaching 2,012 metres (6,601 ft) and 2,541 metres (8,337 ft) above sea level, respectively.[11]
Changzhi has a rather dry,monsoon-influencedhumid continental climate (KöppenDwa),[12] with cold and very dry winters, and very warm, somewhat humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −4.7 °C (23.5 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 9.89 °C (49.8 °F). Typifying the influence of theEast Asian Monsoon, a majority of the annual 547 millimetres (21.5 in) of precipitation occurs from June to August.The annual sunshine hours are 2400-2600 hours, and the average annual frost-free period is 160-180 days.[13]
| Climate data for Changzhi, elevation 1,047 m (3,435 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 27.9 (82.2) | 34.7 (94.5) | 36.7 (98.1) | 38.1 (100.6) | 37.3 (99.1) | 33.4 (92.1) | 35.1 (95.2) | 29.2 (84.6) | 24.3 (75.7) | 18.9 (66.0) | 38.1 (100.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 19.2 (66.6) | 24.2 (75.6) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.3 (82.9) | 26.8 (80.2) | 22.8 (73.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 10.1 (50.2) | 3.7 (38.7) | 16.7 (62.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) | −0.7 (30.7) | 5.2 (41.4) | 12.1 (53.8) | 17.5 (63.5) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.5 (72.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 10.7 (51.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | −2.5 (27.5) | 10.3 (50.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.1 (15.6) | −5.6 (21.9) | −0.1 (31.8) | 6.2 (43.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 15.6 (60.1) | 18.0 (64.4) | 16.6 (61.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 5.4 (41.7) | −1.2 (29.8) | −7.2 (19.0) | 5.1 (41.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.9 (−7.4) | −19.4 (−2.9) | −15.0 (5.0) | −6.4 (20.5) | 0.1 (32.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | 11.3 (52.3) | 7.7 (45.9) | 0.9 (33.6) | −6.8 (19.8) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −22.2 (−8.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 5.9 (0.23) | 10.7 (0.42) | 11.6 (0.46) | 30.5 (1.20) | 55.7 (2.19) | 73.9 (2.91) | 137.4 (5.41) | 109.1 (4.30) | 63.1 (2.48) | 37.2 (1.46) | 18.9 (0.74) | 5.3 (0.21) | 559.3 (22.01) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 13.5 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 88.8 |
| Average snowy days | 4.9 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 4.3 | 21.8 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 53 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 53 | 60 | 76 | 79 | 73 | 64 | 59 | 53 | 60 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 175.8 | 173.0 | 206.6 | 236.8 | 258.5 | 231.2 | 212.1 | 203.4 | 177.7 | 185.6 | 177.2 | 181.9 | 2,419.8 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 57 | 56 | 55 | 60 | 59 | 53 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 54 | 58 | 61 | 55 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[14][15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[16] | |||||||||||||
Changzhi'sair quality index is monitored by China'sMinistry of Environmental Protection (MEP)[17] and its city government. A record of daily air quality is published by the local government.[18]
In 2013,a major chemical spill occurred at a fertilizer plant in Changzhi operated by Tianji Coal Chemical Industry Group, polluting major waterways in the region, and impacting areas downstream, such as the city ofHandan.[19] Government officials in Handan blamed the city government of Changzhi for covering up the spill for five days, and remaining silent on the spill for the subsequent two months.[19] In February 2013, theXinhua News Agency announced the results of an official investigation into the spill, resulting in the punishment of 39 people, including then-mayor of Changzhi, Zhang Bao, who was removed from his position.[19]
In 2019, officials from the Shanxi Provincial Government publicly reprimanded officials from seven cities within the province, including Changzhi, following a noticeable spike in pollution.[20]
Portions of threeNational Highways run through Changzhi:China National Highway 207,China National Highway 208, andChina National Highway 309.[11] National Highways 207 and 208 run along a north–south axis, while National Highway 309 runs along a west–east axis.[11]
Other major expressways which run through Changzhi include theChangzhi-Handan Expressway [zh], and expressways which link the city toHandan,Jincheng, andTaiyuan.[11] TheChangzhi-Linfen Expressway [zh] also runs through the city.[21]
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