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Awakatek language

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(Redirected fromChalchitek)
Mayan language of Guatemala
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Awakatek
Aguacatec, Coyotin
Qa'yol
Native toGuatemala
RegionHuehuetenango
Ethnicity12,500Awakatek (2019 census)
Native speakers
10,100 in Guatemala (2019 census)[1]
20 in Mexico (2020 census)[2]
Mayan
Dialects
  • Chalchitek
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byAcademia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala
Language codes
ISO 639-3agu
Glottologagua1252
ELPAwakateko

Awakatek (also known as Aguateco, Awaketec, Coyotin,[3] and Balamiha, and natively as Qa'yol) is aMayan language spoken inGuatemala, primarily inHuehuetenango and aroundAguacatán.[4][5] The language only has fewer than 10,000 speakers, and is considered vulnerable by UNESCO. In addition, the language inMexico is at high risk of endangerment, with fewer than 2,000 speakers in the state of Campeche in 2010[6] (although the number of speakers was unknown as of 2000[7][8]).

Awakatek is closely related toIxil and the two languages together form the sub-branch Ixilean, which together with the Mamean languages,Mam andTektitek, form a sub-branch Greater-Mamean, which again, together with the Greater-Quichean languages, ten Mayan languages, includingKʼicheʼ, form the branch Quichean–Mamean.

Otto Stoll identified two separate "Awakatek" languages spoken in the same area; the first being the Mayan language, and the second being a poorly known language which has been classified as part of theMixe-Zoque family.[9]

Chalchitek

[edit]
Chalchitek
Chalchitec
Native toGuatemala
RegionHuehuetenango
Mayan
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
GlottologNone
ELPAwakateko

Chalchitek (or Chalchitec) is sometimes considered a dialect of Awakatek. In recent years, however, it has been recognized as a distinct language by the Guatemalan government.[10] Chalchitek is primarily spoken in the Chalchitán neighborhood ofAguacatán.

Etymology

[edit]

TheAwakatek people themselves refer to their language asqaʼyol, literally meaning 'our word'. They also call themselvesqatanum, which means 'our people' and is distinct from the wordAwakatec, which is used in Spanish in reference to the municipality of Aguacatán (which meansplace of abundant avocados and refers to agricultural production and not specifically to the indigenous people).[11][12][13]

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
FrontCentralBack
shortlongshortlongshortlong
Closei/i/ii//u/u/uu//
Mide/e/ee//o/o/oo//
Opena/a/aa//

Diphthongs

[edit]

There are four diphthongs:ay/aj/,ey/ej/,oy/oj/,uy/uj/.

Consonants

[edit]
BilabialAlveolarPostalveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
NormalPalatalized
PlosiveNormalp/p/t/t/k/k/ky//q/q/'/ʔ/
Ejective////kyʼ/kʼʲ///
Implosive/ɓ/
Nasalm/m/n/n/
Fricatives/s/xh/ʃ/x/ʂ/j/h/
AffricateNormaltz/t͡s/ch/t͡ʃ/tx/ʈ͡ʂ/
Ejectivetzʼ/t͡sʼ/chʼ/t͡ʃʼ/txʼ/ʈ͡ʂʼ/
Trillr/r/
Approximantl/l/y/j/w/w/

Thecoronal ejectives may be allophonicallypre-voiced.[14]

Vocabulary

[edit]
Sample words[15]
EnglishAguacateco
OneJuun
TwoKob'
ThreeOx
FourKyaaj
FiveO'
SixQaq
SevenJuug
EightWajwax
NineB'eluj
TenLajuj
ManYaaj
WomanXna'n
DogTx'i'
SunQ'eej
MoonXaaw
WaterA'
MotherNtxuu'
FatherNtaaj
HouseKa'l
BlackQ'eq
WhiteSaq
CornIxi'n
FishKay
DogXhwiit
DeerCheej
JaguarB'alam
MonkeyAq'
RabbitUmul
MouseIchi
BirdCh'ut
FishKay
SnakeLupa

References

[edit]
  1. ^Awakatek atEthnologue (24th ed., 2021)Closed access icon
  2. ^Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
  3. ^"Global Recordings Network: Aguateco language".Global Recordings Network. Retrieved14 October 2019.
  4. ^Cabral, Ernesto Díaz Couder (2001)."Culturas e interculturalidad en Guatemala". Archived fromthe original on 2010-02-15.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
  5. ^Brintnall, Douglas E., 1946- (1979).Revolt against the dead : the modernization of a Mayan community in the highlands of Guatemala. New York: Gordon and Breach.ISBN 0677051700.OCLC 4638179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^"Awakatecos - Lengua".Atlas de los Pueblos Indígenas de México. Retrieved14 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".www.unesco.org. Retrieved2017-10-11.
  8. ^Aridjis, H. (22 February 2009). "Homero aridjis / reír en 7 mil lenguas".Reforma: 14.
  9. ^Lowe, Gareth W. 1977. “The Mixe-Zoque as Competing Neighbors of the Early Lowland Maya.” In The Origins of Maya Civilization, 197–248. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.https://ehrafarchaeology.yale.edu/document?id=ny52-036.
  10. ^Martínez, Francisco Mauricio (2003-08-17)."Los pobladores de Coacutec"(PDF).Revista Domingo (in Spanish) (1158). Prensa Libre. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2007-10-24.
  11. ^Meyer, Evan."Evan Meyer served in Guatemala". Retrieved27 June 2007.
  12. ^"Comunidad Lingüística Awakateka"(PDF). Retrieved17 February 2010.
  13. ^Meyer, Evan."CU Peace Corps volunteers offer vignettes from their lives abroad - Evan Meyer". Retrieved27 June 2007.
  14. ^Larsen, Thomas W. (1983).Aguacatec syntax from a functional perspective. In Studies in Mesoamerican linguistics: Berkeley: University of California. pp. 120–219.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  15. ^"Aguacateco Language and the Aguacateco Indian Tribe (Awakateko, Aguateca, Kayol)".www.native-languages.org. Retrieved2023-11-30.
Huastecan
Yucatecan
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