Chŏngan 定安國 정안국
938–986
Capital	Yongcheonbu[1]
Common languages	Unknown
Religion	Unknown
Government	Monarchy
King
• 938–976	Yŏl Manhwa (first)
• 976–986	O Hyŏnmyŏng [ko] (last)
History
• Establishment	938
• Fall	986
Preceded by Succeeded by Parhae Dongdan Kingdom Goryeo Dynasty Liao Dynasty
Today part of	China North Korea

Chŏngan (Korean: 정안;Hanja: 定安) orDing'an (Chinese:定安國) was a state inManchuria that existed from 938 to 986. It was the successor state ofParhae (Bohai) founded byYŏl Manhwa (Lie Wanhua).

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History ofManchuria
Prehistoric period Liao civilization Baijinbao culture Liaoning bronze dagger culture
Ancient to Classical period Gojoseon Sushen Donghu Yemaek Yan (Warring States) Xiongnu Han dynasty Wuhuan Xianbei Takri Kingdom Buyeo Goguryeo Kumo Xi Yan (Three Kingdoms) Cao Wei Sima Jin dynasty Former Yan Former Qin Later Yan Northern Yan Shiwei Khitan Mohe
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The early history of Chŏngan is mostly unknown. Large number of rebels emerged in the former territory of Parhae after the kingdom's conquest by theLiao dynasty in 926, although most were quickly defeated by Liao forces. After the Liao puppet state ofDongdan was abolished and the main Liao forces left the region, GeneralYŏl Manhwa (Lie Wanhua) established Chŏngan in the mid-930s to prevent a full occupation by the Liao dynasty.^[1][2] Chŏngan is recorded to have enlisted the assistance of neighboring tribes with the hopes of overthrowing the Liao dynasty, but apparently failed to do so.

In 970, the king paid tribute to theSong dynasty together with the neighboringJurchens. On all four occasions in which Chŏngan envoys were able to reach the Song court, they were attached to a Jurchen mission. Chŏngan was a poor state and was unable to send their own independent missions.^[3][2] TheHistory of Song claims that the Chŏngan people's origin can be traced back to the former confederacy ofMahan. However, the Mahan confederacy in the distant south of the Korean peninsula had disappeared for almost a millennium by the 10th century, and Chinese scholars consider this record, written in theYuan dynasty, to be an error.^[2] Meanwhile Korean historians consider the History of the Song to be accurate. Goguryeo (the predecessor to Parhae and Chŏngan) had traced part of its heritage with the Mahan as its lands were previously part of Goguryeo before it became Parhae territory, and Goguryeo had acquired it from Baekje.^[4] In a message to the Song emperor in 981,O Hyŏnmyŏng [ko] described his people as the "remaining commoners of Bohai" who lived in the former land ofGoguryeo. The purpose of Chŏngan's tributary mission was a proposal for the Song and Chŏngan to ally and initiate a joint attack against the Liao, which the Song declined due to the Liao's military prowess. Oh also described his territory as having been heavily damaged by the Liao and was under threat of imminent destruction.^[1][5][6]

The Khitans did not recognize Chŏngan as a state and called their people the Ujae tribes.^[7] In 975, the Liao dynasty once again invaded Chŏngan, which failed.^[8] In 976, the Yŏl clan was replaced by the Oh clan, and Chŏngan was ruled by O Hyŏnmyŏng (Wu Xuanming) until before it was finally destroyed by the Liao dynasty in 986 CE. Korean historians theorize that the Oh Clan's replacement of the Yŏl Clan may have been violent and could have played a role in the destruction of Chŏngan. According to the history bookGoryeosa, tens of thousands of Parhae refugees fled to Goryeo in 979, and was recorded as the largest Parhae migration since the 936 exodus when Parhae Crown PrinceTae Kwanghyŏn had similarly led tens of thousands of refugees into Goryeo.^[9]

Although Chŏngan officially fell in 986, records indicate that Parhae resistance continued for several years, notably in 994. The Liao responded with punitive campaigns until they established three military outposts in the lowerYalu River and completely occupied the area in 991.^[10][11] The last remnants of Parhae resistance from the former state of Chŏngan were destroyed by 999.^[12][13]

1. Yŏl Manhwa (열만화;烈萬華; alsoLie Wanhua; 938–976)
2. O Hyŏnmyŏng [ko] (오현명;烏玄明; alsoWu Xuanming; 976–986)

• Parhae
• Later Parhae
• Heungyo

• Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2016)."Bohai/Parhae Identity and the Coherence of Dan gur under the Kitan/Liao Empire".International Journal of Korean History.21 (1):11–44.doi:10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.11.

• Balhae
• 938 establishments
• History of Manchuria
• Former countries in Chinese history
• Former countries in Korean history
• 986 disestablishments

• CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)
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• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles containing Chinese-language text
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