Saint Ceolfrid | |
|---|---|
 Remains ofSt Paul's Monastery, Jarrow, where Ceolfrid was Abbot. | |
| Born | 642 |
| Died | 716 monastery ofLangres inBurgundy |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Feast | 25 September |
Saint Ceolfrid (orCeolfrith,Old English:[ˈtʃeːolfriθ]; alsoGeoffrey, c. 642 – 716) was anAnglo-SaxonChristianabbot andsaint. He is best known as the warden ofBede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot ofMonkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contributor to the project to produce theCodex Amiatinus Bible. He died inBurgundy while en route to deliver a copy of the codex toPope Gregory II in Rome.[1]
Not much is known about the earlier period of Ceolfrid's life.[2] His desire to join themonastic community was likely due to his own brother Cynefrid's devotion to the traditions ofChristian monasticism. Historians date Ceolfrid's induction into monastic tradition around the date of Cynefrid's death in 660. Ceolfrid is known to have a strong family connection to monastic tradition. In addition to his brother, his cousin Tunbert was the first Abbot of the Monastery ofHexham. His first four years incloister took place atGilling Abbey in what is nowNorth Yorkshire, which was also attended by Cynefrid, prior to his departure to Ireland. Ceolfrid is described as having "behaved of the greater devotion, giving his mind continually to reading, to labour, and monastic discipline".[3] After these four years, Ceolfrid left Gilling as he "sought a monastery of a stricter character".[4] He soon took in with a band of men, led by Wilfrid, later canonized asSaint Wilfrid. These monks are identified by Boutflower as being the Benedictines ofRipon at a monastery under the same name. During this time, he came to refine his own understanding of proper monastic principles. At the age of 27, Ceolfrid was ordained as a priest, and began to acquaint himself to the utmost with the practices of monastic life.
Very little is revealed about the period between the end of his days at Ripon, and his appointment underBenedict Biscop, except that he spent some time in the institutions of AbbotBotolph, whom he describes as being filled with "the grace of spirit".[5] While having been revered as an inspiration for the way of divine living, Botolph also served to inspire a greater sense of humility within Ceolfrid.
In c.672/3,Benedict Biscop received a land grant from KingEcgfrith of Northumbria for the explicit purpose of erecting a monastery. During the construction of his first monastery atWearmouth, Biscop appointed Abbot Eosterwini (anglicized as "Easterwine") as his primary Abbot and Coadjutor. The monastery took eight years to build. This institute had left Ecgfrith so enamoured that soon after the completion of the Wearmouth Monastery, he granted Biscop another segment of land for the construction of a second monastery,Jarrow, with the intention that the two should be administered as one.
It is during the construction of the Wearmouth Monastery that Benedict Biscop sought out Ceolfrid, who would become "his most zealous assistant from the first foundation of the former monastery",[6] as well as a close friend. It appears that Biscop's invitation came at a most opportune time, for Ceolfrid had been contemplating the idea of leaving the post he held at the time. He had grown rather disenchanted with the power stratification within the institution (the name of which is unknown), and had had enough of the "jealousies and very bitter persecutions of certain men of rank",[7] and had been looking to return to his own monastery (assumed to be Ripon).
Upon the completion of the Jarrow Monastery, Ceolfrid became the Abbot of the St. Paul's Church on the monasterial grounds. Conflicting reports state that the presence of Ceolfrid during Jarrow's construction varied. Some papers state that Jarrow came into his hands after its completion, while another identified Ceolfrid as being paramount to the actual construction of the monastery; as the individual who directed the construction of the monastery itself.
The friendship between the two was fairly close. When Benedict sailed across the English channel to Rome for the last time, he chose only Ceolfrid to join him in his journey. This trip was to be the very trip that would lead to both Abbot's immortalization in the works of Ceolfrid's ward and later contemporary,The Venerable Bede. Ceolfrid also used the trip as an opportunity to explore his role in Biscop's institution, feeling that Rome would be an opportune place to learn his position's responsibilities. Twelve years later, upon the death of Abbot Eosterwini, Ceolfrid was appointed as the sole Abbot for both Monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, an honour never heard of before. In 690, Benedict Biscop died, after being bedridden for a lengthy period of time, and Ceolfrid became the leading head of both monasteries, "[whose] libraries of both monasteries, which Abbot Benedict had so actively begun, under his zealous care became doubled in extent".[8]
Bede came into Ceolfrid's care at the young age of seven, and became the pupil of the Abbot as well as friend. In his early years at the twin Monasteries of Wearmouth – Jarrow (686), the Plague had struck Northumbria, and ravaged most of the countryside, including the twin Monasteries. Ceolfrid and Bede appeared to have remained untouched by the epidemic, and took the duties of caring for the infected and dying monks of the monasteries with unyielding fervour. They further worked together in maintaining the regular sermons when fear had gripped the population. When the Plague finally passed over, master and pupil began to rebuild the monastic foundations and succeeded effectively. Bede remained in Jarrow for the majority of his life, never straying more than 70 miles from the monastery at any time. He was a loyal pupil until Ceolfrid's death, and he died in Jarrow in 735.
TheCodex Amiatinus is the oldest manuscript with a complete text of theVulgate. The Codex Amiatinus is described as a brilliant display of the beauty that is Early British, Pre-Carolingiancalligraphy.[according to whom?] It used as a model the (Vetus Latina)Codex Grandior ofCassiodorus, which Coelfrith had obtained in Rome.[9]
The composition of the Vulgate was part of the project to expand Wearmouth and Jarrow's extensive library, and Ceolfrid ordered three copies of this Bible manuscript to be composed; one of which would be dedicated to the Pope Gregory II, while the other two copies were meant to stay in the respective churches of Wearmouth and Jarrow. There are no official records that state that the text made it to Rome. It is said that instead, it made its way into Florence, where it was presented by the Lombard Abbot Peter to theAbbazia di San Salvatore atMount Amiata inTuscany. It is believed that he changed the dedicatory note inscribed within the leaves as donated to the monastery. This occurred in the 9th century. The document remained at Mount Amiata until 1786, when it was relocated to theLaurentian Library in Florence. There is some dispute over what consisted of this Vulgate Codex. Over the past few hundred years, additional leaves that appear to be related to this text have been located in Britain, some having been used as book wrappings. These new discoveries have led scholars to question the total length of the codex, as there are still fragments missing from it today.
Sometime after 711,Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, King of thePicts, sought authoritative advice from Abbot Ceolfrid on the reform of paschal cycles with a view to harmonising the celebration of Easter within his kingdom.[10] By 716 both the Picts and the Columban clergy ofIona had adopted thepascha catholica.[11]
Ceolfrid apparently knew that he was coming to the end of his life, and so he resigned his post and was succeeded byHwaetberht. He then set sail for Rome with the intent of delivering the Codex Amiatinus Bible to Pope Gregory II. He made it as far asLangres in Burgundy, where he died on 29 September 716 and was buried.
| Preceded by – | Abbot ofJarrow 682–716/7 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Abbot of Monkwearmouth 690–716/717 | Succeeded by ? |
