Thecentre-right coalition (Italian:coalizione di centro-destra) is apolitical alliance ofpolitical parties in Italy active under several forms and names since 1994,^[1] whenSilvio Berlusconi entered politics and formed theForza Italia party.^[2][3][4] It has mostly competed with thecentre-left coalition.^[5][6] It is composed of right-leaning parties in the Italian political arena, which generally advocatetax reduction andoppose immigration, and in some cases areeurosceptic.^[7] The centre-right coalition has ruled the country for more than twelve years between 1994 and today.

In the1994 Italian general election, under the leadership of Berlusconi, the centre-right ran with two coalitions, thePole of Freedoms inNorthern Italy andTuscany (mainly Forza Italia and theNorthern League), and thePole of Good Government (mainly Forza Italia andNational Alliance) inCentral Italy andSouthern Italy.^[8][9] In the1996 Italian general election, after the Northern League had left in late 1994, the centre-right coalition took the name ofPole for Freedoms. The Northern League returned in 2000, and the coalition was re-formed as theHouse of Freedoms; this lasted until 2008.^[10]

After the fall of thesecond Prodi government and the2008 Italian government crisis, the centre-right coalition won the subsequentsnap election that was held in April. Since 2008, when Forza Italia and National Alliance merged intoThe People of Freedom, the coalition has not had official names. Anew Forza Italia was formed in late 2013, after the inconclusive2013 Italian general election that was held earlier that year. For the2018 Italian general election, it joined forces withMatteo Salvini's Northern League andGiorgia Meloni'sBrothers of Italy and a collection of mainly centrist forces namedUs with Italy–Union of the Centre.

In 2018, the renamed and rebrandedLeague formed acoalition government with theFive Star Movement and without its centre-right allies, which entered the opposition. This led to a deterioration of the centre-right coalition at a national level, which remained active at a local and regional level. In October 2019, Salvini sought to unite the coalition.^[11][12] This internal crisis further intensified when Forza Italia and the League joined thenational unity government ofMario Draghi, while Brothers of Italy remained at the opposition.

During the2022 Italian general election in September, which was caused by the2022 Italian government crisis that July, the centre-right coalition re-united and obtained a decisive victory by securing the absolute majority of seats in both chambers. Brothers of Italy emerged as the first party by surpassing the League and gained six million votes in four years. This was the first time the centre-right had won a majority of seats since the2008 Italian general election.

In 1994, the media magnateSilvio Berlusconi, who was previously close to the formerItalian Socialist Party (PSI) secretary and former prime ministerBettino Craxi and appeared in commercials for the PSI, was studying the possibility of making a political party of his own to avoid what seemed to be the unavoidable victory of theAlliance of Progressives led byAchille Occhetto at the next general election. Three months before the election, he presented his new party,Forza Italia, in a televised announcement on 26 January 1994. Supporters believed that he wanted to avert a victory for the successors of theItalian Communist Party, while opponents believed that he was defending theancién regime by rebranding it. Regardless of his motives, he employed his power in communication (he owned all of the three main private TV stations in Italy) and advanced communication techniques he and his allies knew very well, as his fortune was largely based onadvertisement.

Berlusconi managed to ally himself with both theNational Alliance and theNorthern League in February 1994, without these being allied with each other. Forza Italia teamed up with the Northern League inNorthern Italy, where they competed against the National Alliance, and with the National Alliance in the rest of Italy, where the Northern League was not present. This unusual coalition configuration was caused by the deep hate between the Northern League, which wanted to separate Italy and held Rome in deep contempt, and the nationalistpost-fascists in Italy of the National Alliance, the legal successor of the neo-fascistItalian Social Movement. On one occasion, Northern League leaderUmberto Bossi encouraged his supporters to go find National-Alliance supporters "house by house", suggesting alynching that did not actually take place. In the1994 Italian general election, Berlusconi's coalition won a decisive victory over Occhetto's, becoming the first right-wing coalition to win the general election since theSecond World War. In the popular vote, Berlusconi's coalition outpolled the Alliance of Progressives by over 5.1 million votes, and the Pole of Freedoms won in the mainregions of Italy.

The Pole for Freedoms was formed as a continuation of the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government coalitions, which had both supported the leadership of Berlusconi at the 1994 general election. As in 1994, there was a separation between the three parties. The Pole of Freedom was constituted by Forza Italia and Northern League, while the Pole of Good Government was formed by Forza Italia and the National Alliance. Afterwards, the Northern League left the coalition at the end of 1994, when the centre-right coalition was forced to reform itself, after the end of the short-livedfirst Berlusconi government. In the1995 Italian regional elections, an organic alliance was formed. In 1996, it was officially named Pole for Freedoms and debuted in the1996 Italian general election, where it was defeated by thecentre-left coalition allianceThe Olive Tree, whose leader wasRomano Prodi.

The House of Freedoms was the successor of the Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government and the Pole for Freedoms. In the run-up of the2001 Italian general election, after a six-year spell in opposition, which Berlusconi called "the crossing of the desert", he managed to re-unite the coalition under the House of Freedoms banner. According to its leader, the alliance was a broad democratic arch, composed of the democratic right of National Alliance, the democratic centre of Forza Italia,Christian Democratic Centre andUnited Christian Democrats, and the democratic left represented by the Northern League, theNew Italian Socialist Party, and theItalian Republican Party.^[13][14]

The House of Freedoms won the 2001 general election by a landslide and consequently thesecond Berlusconi government was formed. In government, Forza Italia, whose strongholds includedLombardy in Northern Italy andSicily inSouthern Italy, and the Northern League, which was active only in the Centre-North, formed the "axis of the North" through the special relationship between three Lombards leaders, Berlusconi, Bossi, andGiulio Tremonti; on the other side of the coalition, the National Alliance and theUnion of Christian and Centre Democrats, the party emerged from the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats in late 2002, became the natural representatives of Southern interests.^{[15][16][17][18]}

In 2003, the House of Freedoms was routed in local elections by The Olive Tree and the Northern League threatened to pull out. The2004 European Parliament election in Italy was disappointing for Forza Italia and the coalition as a whole, despite improvements among the other parties. As a result, the Berlusconi and Forza Italia were weaker within the coalition. In the2005 Italian regional elections, the House of Freedoms lost six of the eight regions it controlled. The defeat was particularly damaging in the South, while the only two regions that the coalition managed to keep, Lombardy andVeneto, were in the North, where the Northern League was decisive. This led to a government crisis, particularly after the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats pulled its ministers out. A few days later, thethird Berlusconi government was formed with minor changes from the previous cabinet. In the2006 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms, which had opened its ranks to a number of minor parties, lost to The Union, a larger, successor version of The Olive Tree.

The People of Freedom, which was launched by Berlusconi on 18 November 2007, was initially a federation of political parties, notably including Forza Italia and National Alliance, which participated as a joint election list in the2008 Italian general election.^[19] The federation was later transformed into a party during a party congress on 27–29 March 2009. The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, which became known as theUnion of the Centre, left the centre-right coalition and made an alliance withThe Rose for Italy, thePopulars' Coordination, and other centrist parties. They later joined theNew Pole for Italy in 2010 andWith Monti for Italy in 2012.

The People of Freedom led thefourth Berlusconi government from 2008 to 2011 in coalition with the Northern League. In 2010, theFuture and Freedom movement, led by the former National Alliance leaderGianfranco Fini, split from the coalition. They joined the Union of the Centre and other parties to form the New Pole for Italy but kept supporting the government. AfterBerlusconi's resignation during theEuropean debt crisis, the People of Freedom supportedMario Monti'stechnocratic government in 2011–2012. After the2013 Italian general election, it became part ofEnrico Letta's government ofgrand coalition with theDemocratic Party,Civic Choice, and the Union of the Centre.Angelino Alfano, then party's secretary, functioned asDeputy Prime Minister of Italy and the country'sMinister of the Interior.

In June 2013, Berlusconi announced Forza Italia's revival and the PdL's transformation into a centre-right coalition.^[20][21] On 16 November 2013, the People of Freedom's national council voted to dissolve itself and start anew Forza Italia; the assembly was deserted by a group of dissidents, led by Alfano, who had launched the alternativeNew Centre-Right party the day before.^[22]

After the2016 Italian constitutional referendum, the Union of the Centre left the centre-left coalition and approached the centre-right coalition. In 2017, Civic Choice also joined the centre-right coalition. They ran with the centre-right coalition in the2017 Sicilian regional election.

Following the2018 Italian general election, the centre-right coalition, led byMatteo Salvini'sLeague, emerged with aplurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishmentFive Star Movement led byLuigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes.Matteo Salvini of the rebranded and renamedLeague was the largest party within the coalition and thus was their prime ministerial candidate. The centre-left coalition, led by former prime ministerMatteo Renzi came third.^[23][24] As no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in ahung parliament.^[25]

After three months of negotiation, the2018 Italian government formation concluded when acoalition government, which became known as theGovernment of Change, was finally formed on 1 June between Di Maio's party and the League, whose leaders both became deputy prime ministers in a government led by the Five Star Movement-linked independent politicianGiuseppe Conte asPrime Minister of Italy. This coalition, which caused dissent within the centre-right coalition, lasted until September 2019, and was succeeded by thesecond Conte government in a centre-left direction.

Following the2021 Italian government crisis, the previous government was replaced by anational unity government led byMario Draghi in February 2021. This government included the League and Forza Italia along with the Five Star Movement, theDemocratic Party,Article One, andItalia Viva;Brothers of Italy, the National Alliance successor party led byGiorgia Meloni, remained at the opposition. Draghi's government collapsed during the2022 Italian government crisis in July of that year, and asnap election ensued in September. In the2022 Italian general election, the centre-right obtained a majority in both houses, with Brothers of Italy as the largest party of the coalition. As a result, Meloni became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022.

In the1994 Italian general election, the centre-right coalition ran under the name ofPole of Freedoms in Northern Italy, including the Northern League and leaving out National Alliance, which instead ran alone. In Central Italy and Southern Italy, where the Northern League was not present, the coalition ran under the name ofPole of Good Government, which also included National Alliance.

The Pole of Freedoms was composed of four parties:

The Pole of Good Government was instead composed of six parties:

In the1996 Italian general election, thePole for Freedoms was composed of the following parties:

The coalition made an agreement of desistance with thePannella–Sgarbi List in some constituencies.

In the2001 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms was composed of seven parties:

The coalition presented a candidate a member of theSardinian Reformers in Sardinia. It also made an agreement of desistance with theTricolour Flame in one constituency in Sicily.

In the2006 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms was composed of the following parties:

The House of Freedoms was also supported byUnitalia, by Italy Again and by the National Democratic Party.

Berlusconi launchedThe People of Freedom in late 2007; this was joined by FI, AN and minor parties,^[28] and continued its alliance with the LN.^[29]

In the2008 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of three parties:

In the2013 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of the following parties:^[35]

In the2018 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of five parties:

In the2022 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of four parties:^[56]

This graph was using thelegacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to thenew Chart extension.

Election	Leader	Chamber of Deputies					Senate of the Republic
		Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position
1994	Silvio Berlusconi	16,475,191	46.4	366 / 630	New	1st	14,110,705	42.5	156 / 315	New	1st
1996		17,947,445	43.2	246 / 630	120	2nd	12,694,846	38.9	117 / 315	39	2nd
2001		18,569,126	50.0	368 / 630	122	1st	17,255,734	50.4	176 / 315	59	1st
2006		18,995,697	49.7	281 / 630	87	2nd	17,359,754	50.2	156 / 315	20	1st
2008		17,064,506	46.8	344 / 630	43	1st	15,508,899	47.3	174 / 315	18	1st
2013		9,923,109	29.2	126 / 630	218	2nd	9,405,679	30.7	118 / 315	46	2nd
2018	Matteo Salvini[a]	12,152,345	37.0	265 / 630	139	1st	11,327,549	37.5	135 / 315	17	1st
2022	Giorgia Meloni[a]	12,300,244	43.8	237 / 400	28	1st	12,129,547	44.0	115 / 200	20	1st

Region	Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
Aosta Valley	2025	17,762 (2nd)	29.4	11 / 35
Piedmont	2024	936,099 (1st)	56.6	31 / 51	2
Lombardy	2023	1,621,095 (1st)	56.3	49 / 80
South Tyrol[a]	2023	28,514	10.1	3 / 35	2
Trentino	2023	122,398 (1st)	52.6	21 / 35
Veneto	2020	1,582,405 (1st)	77.0	42 / 51	11
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	2023	250,903 (1st)	63.5	29 / 49
Emilia-Romagna	2024	594,553 (2nd)	39.8	15 / 50	4
Liguria	2024	271,809 (1st)	48.3	17 / 31	2
Tuscany	2025	518,976 (2nd)	40.9	16 / 41	2
Marche	2025	305,104 (1st)	53.8	20 / 31
Umbria	2024	151,899 (2nd)	47.5	8 / 21	5
Lazio	2023	855,450 (1st)	55.3	31 / 51	16
Abruzzo	2024	316,637 (1st)	54.7	18 / 31
Molise	2023	91,278 (1st)	64.5	14 / 21	1
Campania	2020	450,856 (2nd)	19.1	11 / 51	2
Apulia	2020	694,536 (2nd)	41.4	18 / 51	5
Basilicata	2024	150,381 (1st)	57.5	13 / 21
Calabria	2025	440,052 (1st)	58.0	21 / 31
Sicily	2022	887,215 (1st)	42.0	40 / 70	4
Sardinia	2024	333,873 (1st)[b]	48.8	24 / 60	12

• Political party alliances in Italy
• Political career of Silvio Berlusconi

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