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Central churchmanship describes those who adhere to a middle way in theAnglican Communion of theChristian religion and other Anglican church bodies, being neitherAnglo-Catholic norlow church in their doctrinal views and liturgical preferences.
The term is used much less frequently than some others as Anglicanism polarized into Anglo-Catholic andEvangelical/Reformed wings.
InThe Claims of the Church of England,Cyril Garbett,Archbishop of York, used the term along with Anglo-Catholic, liberal, and evangelical as a label for schools within theChurch of England, but also states:
Within the Anglican Church are Anglo-Catholics, Evangelicals, Liberals and the great mass of English Churchmen who are content to describe themselves as Churchmen without any further label.[1]
The term came into use in the late nineteenth century whentraditional high churchmen decided to distance themselves fromAnglo-Catholicism that came out of theOxford Movement.[2] With the Oxford Movement being even "higher" than them they first called themselves "Old High Church", but after failing to stop the rise of Anglo-Catholicism they adopted the Center position.
F. A. Iremonger placesWilliam Temple among this group emphasizing that Temple had a firm hold on the articles of the historic creeds and a conviction that what is best in each school of thought within the church is worth conserving.[3]
Perhaps the best-known exponent of the central churchman position in the twentieth century wasGeoffrey Francis Fisher,Archbishop of Canterbury from 1945 to 1961. Other English bishops, includingRobert Stopford,Henry Montgomery Campbell, andMervyn Haigh also favored a central churchmanship approach, as a way of defusing tensions within their dioceses, and as a way of promoting a so-called "brand image" for the Church of England.
Since the 1970s central churchmanship as a distinct school of thought and practice within the Church of England has been in decline. This is partly due to the closure or merger of some theological colleges that used to favor the Central position—namely,Wells Theological College,Lincoln Theological College, and Tenbury Wells—and a drift towardstheological liberalism, orAffirming Catholicism in others.
Traditionally "broad church" was calledLatitudinarianism which supported abroad-based (sensu lato, with "laxitude")Anglicanism where many views were allowed. At the time, this position was referred to as an aspect of low church (in contrast to the high church position, of which the center church is an aspect of). While always officially opposed by the Anglican church, the latitudinarian philosophy was, nevertheless, fairly dominant in 18th-century England.
In modernAmerican Episcopal Church usage it is used to refer to this same tendency which flourished well into the 19th century;[4] however, with the decline of central church views in the Episcopal Church, it has been used sometimes as a synonym for central churchmanship in the USA.[5]
Whereas those of Center churchmanship were tightly bound, and believed others should be as well, to the doctrine of the prayer book rubrics which they did not deviate from in eitherAnglo-Catholic orLow Church directions. Avoiding the extremes of either "Papist or Puritan" in favour of the uniformity of the center. They were also generally theologically conservative, whereas the Broad Church tended more towardsLiberal Christianity.
Central churchmen value both the official liturgies of theChurch of England, which they clothe in a moderate amount of ceremony and a characteristically Anglican way of doing theology that is rooted in the Bible and theCreeds of the Early Church, whilst also valuing the contribution made by the English Reformation. In their theological thinking, they steer amiddle course between the Anglo-Catholic and Evangelical parties,[6] both of which are perceived as being extreme by Central Churchmen.
Theology for Central Churchmen is very much a continuation of theOld High Church. Central Churchmen basically follow the line of development that begins withRichard Hooker, throughLancelot Andrewes toWilliam Laud and theCaroline Divines, and then on to eighteenth and nineteenth century High Churchmen likeDaniel Waterland,William Van Mildert,Harold Browne,George Pretyman Tomline, andChristopher Wordsworth. Central Churchmen are Sacramental Arminians in outlook, believing that baptism confers regeneration, that one can leave the faith if one apostatizes, Election isCorporate and thatChrist is truly spiritually present in the elements of Communion. They also hold with a mild form of the doctrine ofApostolic Succession, and are notCharismatic.[7]
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