Central African Empire Empire centrafricain | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1976–1979 | |||||||||
| Motto: "Unité, Dignité, Travail" ("Unity, Dignity, Duty") | |||||||||
| Anthem: "La Renaissance" ("The Renaissance") | |||||||||
.png) Location of the Central African Empire. | |||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Bangui | ||||||||
| Official language | French | ||||||||
National language | Sango | ||||||||
| Religion | Catholicism (official)[citation needed] Protestantism,Sunni Islam (minority) | ||||||||
| Government | Unitaryparliamentaryconstitutional monarchy (de jure) Unitaryone-partyabsolute monarchy under amilitary dictatorship (de facto) | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 1976–1979 | Bokassa I | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1976–1978 | Ange-Félix Patassé | ||||||||
• 1978–1979 | Henri Maïdou | ||||||||
| Establishment | |||||||||
| 4 December 1976 | |||||||||
| 4 December 1977 | |||||||||
| 21 September 1979 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 622,984 km2 (240,535 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Central African CFA franc | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | CF | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Central African Republic | ||||||||
TheCentral African Empire (French:Empire centrafricain) was established on 4 December 1976 when the then-President of theCentral African Republic,Jean-Bédel Bokassa,declared himselfEmperor of Central Africa. The empire would fall less than three years later whenFrench andCentral African forces overthrew Bokassa and re-established the Central African Republic on 21 September 1979.
In September 1976, President Jean-Bédel Bokassa dissolved the government of the Central African Republic and replaced it with the Central African Revolutionary Council. On 4 December 1976, at the rulingMESAN party congress, Bokassa instituted a new constitution, converted back toRoman Catholicism after briefly converting to Islam earlier in the year, and declared the country to be a monarchy. He then had himselfcrowned Emperor of Central Africa on 4 December 1977.[1]
Bokassa's full title was "Emperor of Central Africa by the Will of the Central African People, United within the National Political Party, the MESAN" and used the style "His Imperial Majesty". His regalia, lavish coronation ceremony, and regime were largely inspired byNapoleon, who had converted theFrench First Republic into theFirst French Empire. The coronation ceremony was estimated to cost his country roughlyUS$20,000,000 (XAF12,230,000,000,00 in modern values), one-third of the country's budget and all of France's aid for that year.
Bokassa justified his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent, and earn the world's respect. Despite invitations, no foreign leaders attended the event. Bokassa was widely ridiculed for this act, with his egotistical extravagance compared with that ofUgandan dictatorIdi Amin.
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By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had eroded after riots inBangui led to a massacre of civilians.[2] Between 17 and 19 April, a number of high school students were arrested after they had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms; an estimated 100 were killed in theNgaragba Prison massacre.[3][4]
Emperor Bokassa personally participated in the massacre, where he was reported beating dozens of children to death with his own cane.[5] The massive press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops inOperation Caban and subsequentlyOperation Barracuda restore former presidentDavid Dacko to power while Bokassa was away inLibya meeting withMuammar Gaddafi on 20 September 1979.
Bokassa's overthrow by the French government was called "France's last colonial expedition" by veteran French diplomat and regime change architectJacques Foccart.François Mitterrand refused to have France intervene in this manner again.[6] Operation Barracuda began the night of 20 September and ended early the next morning. An undercover commando squad from the French intelligence agencySDECE, joined by the1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment led by Colonel Brancion-Rouge, landed byTransall transport aircraft, and managed to secureBangui M'Poko International Airport. Upon arrival of two more aircraft, a message was sent to Colonel Degenne to come in with eightPuma helicopters and Transall aircraft, which took off fromN'Djaména military airport in neighbouringChad.[7]
By 12:30 p.m. on 21 September 1979, the pro-French Dacko proclaimed the fall of the Central African Empire. David Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on 1 September 1981, by GeneralAndré Kolingba.
Bokassa died on 3 November 1996, in the Central African Republic. In 2009,Jean-Serge Bokassa, who was seven years old when the Emperor was overthrown, stated his father's reign was "indefensible".[8]
WhenJean-Bédel Bokassa took control of theCentral African Republic, the French president at the time,Charles de Gaulle, did not want to engage with the new leader, refusing to receive him and calling him a "bloody idiot."[6] After heavy advising from his chief of staff,Jacques Foccart, De Gaulle finally met Bokassa in 1969, three years after he came into power.[6] After Charles De Gaulle exited office andGeorges Pompidou died,Valery Giscard d'Estaing took office in 1974. Giscard d'Estaing and Bokassa engaged in correspondence and with Giscard d'Estaing's administration, France and the Central African Empire became close allies.[9] When Bokassa declared that he was going to be hosting a coronation for himself as the emperor of the new Central African Empire, many of the novelties that attributed to the luxurious event came from France. This included an imperial crown as well as a golden throne in the shape of an eagle. After various allegations against Bokassa including the beating of school children as well as cannibalism,[10] France intervened with two operations that sought to remove Bokassa from office, the final one beingOperation Barracuda.
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing became the President of France in May 1974,[11] where his relationship withBokassa was more interactive than previous administrations. During his first visit to the country in 1970, Bokassa presented him with diamonds and ivory carvings.[9] Giscard advised Bokassa to avoid a ceremony on the scale ofNapoleon due to the Central African Empire's financial situation; however, though Bokassa ignored Giscard d'Estaing's warning, Giscard d'Estaing was the first to congratulate Bokassa on the transition to Empire. Their relationship made news on 10 October 1979 when a newspaper named theLe Canard enchaîné broke a story about Bokassa giving thirty carats of diamonds to Giscard d'Estaing and accused him of giving Giscard d'Estaing a plethora of gifts on his visits to the empire. These included elephant tusks, ivory carved objects as well as precious stones estimated to be worth one million francs.[9] This scandal was later called "Diamondgate"[9] or theDiamonds Affair scandal which contributed to Giscard d'Estaing losing the presidency in the1981 elections.[12]
Operation Barracuda was initiated in 1979 after the death of several school children after a protest that was shut down with many students imprisoned in Ngaraba.[13] France severed ties with Bokassa, and began to plan his excommunication when the emperor began working withMuammar Gaddafi,[6] the Libyan leader. Operation Barracuda entailed French soldiers entering the country[14] whileBokassa was on a trip to Libya and instatingDavid Dacko, who had been exiled to Paris,[15] as the new leader. France cut off all humanitarian aid for media presence and then later sent French troops intoBangui, the nation's capital, to install David Dacko as the new leader.[15] Dacko stayed in a hotel in France, where he was exiled, awaiting the call to be transported into the nation as soon as Bokassa made himself unavailable.[15] Leaders fromChad,Congo (thenZaire) all agreed to the idea as well as to aid the French in transport and military support for Operation Barracuda.[15] This operation's success effectively ended the Central African Empire and reintroduced the Central African Republic.[16]
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