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Lapiths

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromCentauromachy)
Legendary people in Greek mythology
This article is about the mythical tribe. For the eponymous hero, seeLapithes (hero).
Metope from theElgin Marbles depicting aCentaur and a Lapith fighting.

TheLapiths (/ˈlæpɪθs/;Ancient Greek:Λαπίθαι,Lapithai,sing. Λαπίθης) were a group of legendary people inGreek mythology, who lived inThessaly in the valley of thePineios[1] and on the mountainPelion. They were believed to have descended from the mythicalLapithes, brother ofCentaurus, with the two heroes giving their names to the races of the Lapiths and theCentaurs respectively. The Lapiths are best known for their involvement in theCentauromachy (Ancient Greek:Κενταυρομαχία,romanized: Kentauromachía), a mythical fight that broke out between them and the Centaurs duringPirithous andHippodamia's wedding.

Mythology

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Origin

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The Lapiths were anAeolian tribe who, like theMyrmidons, were natives of Thessaly. The genealogies make them a kindred people with thecentaurs: In one version,Lapithes (Λαπίθης) andCentaurus (Κένταυρος) were said to be twin sons of the godApollo and the nymphStilbe, daughter of the river godPeneus. Lapithes was a valiant warrior, but Centaurus was a deformed being who later mated with mares from whom the race of half-man, half-horse centaurs came. Lapithes was theeponymous ancestor of the Lapith people,[2][3] and his descendants include Lapith warriors and kings, such asIxion,Pirithous,Caeneus, andCoronus, and the seersAmpycus and his sonMopsus.

In theIliad the Lapiths send forty crewed ships to join the Greek fleet in theTrojan War, commanded byPolypoetes (son of Pirithous) andLeonteus (son of Coronus, son of Caeneus). The mother of Pirithous, the Lapith queen in the generation before theTrojan War, wasDia, daughter of Eioneus orDeioneus;Ixion was the father of Pirithous, but like many heroic figures, Pirithous had an immortal as well as a mortal father.[a]Zeus was his immortal father, but the god had to assume a stallion's form to cover Dia for, like their half-horse cousins, the Lapiths were horsemen in the grasslands of Thessaly, famous for its horses.[5] The Lapiths were credited with inventing thebridle's bit. The Lapith King Pirithous was marrying the horsewomanHippodameia, whose name means "tamer of horses", at the wedding feast that made a war, the Centauromachy, famous.

Centauromachy

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A centauromachy relief on an ancient Roman sarcophagus,c. 150 AD,Museo Archeologico Ostiense.[6]

In the Centauromachy ('Battle with Centaurs'), the Lapiths battle with the Centaurs at the wedding feast of Pirithous. The Centaurs had been invited, but, unused to wine, their wild nature came to the fore. When the bride, Hippodamia, was presented to greet the guests, the centaurEurytion, described as "The wildest of the Centaurs", leapt up and attempted to abduct her. All the other centaurs were up in a moment, attempting to carry off the Greek women. In the battle that ensued,Theseus came to the Lapiths' aid. They cut off Eurytion's ears and nose and threw him out. After the battle the defeated Centaurs were expelled from Thessaly to the northwest.

The LapithCaeneus was originally a young woman named Caenis and the favorite ofPoseidon, who changed her into a man at her request, and made Caeneus into an invulnerable warrior. Suchwarrior women, indistinguishable from men, were familiar among theScythian horsemen too. In the battle with the centaurs Caeneus proved invulnerable, until the Centaurs crushed him with rocks and trunks of trees. He disappeared intothe depths of the earth unharmed and was released as a sandy-headed bird.

In later contests, the Centaurs were not so easily beaten. Mythic references explained the presence into historic times of primitive Lapiths inMalea and in the brigand stronghold of Pholoe inElis as remnants of groups driven there by the centaurs. Some historic Greek cities bore names connected with Lapiths, and the Kypselides of Corinth claimed descent from Cæneus, while the Phylaides of Attica claimed for progenitor Koronus the Lapith.

In art

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Battle between a Centaur and a Lapith, Parthenon south metopes.

As Greek myth became more mediated through philosophy, the battle between Lapiths and Centaurs took on aspects of the interior struggle between civilized and wild behavior, made concrete in the Lapiths' understanding of the right usage of God-givenwine, which must be tempered with water and drunk not to excess. The Greek sculptors of the school ofPheidias conceived of the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs as a struggle between mankind and mischievous monsters, and symbolical of the great conflict between the civilized Greeks and "barbarians". Battles between Lapiths and Centaurs were depicted in the sculptured metopes on theParthenon, recalling AthenianTheseus' treaty of mutual admiration with Pirithous the Lapith, leader of theMagnetes, and on Zeus' temple atOlympia[7] The Battle of the Lapiths and centaurs was a familiarsymposium theme for thevase-painters.

A sonnet vividly evoking the battle by the French poetJosé María de Heredia (1842–1905) was included in his volumeLes Trophées.[b]In theRenaissance, the battle became a favorite theme for artists: An excuse to display close-packed bodies in violent confrontation. The youngMichelangelo executed a marble bas-relief of the subject in Florence about 1492.[9]Piero di Cosimo's panelBattle of Centaurs and Lapiths, now at theNational Gallery, London,[10] was painted during the following decade. If it was originally part of a marriage chest, orcassone, it was perhaps an uneasy subject for a festive wedding commemoration. A frieze with a Centauromachy was also painted byLuca Signorelli in hisVirgin Enthroned with Saints (1491), inspired by a Roman sarcophagus found atCortona, inTuscany, during the early 15th century.

List of Lapiths

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Lapiths
NamesSourcesCentauromachyNotes
HesiodOvidOthersParticipantKilled by
Actor✓[11]✓CentaurClanis
Ampyx✓✓
Caeneus✓✓✓buried alive by centaurs, or killed himselfwas formerly a woman called Caenis
Broteas✓✓CentaurGryneus
Celadon✓✓CentaurAmycus
Charaxus✓✓Rhoetus
Cometes✓✓Charaxus, his friend, accidentally
Corythus✓✓CentaurRhoetus
Cymelus✓✓CentaurNessus
Dryas✓✓son of Ares or Iapetus[12]
Euagrus✓✓Centaur Rhoetus
Exadius✓✓✓
Halesus✓✓CentaurLatreus
Hopleus✓✓
Macareus✓✓
Mopsus✓✓[13]✓son of Ampycus and a seer
Orius✓✓Centaur Gryneusson of Mycale
Pelates✓✓a Lapith from Pella (in Macedonia)
Periphas✓[14]✓
Phalereus✓✓
Phorbas[15][16][17]✓son of Triopas or of Lapithus, son of Apollo
Polyphemusson of Eilatus.[18]
Pirithous✓✓
Prolochus✓✓
Tectaphus✓✓CentaurPhaecomesson of Olenus
Other allies
Crantor✓✓CentaurDemoleonson ofAmyntor
Nestor✓✓
Peleus✓✓
Theseus✓✓✓

Footnotes

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  1. ^For suchsuperfecundation, compare the siring ofTheseus orHeracles. Of a supposed Parnassos, founder ofDelphi,Pausanias observes, "Like the other heroes, as they are called, he had two fathers; one they say was the god Poseidon, the human father being Cleopompus."[4]
  2. ^La foule nuptiale au festin s'est ruée, Centaures et guerriers ivres, hardis et beaux; Et la chair héroïque, au reflet des flambeaux, Se mêle au poil ardent des fils de la Nuée. Rires, tumulte ... Un cri ! ... L'Epouse polluée Que presse un noir poitrail, sous la pourpre en lambeaux Se débat, et l'airain sonne au choc des sabots Et la table s'écroule à travers la huée. Alors celui pour qui le plus grand est un nain, Se lève. Sur son crâne, un mufle léonin Se fronce, hérissé de crins d'or. C'est Hercule. Et d'un bout de la salle immense à l'autre bout, Dompté par l'oeil terrible où la colère bout, Le troupeau monstrueux en renâclant recule.[8]

References

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  1. ^Diodorus Siculus.Bibliotheca historica. iv.69.2.Lapithes made his home about the Peneius river
  2. ^Homer,Iliad xii.128.
  3. ^Diodorus Siculus.Bibliotheca historica. iv. 69; v. 61.
  4. ^Pausanias.Description of Greece. x.6.1.
  5. ^Diodorus Siculus.Bibliotheca historica. iv.70.
  6. ^Troso, Cristina (July–September 2007). "La Centauromachia del sarcofago della necropoli di Pianabella-Ostia: Considerazioni sulla iconografia".Latomus.66 (3):645–658.JSTOR 41544612.
  7. ^Pausanias.Description of Greece. v.10.8.
  8. ^de Heredia, José María."Centaures et lapithes".Les Trophées. Archived fromthe original on 2009-03-15.{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
  9. ^Michelangelo.The Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs.Art Renewal Center (picture of a bas-relief sculpture). Retrieved1 December 2012.[dead link]
  10. ^di Cosimo, Piero.Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs.National Gallery, London (image of painting). NG4890. Archived fromthe original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved2012-12-17.
  11. ^Gaius Valerius Flaccus.Argonautica. 1.146.
  12. ^Hyginus.Fabulae. 45 & 173.
  13. ^Strabo.Geographica. 9.5.22.
  14. ^Diodorus Siculus.Bibliotheca historica. 4.69.2-3.
  15. ^Diodorus Siculus.Bibliotheca historica. 4.69.3.
  16. ^Ovid.Metamorphoses. 12.322.
  17. ^Pausanias.Description of Greece. 5.1.11.
  18. ^Listed as an Argonaut inApollonius of Rhodes.The Voyage of Argo.

Sources

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External links

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