| Celtic rock | |
|---|---|
| Stylistic origins | |
| Cultural origins | 1960s,Celtic nations |
| Fusion genres | |
| Other topics | |
| Celtic fusion | |
Celtic rock is a genre offolk rock, as well as a form ofCeltic fusion which incorporatesCeltic music, instrumentation and themes into arock music context. It has been prolific since the early 1970s and can be seen as a key foundation of the development of successful mainstream Celtic bands and popular musical performers, as well as creating important derivatives through further fusions. It has played a major role in the maintenance and definition of regional and national identities and in fostering apan-Celtic culture. It has also helped to communicate those cultures to external audiences.[1]
The style of music is the hybrid of traditionalIrish,Scottish Gaelic,Welsh andBreton musical forms with rock music.[2] This has been achieved by the playing of traditional music, particularlyballads,jigs andreels with rock instrumentation; by the addition of traditional Celtic instruments, including theCeltic harp,tin whistle,uilleann pipes (or Irish bagpipes),fiddle,bodhrán,accordion,concertina,melodeon, andbagpipes (highland) to conventional rock formats; by the use of lyrics inCeltic languages and by the use of traditional rhythms and cadences in otherwise conventional rock music.[3] Just as the validity of the term Celtic in general and as a musical label is disputed, the term Celtic rock cannot be taken to mean there was a unified Celtic musical culture between theCeltic nations. However, the term has remained useful as a means of describing the spread, adaptation and further development of the musical form in different but related contexts.
By the end of the 1960s Ireland already had a flourishing folk music tradition and a growing blues and pop scene, which provided a basis forIrish rock. Perhaps the most successful product of this scene was the bandThin Lizzy. Formed in 1969 their first two albums were recognisably influenced by traditional Irish music and their first hit single "Whisky in the Jar" in 1972, was a rock version of a traditional Irish song.[4] From this point they began to move towards the hard rock that allowed them to gain a series of hit singles and albums, but retained some occasional elements of Celtic rock on later albums such asJailbreak (1976).
Formed in 1970,Horslips were the first Irish group to have the terms 'Celtic rock' applied to them, and produced work that included traditional Irish/Celtic music and instrumentation, Celtic themes and imagery, andconcept albums based onIrish mythology in a way that entered the territory ofprogressive rock all powered by ahard rock sound.[5] Horslips are considered important in the history of Irish rock as they were the first major band to enjoy success without having to leave their native country and can be seen as providing a template for Celtic rock in Ireland and elsewhere.[6] These developments ran in parallel with the burgeoning folk revival in Ireland that included groups such asPlanxty and theBothy Band.[7] It was from this tradition thatClannad, whose first album was released in 1973, adopted electric instruments and a more 'new age' sound at the beginning of the 1980s.[8]Moving Hearts, formed in 1981 by former Planxty membersChristy Moore andDonal Lunny, followed the pattern set by Horslips in combining Irish traditional music with rock, and also added elements of jazz to their sound.[9]
There were already strong links between Irish andScottish music by the 1960s, with Irish bands likethe Chieftains touring and outselling the native artists in Scotland. The adoption of folk rock produced groups including theJSD Band and Spencer's Feat. Out of the wreckage of the latter in 1974, was formed probably the most successful band in this genre, combining Irish and Scottish personnel to formFive Hand Reel.[10] Two of the most successful groups of the 1980s emerged from thedance band circuit in Scotland. From 1978, when they began to release original albums,Runrig produced highly polished Scottish folk rock, including the first commercially successful album with the allGaelicPlay Gaelic in 1978.[11] From the 1980sCapercaillie combined Scottish folk music, electric instruments and haunting vocals to considerable success.[12] Scottish Bandthe Waterboys became a well known Celtic rock band during the 1980s with the release of albums such asThis Is the Sea andFisherman's Blues. They also incorporated folk elements into their music. One of Scotland's most commercially successful and fondly-remembered rock acts,Big Country, also incorporated the influence of traditional Scottish music into their songs. While bagpipes had become an essential element in Scottish folk bands, they were much rarer in folk rock outfits, but were successfully integrated into their sound byWolfstone from 1989, who focused on a combination of highland music and rock.[13]
Brittany also made a major contribution to Celtic rock. TheBreton cultural revival of the 1960s was exemplified byAlan Stivell who became the leading proponent of the Breton harp and other instruments from about 1960, he then adopted elements of Irish, Welsh and Scottish traditional music in an attempt to create apan-Celtic folk music, which had considerable impact elsewhere, particularly in Wales and Cornwall.[14] From 1972 he began to play folk rock with a band including guitaristsDan Ar Braz andGabriel Yacoub. Yacoub went on to formMalicorne in 1974 one of the most successful folk rock bands in France. After an extensive career that included a stint playing as part ofFairport Convention in 1976, Ar Braz formed the pan-Celtic bandHeritage des Celtes, who managed to achieve mainstream success in France in the 1990s. Probably the best known and most enduring folk rock band in France wereTri Yann formed in 1971 and still recording and performing today.[15]
WhileWelsh folk music developed as a distinctive part of a pan-Celtic movement, earlyWelsh pop and rock music was more influenced by American and English artists than traditional or Celtic acts.[16] By the end of the 1960s the Welsh rock scene included a number of internationally successful English language groups that includedBadfinger,Amen Corner,Elastic Band,Budgie andMan.
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The Welsh rock scene would change markedly from October 1969, when theSain record label released its first single.[17] Founded as a label for both rock and folk musicians in theWelsh-language, and home to artists such asDafydd Iwan,Meic Stevens andAr Log, Sain would become Wales' biggest record label.[18] With Sains success as both a folk and rock label, more and more folk musicians transitioned into rock music in the early 1970s, meaning that traditional Celtic element within Welsh folk music now became evident within the burgeoning Welsh language rock scene. Acts such asEdward H. Dafis caused a sensation by "going electric" and using rock instrumentation.[19] This new rock scene soon became associated withWelsh nationalism, political activism and the campaign for the Welsh language.[20][21]
The late 1970s also saw a backlash against Celtic rock in Wales, with many Welsh language acts such as Sains ownGeraint Jarman finding success. Jarman began experimenting with more contemporary and global musical forms (such asreggae), combining them with lyrics that still conformed to the traditional techniques ofancient Welsh poetry. As such, the 1980s Welsh rock scene was split between three distinct genres, dominated bypost-punk acts who consciously moved away from Celtic Rock such as Jarman andDatblygu, the newpunk-folk Celtic Rock bands such asBob Delyn a'r Ebillion and those who favoured the pre-punk music of the 1960s and 1970s.[22] Jarman himself would later be credited by the musicianGruff Rhys with "severing ties with Celtic folk and serving as a bridge to a new wave of post-punk".[23]
Despite this, Celtic rock firmly transitioned into the Welsh mainstream throughout the 1980s, becoming the centre of Welsh language popular culture. Globally, acts such as Ar Log also embarked on world tours, bringing new renditions of "traditional Welsh folk music, haunting love songs, harp airs, melodic dance tunes and rousing sea shanties" to new markets.[24] Dafydd Iwan's 1983 song "Yma o Hyd" would become his biggest cross-over success, with a 2022 poll found that 35% of the people of Wales knew at least some of the song's lyrics.[25]
While the 1990s saw the creation of theFflach:tradd label and an increase in recognisably Celtic rock acts like theBluehorses, Welsh music was defined by the return of internationally successful rock bands that marked the "Cool Cymru" era, such as theManic Street Preachers,Stereophonics,Super Furry Animals andCatatonia.[26]
The early twenty-first century saw another revival for Welsh Celtic Rock, led byCalan,9Bach andBwncath who continue to find success within the Celtic rock genre.[27][28]
Whereas other Celtic nations already had existing folk music cultures before the end of the 1960s, this was less true inCornwall and theIsle of Man, which were also relatively small in population and more integrated into English culture and (in the case of Cornwall) the British State. As a result, there was relatively little impact from the initial wave of folk electrification in the 1970s. However, thepan-Celtic movement, with its musical and cultural festivals helped foster some reflections in Cornwall where a few bands from the 1980s onwards utilised the traditions of Cornish music with rock, including Moondragon and its successor Lordryk. More recently the bands Sacred Turf, Skwardya and Krena, have been performing in theCornish language.[29]
One by-product of the Celtic Diaspora was the existence of large communities across the world that looked for their cultural roots and identity to their origins in the Celtic nations. While it seems young musicians from these communities usually chose between their folk culture and mainstream forms of music such as rock or pop, after the advent of Celtic punk relatively large numbers of bands began to emerge styling themselves as Celtic rock. This is particularly noticeable in the US and Canada, where there are large communities descended from Irish and Scottish immigrants. From the United States this includes the Irish bandsFlogging Molly,the Tossers,Dropkick Murphys, the Young Dubliners, LeperKhanz,Black 47,the Killdares,the Drovers andJackdaw, and for Scottish bandsPrydein,Seven Nations andFlatfoot 56. From Canada are bands likethe Mahones,Enter the Haggis,Great Big Sea,the Real Mckenzies andSpirit of the West. These groups were naturally influenced by American forms of music, some containing members with no Celtic ancestry and commonly singing in English. A band in England isthe BibleCode Sundays.[30]
Ireland proved a particularly fertile ground for punk bands in the mid-1970s, includingStiff Little Fingers,the Undertones,the Radiators from Space,the Boomtown Rats andthe Virgin Prunes. Scotland also produced its fair share with acts includingthe Skids andthe Rezillos. As with folk rock in England, the advent of punk and other musical trends undermined the folk element of Celtic rock, but in the early 1980s London based Irish bandthe Pogues created the subgenreCeltic punk by combining structural elements of folk music with a punk attitude and delivery. The Pogues' style of punked-up Irish music spawned and influenced a number of Celtic punk bands, including fellow London-Irish bandNeck,Nyah Fearties from Scotland, Australia'sRoaring Jack and Norway'sGreenland Whalefishers.
Like Celtic rock in the 1970s,Celtic metal resulted from the application of a development in English music, when in the 1990s thrash metal bandSkyclad added violins, and with them jigs and folk voicings to their music on the albumThe Wayward Sons of Mother Earth (1990). This inspired theDublin based bandCruachan to mix traditional Irish music withblack metal and to create the subgenre of Celtic metal. They were soon followed by bands such asPrimordial andWaylander. Like Celtic punk, Celtic metal replicates the fusing of Celtic folk tradition with contemporary forms of music. A well-known representative of this style isThanateros from Germany.
Whereas in England folk rock, after initial mainstream recognition, subsided into the status of a sub-cultural soundtrack, in many Celtic communities and nations it has remained at the forefront of musical production. The initial wave of Celtic rock in Ireland, although ultimately feeding into Anglo-American dominated progressive rock and hard rock provided a basis for Irish bands that would enjoy international success, including thePogues andU2: one making use of the tradition of Celtic music in a new context and the other eschewing it for a distinctive but mainstream sound. Similar circumstances can be seen in Scotland albeit with a delay in time while Celtic rock culture developed, before bands likeRunrig could achieve international recognition. Widely acknowledged as one of the outstanding voices in Celtic rock is Brian McCombe (born in Glasgow, Scotland) of the Brian McCombe Band, a pan-Celtic group based in Brittany.[citation needed]
In other Celtic communities, and particularly where Celtic speakers or descendants are a minority, the function of Celtic rock has been less to create mainstream success, than to bolster cultural identity. A consequence of this has been the reinforcement of pan-Celtic culture and of particular national or regional identities between those with a shared heritage, but who are widely dispersed. However, perhaps the most significant consequence of Celtic rock has simply been as a general spur to immense musical and cultural creativity.
Celtic rock has also influenced musicians from countries and regions without Celtic communities, with some of them, like theBalkans, spawning their own Celtic rock scenes, which contributed to the interest for Celtic music and culture in local public.[31] The pioneers of Celtic rock on theYugoslav rock scene were thepub/garage rock bandRoze Poze in the mid-1980s.[32] In the 1990s, bands likeOrthodox Celts fromSerbia[33] andBelfast Food fromCroatia popularized Celtic rock further, influencing a number of younger acts, likeIrish Stew of Sindidun.
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