Celtic neopaganism refers to any type ofmodern paganism or contemporary pagan movements based on theancient Celtic religion. One approach is Celtic Reconstructionism (CR), which emphasizes historical accuracy in reviving Celtic traditions. CR practitioners rely on historical sources and archaeology for their rituals and beliefs, including offerings to spirits and deities. Language study and preservation are essential, and daily life often incorporates ritual elements. While distinct fromeclectic pagan and neopagan witchcraft traditions, there is some overlap withNeo-druidism.
Additionally, Celtic neoshamanism combines Celtic elements withshamanic practices, while Celtic Wicca blends Celtic mythology with Wiccan traditions. Each tradition within Celtic neopaganism has its unique focus and practices but draws inspiration from the ancient Celtic heritage.
| Celtic reconstructionism | |
|---|---|
Thetriple spiral, symbolizing the Three Realms | |
| Abbreviation | CR |
| Type | Ethnic religion |
| Classification | Modern Paganism |
| Orientation | Reconstructionist |
| Scripture | non-scripture-centric |
| Theology | Celtic polytheism |
| Associations | European Congress of Ethnic Religions |
| Origin | mid-1980s |
Celtic reconstructionism (CR) orCeltic reconstructionist paganism is apolytheistic reconstructionist approach toancient Celtic religion, emphasizing historical accuracy over eclecticism such as is found in most forms of Celtic neopaganism. It is an effort to reconstruct and revive, in amodern Celtic cultural context, pre-ChristianCeltic religions. Various groups and approaches based on different Celtic religious traditions emerged in the late 20th century in the United States and in Britain; there are also Celtic reconstructionists in Eastern Europe.[2][3]
The study of mythology and folklore was part ofmodern paganism from its inception, and while many groups focussed on witchcraft, some sought to revive pre-Christian religions.[4] During the 1980s, some of these reacted against the eclecticism and the focus on the "spirit" of the ancient religions in favor of "reconstructing what can be known from the extant historical record".[5] Although some Celtic reconstructionist groups only developed an online presence after their formation,[6] the development ofBBSs and the Internet facilitated the growth of the movement;[7] A CRFAQ was collectively developed, originally online.[8]
As of 2016[update], Celtic reconstructionism is the third most common form of reconstructionist paganism in the United States, afterAsatru (Germanic reconstructionism) andKemetic reconstructionism.[9] In addition to English-speaking paganism, there are Celtic reconstructionists in the Czech Republic[2] and in Russia.[3] In both the United States and Britain, Celtic reconstructionism became an umbrella term encompassing several sub-traditions,[7] which vary in particular in the geographic region whose religion they aim to reconstruct, such as British,[10] Irish,[11] Scottish, or Welsh.
Like many other modern pagan traditions, Celtic reconstructionism has no sacred texts and so personal research is stressed.[12] Many Celtic reconstructionists draw onarchaeology, historical manuscripts, and comparative religion, primarily of Celtic cultures, but sometimes other European cultures as well.[13] Celtic reconstructionists are not pan-Celtic in practice, but rather study the documentary and archaeological evidence for a particular Celtic tradition.[10][14] While the ancient Celtic religions were largely subsumed by Christianity,[15] many religious traditions have survived in the form of folklore, mythology, songs, and prayers.[16][17] Many folkloric practices never completely died out, and some Celtic reconstructionists can draw on family traditions originating in customs from a particular Celtic region.[16][17]
Rituals are based on reconstructions of traditional techniques of interacting with theOtherworld,[citation needed] such as the offering of food, drink, and art to the spirits of the land, ancestral spirits, and theCeltic deities. Celtic reconstructionists give offerings to the spirits throughout the year, but atSamhain, more elaborate offerings are made to specific deities and ancestors.[18] While Celtic reconstructionists strive to revive the religious practices of historical Celtic peoples as accurately as possible,[5] they acknowledge that some aspects of their religious practice are new inventions informed by theories about the past.[19] Feedback from scholars and experienced practitioners is sought before a new practice is accepted as a valid part of a reconstructed tradition.[20]
The ancient Irish swore their oaths by the "Three Realms" of land, sea, and sky;[21] Celtic reconstructionists use thetriple spiral,An Thríbhís Mhòr, to symbolize the three realms.[20] Many also view acts of daily life as a form of ritual, performing daily rites of purification and protection accompanied with traditional prayers and songs from sources such as theScottish GaelicCarmina Gadelica or manuscript collections of ancientIrish orWelsh poetry.[22] They also believe thatmystical, ecstatic practices are a necessary balance to scholarship and a vital part of their religion.[22] Some practicedivination;ogham is a favored method, as are traditional customs such as the taking of omens from the shapes of clouds or the behavior of birds and animals.[22]
Language study and preservation is regarded as a core part of the tradition.[23] as are to a lesser extent participation in other cultural activities such asCeltic music and dance. Celtic pagans have been accused ofcultural appropriation and ignoring living Celtic communities, particularly because of the neo-pagan concept of "elective affinity", whereby identification as Celtic is a personal choice;[24][25][26] Celtic reconstructionists seek to be aware of this danger and to participate in living Celtic cultures.[27] Some took part in the protests against the proposed destruction of archaeological sites around theHill of Tara in the course of construction of theM3 motorway in Ireland, as well as performing a coordinated ritual of protection.[11] Some have suggested that reconstructionism brings a danger ofethnocentrism.[28]
Some groups that take a Celtic reconstructionist approach toancient Gaelic polytheism call themselves "Gaelic Traditionalists", but this term is also often used by Celtic Christians.[29] SomeGaelic-oriented groups have used theScottish GaelicPàganachd ('Paganism, Heathenism')[22] or the correspondingIrishPágánacht.[citation needed] One Gaelic Polytheist group on the East Coast of the US has used a modification of the Gaelic term,Pàganachd Bhandia ('Paganism of Goddesses').[22] TheIrish word for 'polytheism',ildiachas, is in use by at least one group on the West Coast of the US asIldiachas Atógtha ('Reconstructed Polytheism').[30] In 2000, IMBAS, A Celtic reconstructionist organisation based inSeattle, adopted the nameSenistrognata,[30] a constructed "Old Celtic" term intended as a translation of "ancestral customs" in the manner offorn sed as a parallel term used inGermanic neopaganism.[31]
Celtic reconstructionism is distinguished from eclectic, universalist paganism[28] and from neopagan witchcraft traditions.[9] Reconstructionist groups also differ in focus from Celtic revivalists, for whom the spirit of Celtic religion is more important than historical accuracy.[32] Within reconstructionism, there are varying degrees of emphasis on accuracy as opposed to what best reflects the essence of the religion in a modern context.[33]
There has been cross-pollination betweenNeo-druid and Celtic reconstructionist groups, and there is significant crossover of membership between the two movements, but the two have largely differing goals and methodologies.[5] However, some Neo-druid groups (notablyÁr nDraíocht Féin (ADF), theOrder of Bards, Ovates and Druids (OBOD), and theHenge of Keltria) have adopted similar methodologies of reconstruction at least some of the time. ADF, in particular, has long used reconstructionist techniques, but is pan-Indo-European in scope, which may result in non-Celtic combinations such as "Vedic druids" and "Roman druids".[34] Terminological differences exist as well, especially in terms of whatdruid means. Some Neo-druid groups call anyone with an interest in Celtic spirituality a "druid", and refer to the practice of any Celtic-inspired spirituality as "druidry",[35] while reconstructionist groups usually regard "druid" as a culturally-specific office requiring long training and experience, only attained by a small number of practitioners, and which must be conferred and confirmed by the community the druid serves.[36]
Celtic neoshamanism is a modern spiritual tradition that combines elements from Celtic myth and legend withMichael Harner's core shamanism.[37] Proponents of Celtic Shamanism believe that its practices allow a deeper spiritual connection to those with a northern European heritage.[38] Authors such as Jenny Blain have argued that "Celtic Shamanism" is a "construction" and an "ahistoric concept".[39]
Neo-Druidism is a form of modernspirituality or religion that generally promotes harmony and worship of nature gods. Many forms of modern Druidism areNeopagan religions, whereas others are instead seen as philosophies that are not necessarily religious in nature.[40][41] Arising from the 18th centuryRomanticist movement in England, which glorified the ancientCeltic peoples of theIron Age, the early Neo-druids aimed to imitate the Iron Age Celtic priests who were also known asdruids. At the time, little accurate information was known about these ancient priests, and the modern druidic movement has no actual connection to them, despite some claims to the contrary made by modern druids.[42] Neo-Druid organizations include:
Celtic Wicca is a modern tradition ofWicca that incorporates some elements ofCeltic mythology.[44][45][46] It employs the same basic theology, rituals and beliefs as most other forms of Wicca.[44][45] Celtic Wiccans use the names of Celticdeities,mythological figures, andseasonal festivals within a Wiccan ritual structure and belief system,[44][47] rather than a historicallyCeltic one.[46][48]
This group, based in Moscow, is practicing Celtic Reconstructionism and organizes a number of Ireland-related cultural events.
Moonstone Circle, a non-Wiccan, Celtic Reconstructionist group whose members have been together in various forms for nearly 20 years, long before the popular advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web ...
[Neopaganism] is characterized by the absence of normative sacred texts and a hierarchy that controls authoritative sources and by a stress on personal research and choice.
Some pagans embrace the idea of a pan-European Celtic culture, but some practice regionally specific reconstructionist traditions.
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