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Cattle grid

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromCattle guard)
Ground object that impedes animals but allows humans and vehicles to pass
For a device attached to the front of a locomotive, seeCowcatcher.
A cattle grid on a country road in theYorkshire Dales
Cattle grid on a railway line in northeasternNew Mexico
Cattle grid inGalong, Australia

Acattle grid – also known as astock grid in Australia;cattle guard, orcattle grate inAmerican English;vehicle pass, orstock gap in theSoutheastern United States;[1]Texas gate inwestern Canada and thenorthwestern United States;[2] and acattle stop inNew Zealand English – is a type of obstacle used to preventlivestock, such assheep,cattle,pigs,horses, ormules from passing along a road or railway which penetrates the fencing surrounding an enclosed piece of land or border. It consists of a depression in the road covered by a transverse grid of bars or tubes, normally made of metal and firmly fixed to the ground on either side of the depression, so that the gaps between them are wide enough for ananimal's feet to enter, but sufficiently narrow not to impede a wheeled vehicle or human foot. This provides an effective barrier to animals without impeding wheeled vehicles, as the animals are reluctant to walk on the grates.

Origins

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The modern cattle grid for roads used by automobiles is said to have been independently invented a number of times on theGreat Plains of theUnited States around 1905–1915. Before that period, a similar device for railroads was in use at least as early as 1836; a stonestile was used inBritain as far back as pre-Roman times.[3] An article inTexas Monthly claims that the "first recorded use of a cattle grid for nonrail traffic" occurred in 1881 inArcher County, Texas, on thestagecoach road betweenArcher City andHenrietta.[4]

Uses

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Cattle grid on country road

Cattle grids are usually installed on roads where they cross afenceline, often at a boundary between public and private lands.[5] They are an alternative to the erection ofgates that would need to be opened and closed when a vehicle passes, and are common where roads cross openmoorland,rangeland orcommon land maintained bygrazing, but where segregation of fields is impractical. Cattle grids are also used when otherwise unfenced railways cross a fenceline. Cattle grids are common worldwide and are widespread in places such asAustralia, theScottish Highlands, or theNational Parks of England and Wales. They are also common throughout theWestern United States andCanada. In the United States, they are often used onBureau of Land Management andForest Service land, but are also used on paved roads and entry and exit ramps of theInterstate Highway System inrural areas.

Variations

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Almost all cattle grids are built around a grid. Most include a pit dug along a fence line, a base for the grid to rest on, and wings to connect the guard to the fence. Since many guards were or are home-made and to some degreeidiosyncratic, a wide variety of designs exist. Designs may vary with local conditions. Materials used for construction of a cattle grid depend partly on the weight it must bear.[6]

A study of the bars of traditional cattle grids in theFlint Hills ofKansas found that 80 percent were made of pipe, while smaller percentages were made ofrailroad rails,I-beams,planks, and other materials. The size of the bars varied from 38 to 165 millimetres (1+12 to6+12 in); the spaces between bars varied from44 to 203 millimetres (1+34 to 8 in); the number of bars per grid varied from 4 to 22. Grids differed in length from2.4 to 9.1 metres (7+34 to 30 ft) and in width from 1.0 to 3.0 metres (40 to 120 in), while the pits beneath grids were 0.0 to 2.5 metres (0 to 98 in) deep.[6]

Cattle grids, as they are called inGreat Britain,Ireland, andSouth Africa, are known by a wide variety of other names in other parts of the world. In the United States, they arecattle guards.Mata burro ('donkey killer') is the preferred name inBrazil andVenezuela, whileguarda ganado ('cattle keeper') is what they are called inArgentina. Alternatives in the United States includecar crossing, auto gate, corduroy gate, stock gap, cattle pass, run-over, and many others. Canadians usepit gate, vehicle pass, andTexas gate, as well ascattle guard, which in Canada refers mainly to guards at railway lines.[7]

Concrete

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Cattle grids made entirely or mostly ofconcrete have existed since the 1940s.[8] Individualranchers have often constructed their own, sometimes using plans developed in the 1940s.[8] In the 21st century, a set of plans for do-it-yourself guards made of wood and concrete are available via the web site of the Missouri Alternatives Center at theUniversity of Missouri in the US.[9] Commercialprecast concrete versions are also available; Smith Cattleguard Company, based inVirginia, sold more than 15,000 of them between 1960 and 1980.[8] Manufacturers also produce commercialpolyethylene forms with reinforcing rods. Placed in or on the ground and filled, a finished cattle grid with 4,000-pound-per-square-inch (28 MPa) concrete reinforced with58-inch (16 mm)fiberglass (GFRP)rebar can support vehicle loads of up to 32,000 pounds (15 t) peraxle.[10]

Steel

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University Lands, which manages land and mineral interests for a foundation supporting theUniversity of Texas andTexas A&M University systems, publishes do-it-yourself manuals for three sizes of cattle grids with grids made ofsteel pipes. The manuals includeschematic drawings as well as accompanying instructions.[11] Commercial guards made of steel are also available from multiple companies.[12]

Virtual

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A "virtual grid" nearLone Pine, California

Painted lines on the road can serve asskeuomorphs of cattle grids. The light-dark pattern of lines on pavement resembles a true cattle grid to animals, and by association think they will not be able to cross. Using a virtual cattle grid is initially cheaper than a true cattle grid,[13] but the cost of periodic re-painting may eventually exceed the initial cost of a well-built metal guard.[14] A particular advantage of painted guards is that they are smooth to drive over; in the US, most are found on state or federalhighways, rather than private roads.[14]

Why they work is unclear, but it is most likely related to the bovine visual system. Experts say that "a cow'sdepth perception is such that it makes little or no distinction between painted stripes on a dark background and bars over a pit."[15] Cattle may acquire the behavior of avoiding grids over pits either from individual experience or through imitation of other cattle. However, painted grids have been reported to work with semi-wild cattle with no prior exposure to virtual grids.[15]

Cattle can sometimes defeat virtual guards. A station owner inQueensland, Australia, told a reporter that after some of his old bulls leaped a painted grid, the younger ones lost their fear of walking across.[16] This is common; if one member of a herd discovers it can step safely on the lines,others will follow. Other incentives that lead cattle to test a virtual guard include placing food on the opposite side, or using strong driving pressure to run panicked cattle over a virtual grid.[13]

Electric

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Electric cattle grids useelectricity to deter animals from crossing the fence line. There are different designs. One useshigh-tensile wire run across the roadway, about 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) off the ground, attached to a power source on one side.[17] The primary advantage is cost and ease of installation.[18] Drawbacks include the necessity of spraying vegetation withherbicides to keep weeds from shorting out the grid if there is no barrier between the wires and the ground. In addition, some low-riding vehicles can catch the wires and tear them out.[17]

James Hoy inThe Cattle Guard discusses four kinds of electric guards. One that was patented inIllinois in 1955 and another invented inNew Zealand in 1979 are similar; each resemble "something like the framework of an old-fashioned metal bed" connected to a battery or high-powered fence charger. They are easy to drive across, but may pose a danger to children or animals that get stuck in the guard.[19] Another type was patented in two versions by anOregon inventor in 1956–57; it consisted of 20 current-carryingsynthetic rubber strips mounted on a wooden frame. The invention proved highly effective in deterring all animals, including dogs, and it was maintenance free, easy to drive over, and safe. However, the company that acquired themanufacturing rights stopped production in 1960.[19] A fourth type, homemade, consists of two sections of woven wire or steel plate laid on a concrete slab and set apart from one another on either side of a fenceline. The wire sections are then connected to an electric fence or to a separate charger, either conventional or solar-powered.[19]

Effectiveness on wildlife

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A cow successfully crossing a cattle grid

While cattle grids are most effective on cattle, they can be used to excludedeer andelk.[20][21][22] Research has shown that deer can cross cattle grids with flat, as opposed to rounded bars.[23] Sometimes a cattle grid is doubled to exclude these animals. A cattle grid requiring a horizontal leap of 14 feet (4.3 m) is considered effective when combined with a deer fence.[24] Striping is also painted on roads as a visual deterrent to deer, as with "virtual" cattle grids.[25]

Limitations and risks

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A cattle grid and straying sheep

While these barriers are usually effective for cattle,[26] they can fail due to ingenious animals. Sheep searching for food have been known to jump across grids, step carefully into the spaces,[27] or run along the side of grids as wide as 8 feet (2.4 m).[28]

Wider grids are used where wildlife is to be contained. Some animals can jump across them, and a barrier that stops deer needs to be at least 16 feet (5 m) wide.[26]Bison, and bulls in particular can easily jump across an 8-foot (2.4 m) barrier, and have been known to jump widths of up to 14 feet (4.3 m).[29][30]

In areas with heavy snowfall and long periods without a thaw, snow can accumulate beneath a grid and allow animals to walk across.

Horses are particularly vulnerable to cattle grid injuries, as their single-toedhooves can slip between the bars and trap their legs in an easily broken position.[26] The same risk exists forkangaroos in Australia'soutback, with additional risk of entrapment.[31]

Cattle grids are generally useless for containinggoats.[26] However, aTexas Highway Department official reported that adding three 20-inch (51 cm) painted stripes—arranged yellow, white, yellow—on the road in front of a cattle grid deterred goats from approaching or crossing the guard.[32]

Cattle grids produce noise when vehicles pass over them and people living in a 100 m radius from the grid can be affected.[33][34]

Patents and standards

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TheUnited States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) issued patentU.S. patent 1125095A on January 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada, for a cattle grid.[35]

There is aBritish Standard for cattle grids:BS4008:2006.[36] The US standards are put forth by TheAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO provides load rating guidelines for cattle grids that are used on public roads in the US. All cattle grids used on US public roads must be certified by a qualifiedengineer that the grid meets AASHTO guidelines.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Brown, Robert A (March 1960)."Fooling Cattle With Paint".Popular Science.176 (3): 228. Retrieved2010-09-21.
  2. ^Prince, Therese Lefebvre."Texas Gate".The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved2022-06-04.
  3. ^Hoy, James F. (2004), "Cattle Guards",Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, byDavid J. Wishart, University of Nebraska Press, p. 292,ISBN 9780803247871
  4. ^Webre, Rodney (May 1984)."Texas Primer: The Cattle Guard".Texas Monthly. RetrievedMay 25, 2016.
  5. ^"Everything You Need to Know About Cattle Grids".FarmRanchStore.com. 2019-02-25. Retrieved2023-09-21.
  6. ^abHoy, pp. 112–116
  7. ^Hoy, pp. 117–18
  8. ^abcHoy, James F. (1982).The Cattle Guard: Its History and Lore. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. pp. 145–46.ISBN 978-0-7006-0226-1.
  9. ^University of Tennessee (2014) [1968]."Fence and Cattle Guard Plans: Cattle Guards, Wood Frame and Concrete". University of Missouri. Archived fromthe original on August 28, 2018. RetrievedJune 4, 2016.
  10. ^Hendricks, Walt."Cattle Guard Forms".Cattle Guards website. Ray Allen. Retrieved20 November 2012.
  11. ^"Best Practices: Cattle Guards & Cattle Guard Specifications". University Lands. 2011. RetrievedJune 13, 2016.
  12. ^"Cattle Guards and Drive Through Gates"(PDF). University of Wisconsin – Extension. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on September 19, 2015. RetrievedJune 13, 2016.
  13. ^abSheldrake, Rupert."Cattle Fooled by Phoney Grids".sheldrake.org. RetrievedJune 3, 2016.
  14. ^abHoy, p. 153
  15. ^abHoy, p. 154
  16. ^"Virtual Cattle Grids Outsmart NT Cattle". Australian Broadcasting Company. July 28, 2005. RetrievedJune 17, 2010.
  17. ^abFord, Devlon (July 23, 2013)."Electric Cattle Guard Saves Time". Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. RetrievedJune 3, 2016.
  18. ^Ford, Devlon (2013-07-13)."Electric Cattle Guard Saves Time – Noble Research Institute".Noble Research Institute. Retrieved2023-09-21.
  19. ^abcHoy, p. 152
  20. ^Link, Russell (Maine DFW); Beausoleil, Rick; Spencer, Rocky (Washington DFW) (2005)."Wildlife-Human Issues: Living with Wildlife: Deer". Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (adapted from Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Living With Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest by Russell Link). RetrievedMay 23, 2016.Some people consider cattle guards eyesores, but these ground-level installations provide the most effective protection for ungated driveways on properties that are otherwise fenced to keep deer out.
  21. ^"Wildlife Crossings".Backpacker.37 (5): 40. June 2008. RetrievedMay 27, 2016 – via Google Books.
  22. ^Ortega-Santos, José Alfonso; Fulbright, Timothy Edward (2013).White-Tailed Deer Habitat: Ecology and Management on Rangelands. Texas A&M University Press. p. 147.ISBN 9781603449724. RetrievedDecember 26, 2016 – via Google Books.
  23. ^Seamans, Thomas W.; Helon, David A. (2008), R. M. Timm; M. B. Madon (eds.),"Comparison of Electrified Mats and Cattle Guards to Control White Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Access through Fences",Proc. 23rd Vertebr. Pest Conf., Univ. of Calif., Davis., pp. 206–209 – via United States Department of Agriculture,Comparisons of other cattle guard studies show that when flat material is used instead of rounded for cross members, deer cross the guard.
  24. ^Soderstrom, Neil (2009),Deer-Resistant Landscaping: Proven Advice and Strategies for Outwitting Deer and 20 Other Pesky Mammals, Rodale, p. 50,ISBN 9781605296678
  25. ^"Interstate 70 Ramps Between Rifle, Canyon Creek to Be Affected by Fencing Project".Post Independent – Citizen Telegram. Rifle, Colorado: Swift Communications. July 31, 2013. Archived fromthe original on August 15, 2013. RetrievedMay 23, 2016.
  26. ^abcdRob (July 23, 2012)."Cattle Guards Can Be Dangerous to Some Animals". Barn World. RetrievedJune 5, 2016.
  27. ^Marchington, James (April 17, 2013).Sheep Escaping. YouTube.Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. RetrievedJune 5, 2016.
  28. ^"Crafty Sheep Conquer Cattle Grids".BBC News. July 30, 2004. RetrievedOctober 3, 2014.
  29. ^Ballard, Jack (2013).Bison. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. p. 30.ISBN 978-0-7627-8101-0. RetrievedMay 25, 2016.
  30. ^Lott, Dale F. (2002).American Bison: a Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 42.ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9. RetrievedMay 25, 2016.
  31. ^Hooper, Ben (August 1, 2016)."Australian Dad Pulls Upside-Down Kangaroo out of Roadside Grate". United Press International. RetrievedDecember 26, 2016.
  32. ^Hoy, p. 155
  33. ^Watts, G.R (2023-09-21)."Investigations of noise and disturbance from vehicles crossing cattle grids and examination of options for mitigation".ResearchGate. Retrieved2023-09-21.
  34. ^"Noisy cattle grids threaten a good night's sleep".University of Bradford. 2016-09-26. Retrieved2023-09-21.
  35. ^"Cattle-guard". United States Patent and Trademark Office. January 19, 1915. RetrievedMay 27, 2016 – via Google Patents.
  36. ^"Specification for Cattle Grids". British Standards Institution. April 28, 2006. RetrievedJune 14, 2016.
  37. ^"Information About Cattle Guards". Barn World Farm & Ranch Superstore. RetrievedJune 17, 2010.

External links

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Look upcattle grid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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