 Roman Catholic Church in the United States | |
|---|---|
 Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception inWashington, D.C., the largest Roman Catholic church inNorth America | |
| Type | National polity |
| Classification | Roman Catholic |
| Orientation | Latin andEastern |
| Scripture | Bible |
| Theology | Catholic theology |
| Polity | Episcopal |
| Governance | United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |
| Pope | Leo XIV |
| USCCB President | Timothy Broglio |
| Prerogative of Place | William E. Lori |
| Apostolic Nuncio | Christophe Pierre |
| Region | United States and otherterritories of the United States, excludingPuerto Rico. |
| Language | English,Spanish,French,Latin |
| Congregations | 16,429 (2022)[1] |
| Members | 72,000,000+ (2020)[2] |
| Official website | usccb.org |
TheRoman Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwideLatin Church and the widerCatholic Communion, incommunion with thePope of Rome. With 23 percent of theUnited States' population as of 2018[update], theRoman Catholic Church is the country's second-largest religious grouping afterProtestantism, and the country's largest single church if Protestantism is divided into separatedenominations.[3] In a 2020Gallup poll, 25% of Americans said they were Roman Catholic.[4] The United States has the fourth-largestRoman Catholic population in the world, afterBrazil,Mexico, and thePhilippines.[5]
Catholicism has had a significant cultural, social, and political impact on the United States.[6]
One of theThirteen Colonies ofBritish America, theProvince of Maryland, "a Catholic Proprietary",[9] was founded with an explicitlyEnglish Catholic identity in the 17th century, contrasting itself with the neighboring Protestant-dominatedMassachusetts Bay Colony andColony of Virginia.[7] It was named after the Catholic QueenHenrietta Maria, the wife ofCharles I of England. Politically, it was under the influence of Catholiccolonial families of Maryland such as the CalvertBaron Baltimore and theCarroll family, the latter of Irish origin.[10]
Much of the religious situation in the Thirteen Colonies reflected the sectarian divisions of theEnglish Civil War.[11] This predicament was especially precarious for Catholics. For this reason, Calvert wanted to provide "a refuge for his fellow Catholics" who were "harassed in England by the Protestant majority." King Charles I, as a "Catholic sympathizer", favored and facilitated Calvert's plan if only to make evident that a "policy of religious toleration could permit Catholics and Protestants to live together in harmony."[12]
TheProvince of Pennsylvania, which was given toQuakerWilliam Penn by the last Catholic King of England,James II, advocated religious toleration as a principle and some Catholics lived there.[8][13] There were also some Catholics in theProvince of New York, named after King James II.
In 1785, the estimated number of Catholics was at 25,000; 15,800 in Maryland, 7,000 in Pennsylvania and 1,500 in New York.[14] There were only 25 priests serving the nation's Catholics. This was less than 2% of the total population in the Thirteen Colonies.[14]
In 1776, after theSecond Continental Congress unanimously adopted and issued theUnited States Declaration of Independence and theContinental Army prevailed over the British in theAmerican Revolutionary War, theUnited States came to incorporate into itself territories with a pre-existing Catholic history under their previous governance byNew France andNew Spain, the two premier European Catholic powers active inNorth America.[8] Theterritorial evolution of the United States since 1776 has meant that today more areas that are now part of the United States were Catholic in colonial times before they were Protestant.
Anti-Catholicism was the policy for the English who first settled the New England colonies, and it persisted in the face of warfare with the French inNew France, now part of Canada.[15] Maryland was founded by a Catholic,Lord Baltimore, as the first 'non-denominational' colony and was the first to accommodate Catholics. A charter was issued to him in 1632.[16]
In 1650, thePuritans in the colony rebelled and repealed the Act of Toleration. Catholicism was outlawed and Catholic priests were hunted and exiled. By 1658, the Act of Toleration was reinstated and Maryland became the center of Catholicism into the mid-19th century. In 1689, Puritans rebelled and again repealed theMaryland Toleration Act. These rebels cooperated with the colonial assembly "dominated by Anglicans to endow the Church of England with tax support and to bar Catholics (and Quakers) from holding public office."[17] New York proved more tolerant with its Catholic governor, Thomas Dongan, and other Catholic officials.[18] Freedom of religion returned with the American Revolution.
In 1756, a Maryland Catholic official estimated seven thousand practicing Catholics in Maryland and three thousand in Pennsylvania.[19] The Williamsburg Foundation estimates in 1765 Maryland Catholics at 20,000 and 6,000 in Pennsylvania. The population of these colonies at the time was approximately 180,000 and 200,000, respectively. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics formed 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.[20][21] Another estimate is 35,000 in 1789, 60% in Maryland with not many more than 30 priests.[22] John Carroll, first Catholic Bishop, in 1785, two years after theTreaty of Paris (1783), reported 24,000 registered communicants in the new country, of whom 90% were in Maryland and Pennsylvania.[23]
After the Revolution, Rome made entirely new arrangements for the creation of an American diocese under American bishops.[24][25] Numerous Catholics served in the American army and the new nation had very close ties with Catholic France.[26] General George Washington insisted on toleration; for example, he issued strict orders in 1775 that "Pope's Day", the colonial equivalent ofGuy Fawkes Night, was not to be celebrated. European Catholics played major military roles, especiallyGilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette,Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau,Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing,Casimir Pulaski andTadeusz Kościuszko.[27] Irish-born CommodoreJohn Barry fromCo Wexford, Ireland, often credited as "the Father of the American Navy", also played an important military role.[28] In a letter to Bishop Carroll, Washington acknowledged this unique contribution of French Catholics as well as the patriotic contribution of Carroll himself: "And I promise that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishments of their Revolution, and the establishment of their government; nor the important assistance which they received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic religion is professed."[29]
Beginning in approximately 1780 there was astruggle betweenlay trustees and bishops over the ownership of church property, with the trustees losing control following the 1852Plenary Councils of Baltimore.[30]
Historian Jay Dolan, writing on the colonial era in 2011, said:
President Washington promoted religious tolerance by proclamations and by publicly attending services in various Protestant and Catholic churches.[32] The old colonial laws imposing restrictions on Catholics were gradually abolished by the states, and were prohibited in the new federal constitution.[33]
In 1787, two Catholics,Daniel Carroll of the Irish O'Carrolls and Irish bornThomas Fitzsimons, helped draft the newUnited States Constitution.[34] John Carroll was appointed by the Vatican as Prefect Apostolic, making him superior of the missionary church in the thirteen states. He formulated the first plans for Georgetown University and became the first American bishop in 1789.[35]
In 1803, theLouisiana Purchase saw vast territories inFrench Louisiana transferred over from the First French Republic, areas that would become the following states;Arkansas,Iowa,Missouri,Kansas,Oklahoma,Nebraska,Minnesota,Louisiana,South Dakota,Wyoming andMontana, half ofColorado, parts ofNew Mexico,Texas, andNorth Dakota.[36] The French named a number of their settlements after Catholic saints, such asSt. Louis,Sault Ste. Marie,St. Ignace,St. Charles and others.[37] The Catholic, culturally French population of Americans, descended from this colony are today known as theLouisiana Creole andCajun people.[38][39]
During the 19th century, territories previously belonging to the CatholicSpanish Empire became part of the United States, starting withFlorida in the 1820s.[40] Most of the Spanish American territories with a Catholic heritage became independent during the early 19th century, this includedMexico on the border of the United States. The United States subsequently annexed parts of Mexico, starting withTexas in the 1840s and after the end of theMexican–American War an area known as theMexican Cession, including what would become the states ofCalifornia,Nevada,Utah, most ofArizona, the rest of New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.[41] To an even greater extent than the French, the Spanish had named many settlements in the colonial period after Catholic saints or in reference to Catholic religious symbolism, names that they would retain after becoming part of the United States, especially in California (Los Angeles,San Francisco,San Diego,Sacramento,San Bernardino,Santa Barbara,Santa Monica,Santa Clarita,San Juan Capistrano,San Luis Obispo and numerous others), as well as Texas (San Antonio,San Juan,San Marcos andSan Angelo), New Mexico (Santa Fe) and Florida (St. Augustine).[37][42] In 1898, following theSpanish–American War, the United States took control ofPuerto Rico,Guam and thePhilippines, andCuba for a time, all of which had several centuries of Spanish Catholic colonial history, though they were not made into states.[43]
The number of Catholics surged starting in the 1840s asGerman,Irish, and other European Catholics came in large numbers. After 1890,Italians andPoles formed the largest numbers of new Catholics, but many countries in Europe contributed, as did Quebec. By 1850, Catholics had become the country's largest single denomination. Between 1860 and 1890, their population tripled to seven million.
HistorianJohn McGreevy identifies a major Catholic revival that swept across Europe, North America, and South America in the early 19th century. It was nurtured in the world of Catholic urban neighborhoods, parishes, schools, and associations, whose members understood themselves as arrayed against, and morally superior to the wider American society. The Catholic Revival is called "Ultramontanism". It included a new emphasis on Thomistic theology for intellectuals. For parishioners it meant a much deeper piety that emphasized miracles, saints, and new devotions such as, compulsory Sunday attendance, regular confession and communion, praying the rosary, a devotion to the Blessed Virgin, and meatless Fridays. There was a deeper respect for bishops, and especially the Pope, with more direct control by the Vatican over selecting bishops and less autonomy for local parishes. There was a sharp increase in Mass attendance, religious vocations soared, especially among women. Catholics set up a parochial school system using the newly available nuns, and funding from the more religious parents. Intermarriage with Protestants was strongly discouraged. It was tolerated only if the children were brought up Catholics. The parochial schools effectively promoted marriage inside the faith. By the late 19th century dioceses were building foreign language elementary schools in parishes that catered to Germans and other non-English speaking groups. They raised large sums to build English-only diocesan high schools, which had the effect of increasing ethnic intermarriage and diluting ethnic nationalism.[44] Leadership was increasingly in the hands of the Irish. The Irish bishops worked closely with the Vatican and promoted Vatican supremacy that culminated in Papal infallibility proclaimed in 1870.[45]
The bishops began standardizing discipline in the American Church with the convocation of thePlenary Councils of Baltimore in 1852, 1866 and 1884. These councils resulted in the promulgation of theBaltimore Catechism and the establishment of theCatholic University of America.
Jesuit priests who had been expelled from Europe found a new base in the U.S. They founded numerous secondary schools and 28 colleges and universities, includingGeorgetown University (1789),St. Louis University (1818),Boston College, theCollege of Holy Cross, theUniversity of Santa Clara, and several Loyola Colleges.[46] Many other religious communities like theDominicans,Congregation of Holy Cross, andFranciscans followed suit.
In the 1890s, theAmericanism controversy roiled senior officials. The Vatican suspected there was too much liberalism in the American Church, and the result was a turn to conservative theology as the Irish bishops increasingly demonstrated their total loyalty to the Pope, and traces of liberal thought in the Catholic colleges were suppressed.[47][48] As part of this controversy, the founder of thePaulist Fathers, Isaac Hecker, was accused by the French clericCharles Maignen [fr](in French) of subjectivism andcrypto-Protestantism.[49] Additionally some who sympathized with Hecker in France were accused ofAmericanism.
Nuns andsisters played a major role in American religion, education, nursing and social work since the early 19th century. In Catholic Europe, convents were heavily endowed over the centuries, and were sponsored by the aristocracy. But there were very few rich American Catholics, and no aristocrats. Religious orders were founded by entrepreneurial women who saw a need and an opportunity, and were staffed by devout women from poor families. The numbers grew rapidly, from 900 sisters in 15 communities in 1840, 50,000 in 170 congregations in 1900, and 135,000 in 300 different congregations by 1930. Starting in 1820, the sisters always outnumbered the priests and brothers.[50] Their numbers peaked in 1965 at 180,000 then plunged to 56,000 in 2010. Many women left their orders, and few new members were added.[51]
On April 8, 2008, CardinalWilliam Levada,prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith underPope Benedict XVI, met with theLeadership Conference of Women Religious leaders in Rome and communicated that the CDF would conduct a doctrinal assessment of the LCWR, expressing concern that the nuns were expressing radical feminist views. According to Laurie Goodstein, the investigation, which was viewed by many U.S. Catholics as a "vexing and unjust inquisition of the sisters who ran the church's schools, hospitals and charities", was ultimately closed in 2015 by Pope Francis.[52]
Someanti-Catholic political movements appeared: theKnow Nothings in the 1840s.American Protective Association in the 1890s, and thesecond Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s, were active in the United States. But even as early as 1884, in the face of outbreaks of anti-Catholicism, Catholic leaders like James Cardinal Gibbons were filled with admiration for their country: "The oftener I go to Europe," Gibbons said, "the longer I remain there, and the more I study the political condition of its people, I return home filled with greater admiration for our own country and [am] more profoundly grateful that I am an American citizen."[53] Animosity by Protestants waned as Catholics demonstrated their patriotism inWorld War I, their commitment to charity, and their dedication to democratic values.[54]
In the era of intense emigration from the 1840s to 1914, bishops often set up separate parishes for major ethnic groups, from Ireland, Germany, Poland, French Canada and Italy. In Iowa, the development of theArchdiocese of Dubuque, the work ofBishop Loras and the building ofSt. Raphael's Cathedral, to meet the needs of Germans and Irish, is illustrative. Noteworthy, too, was the contribution of 400 Italian Jesuit expatriates who, between 1848 and 1919, planted dozens of institutions to serve the diverse population out West. By century's end, they had founded colleges (later to become universities) in San Francisco, Santa Clara, Denver, Seattle and Spokane to meet the cultural and religious needs of people of that region. They also ministered to miners in Colorado, to Native Peoples in several states, and to Hispanics in New Mexico, "building churches [in the latter state], publishing books and newspapers, and running schools in both the public and private sectors."[55]
By the beginning of the 20th century, approximately one-sixth of the population of the United States was Catholic. Modern Catholic immigrants come to the United States from thePhilippines,Poland andLatin America, especiallyMexico andCentral America. This multiculturalism and diversity has influenced the conduct of Catholicism in the United States. For example, most dioceses offerMass in a number of languages, and an increasing number of parishes offer Masses in the official language of the church, Latin, due to its universal nature.
SociologistAndrew Greeley, an ordained Catholic priest at the University of Chicago, undertook a series of national surveys of Catholics in the late 20th century. He published hundreds of books and articles, both technical and popular. His biographer summarizes his interpretation:
In 1965, 71% of Catholics attended Mass regularly.[57]
In the later 20th century "[...] the Catholic Church in the United States became the subject of controversy due to allegations ofclerical child abuse of children and adolescents, of episcopal negligence in arresting these crimes, and of numerous civil suits that cost Catholic dioceses hundreds of millions of dollars in damages."[58] Because of this, higher scrutiny and governance as well as protective policies and diocesan investigation into seminaries have been enacted to correct these former abuses of power, and safeguard parishioners and the church from further abuses and scandals.
One initiative is the "National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management" (NLRCM), a lay-led group born in the wake of the sexual abuse scandal and dedicated to bringing better administrative practices to 194 dioceses that include 19,000 parishes nationwide with some 35,000lay ecclesial ministers who log 20 hours or more a week in these parishes.[59][when?]According to a 2015 study by Pew Researchers, 39% of Catholics attend church at least once a week and 40%, once or twice a month.[60]
Although the issue of trusteeism was mostly settled in the 19th century, there have been some related issues. In 2005, an interdict was issued to board members ofSt. Stanislaus Kostka Church (St. Louis, Missouri) in an attempt to get them to turn over the church property to theArchdiocese of St. Louis. In 2006, a priest was accused of stealing $1.4 million from his parish, prompting a debate overConnecticut Raised Bill 1098 as a means of forcing the Catholic church to manage money differently. Related to issues of asset ownership, some parishes have been liquidated and theassets taken by the diocese instead of being distributed to nearby parishes, which in violation of church financial rules.
In 2009,John Micklethwait, editor ofThe Economist and co-author ofGod Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World, said that American Catholicism, which he describes in his book as "arguably the most striking Evangelical success story of the second half of the nineteenth century," has competed quite happily "without losing any of its basic characteristics." It has thrived in America's "pluralism".[61]
In 2011, an estimated 26 million American Catholics were "fallen-away", that is, not practicing their faith. Some religious commentators commonly refer to them as "the second largest religious denomination in the United States."[62] Recent Pew Research survey results in 2014 show about 31.7% of American adults were raised Catholic, while 41% from among that group no longer identify as Catholic.[63]
In a 2015 survey by researchers atGeorgetown University, Americans who self identify as Catholic, including those who do not attend Mass regularly, numbered 81.6 million or 25% of the population, and 68.1 million or 20% of the American population are Catholics tied to a specific parish. About 25% of US Catholics say they attend Masses once a week or more, and about 38% went at least once a month. The study found that the number of US Catholics has increased by 3 to 6% each decade since 1965, and that the Catholic Church is "the most diverse in terms of race and ethnicity in the US," with Hispanics accounting for 38% of Catholics and blacks and Asians 3% each.[64] The Catholic Church in the US "represents perhaps the most multi-ethnic organization of any kind, and so is a major laboratory for cross-cultural cooperation and cross-cultural communication completely within the nation's borders."[65] It is as if it wishes to forge a broader ecclesial identity to give newcomers a more inclusive welcome, similar to the aspirations of 19th century church leaders like Archbishops John Ireland and James Gibbons who "wanted Catholic immigrants to become fully American, rather than 'strangers in a strange land.' "[66] Only 2 percent of American Catholics go to confession on a regular basis, while three-quarters of them go to confession once a year or less often; a valid confession is required by the Church after committingmortal sin to return to the State of Grace, necessary to receive Holy Communion.[67] As one of the precepts of the church, it is also required that every Catholic makes a valid confession at least once a year.[68]
According to Matthew Bunsen's analysis of a Real Clear poll of American Catholics in late 2019:
Since 1970, weekly church attendance among Catholics has dropped from 55% to 20%, the number of priests declined from 59,000 to 35,000 and the number of people who have left Catholicism has increased from under 2 million in 1975 to over 30 million today.[70] In 2022, there were fewer than 42,000 nuns left in the United States, a 76% decline over 50 years, with fewer than 1% of nuns under age 40.[71]
The RealClear poll data indicates that the Latino element has now reached 37 percent of the Catholic population, and growing. It is 60 percent Democratic, while the non-Latinos are split about 50-50 politically. Although many Americans still identify as Catholics, their religious participation rates are declining. Today only 39% of all Catholics go to Mass at least weekly. Nearly two-thirds of Catholics say that their trust in the church leadership has been undermined by the clergy sex abuse crisis. Nevertheless, 86% of all Catholics still consider religion important in their own lives.[72]
Following the death ofPope Francis in 2025, theconclave elected Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost as the first United States-born pope in history. Prevost, anAugustinian, was born inChicago and attendedVillanova University outside ofPhiladelphia. He chose thepapal name ofLeo XIV upon his election.
Catholics gather as local communities called parishes, headed by a priest, and typically meet at a permanent church building for liturgies every Sunday, weekdays and on holy days. Within the 196 geographical dioceses and archdioceses (excluding theArchdiocese for the Military Services), there were 17,007 local Catholicparishes in the United States in 2018.[75] The Catholic Church has the third highest total number of local congregations in the US behindSouthern Baptists andUnited Methodists. However, the average Catholic parish is significantly larger than the average Baptist or Methodist congregation; there are more than four times as many Catholics as Southern Baptists and more than eight times as many Catholics as United Methodists.[76]
In the United States, there are 197 ecclesiastical jurisdictions:
Eastern Catholic Churches are churches with origins in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa that have their own distinctive liturgical, legal and organizational systems and are identified by the national or ethnic character of their region of origin. Each is considered fully equal to the Latin tradition within the Catholic Church. In the United States, there are 15 Eastern Church dioceses (calledeparchies) and two Eastern Church archdioceses (orarcheparchies), theByzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh and theUkrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia.
The apostolic exarchate for the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church in the United States is headed by a bishop who is a member of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. An apostolic exarchate is the Eastern Catholic Church equivalent of an apostolic vicariate. It is not a full-fledged diocese/eparchy, but is established by the Holy See for the pastoral care of Eastern Catholics in an area outside the territory of the Eastern Catholic Church to which they belong. It is headed by a bishop or a priest with the title ofexarch.
ThePersonal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter was established January 1, 2012, to serve former Anglican groups and clergy in the United States who sought to become Catholic. Similar to a diocese though national in scope, the ordinariate is based inHouston, Texas, and includes parishes and communities across the United States that are fully Catholic, while retaining elements of their Anglican heritage and traditions.
As of 2024[update], 8 dioceses out of 196 are vacant (sede vacante).
The central leadership body of the Catholic Church in the United States is theU.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, made up of the hierarchy ofbishops (includingarchbishops) of the United States and theU.S. Virgin Islands, although each bishop is independent in his owndiocese, answerable only to theHoly See. The USCCB elects a president to serve as their administrative head, but he is in no way the "head" of the church or of Catholics in the United States. In addition to the 195 dioceses and oneexarchate[77] represented in the USCCB, there are several dioceses in the nation's other four overseas dependencies. In the Commonwealth ofPuerto Rico, the bishops in the six dioceses (onemetropolitanarchdiocese and five suffragan dioceses) form their ownepiscopal conference, thePuerto Rican Episcopal Conference (Conferencia Episcopal Puertorriqueña).[78] The bishops in USinsular areas in thePacific Ocean—the Commonwealth of theNorthern Mariana Islands, the Territory ofAmerican Samoa, and the Territory ofGuam—are members of theEpiscopal Conference of the Pacific.
Noprimate exists for Catholics in the United States. In the 1850s, theArchdiocese of Baltimore was acknowledged aPrerogative of Place, which confers to its archbishop some of the leadership responsibilities granted to primates in other countries. The Archdiocese of Baltimore was the first diocese established in the United States, in 1789, withJohn Carroll (1735–1815) as its first bishop. It was, for many years, the most influential diocese in the fledgling nation. Now, however, the United States has several large archdioceses and a number ofcardinal-archbishops.
By far, most Catholics in the United States belong to theLatin Church of the Catholic Church. Rite generally refers to the form of worship ("liturgical rite") in a church community owing to cultural and historical differences as well as differences in practice. However, the Vatican II document,Orientalium Ecclesiarum ("Of the Eastern Churches"), acknowledges that these Eastern Catholic communities are "true Churches" and not just rites within the Catholic Church.[79] There are 14 other churches in the United States (23 within the global Catholic Church) which are in communion with Rome, fully recognized and valid in the eyes of the Catholic Church. They have their own bishops andeparchies. The largest of these communities in the U.S. is theChaldean Catholic Church.[80] Most of these churches are of Eastern European and Middle Eastern origin. Eastern Catholic Churches are distinguished from Eastern Orthodox, identifiable by their usage of the term Catholic.[81]
In recent years, particularly following the issuing of theapostolic letterSummorum Pontificum byPope Benedict XVI in 2007, the United States has emerged as a stronghold for the small but growingTraditionalist Catholic movement, along withFrance,England and a few otherAnglophone countries.[82][83] There are over 600 locations throughout the country where theTraditional Latin Mass is offered.[84][may be outdated]
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The church employs people in a variety of leadership and service roles. Its ministers include ordained clergy (bishops,priests, anddeacons) and non-ordainedlay ecclesial ministers,theologians, andcatechists.
Some Catholics, both lay and clergy, live in a form ofconsecrated life, rather than in marriage. This includes a wide range of relationships, from monastic (monks andnuns), to mendicant (friars and sisters), apostolic (priests,brothers, andsisters), and secular and lay institutes. While many of these also serve in some form of ministry, above, others are in secular careers, within or without the church. Consecrated life – in and of itself – does not make a person a part of the clergy or a minister of the church.
Additionally, many lay people are employed in "secular" careers in support of church institutions, including educators, health care professionals, finance and human resources experts, lawyers, and others.
Leadership of the Catholic Church in the United States is provided by the bishops, individually for their own dioceses and collectively through theUnited States Conference of Catholic Bishops. There are some mid-level groupings of bishops, such as ecclesiastical provinces (often covering a state) and the fourteen geographic regions of the USCCB, but these have little significance for most purposes.
The ordinary office for a bishop is to be the bishop of a particular diocese, its chief pastor and minister, usually geographically defined and incorporating, on average, about 350,000 Catholic Christians. Incanon law, the bishop leading a particular diocese, or similar office, is called an "ordinary" (i.e., he has complete jurisdiction in this territory or grouping of Christians).
There are two non-geographic dioceses, called "ordinariates", one formilitary personnel and one forformer Anglicans who are in full communion with the Catholic Church.
Dioceses are grouped together geographically into provinces, usually within a state, part of a state, or multiple states together (see map below). A province comprises several dioceses which look to one ordinary bishop (usually of the most populous or historically influential diocese/city) for guidance and leadership. This lead bishop is theirarchbishop and his diocese is thearchdiocese. The archbishop is called the "metropolitan" bishop who strives to achieve some unanimity of practice with his brother "suffragan" bishops.
Some larger dioceses have additional bishops assisting the diocesan bishop, and these are called "auxiliary" bishops or, if a "coadjutor" bishop, with right of succession.
Additionally, some bishops are called to advise and assist the bishop of Rome, thepope, in a particular way, either as an additional responsibility on top of their diocesan office or sometimes as a full-time position in theRoman Curia or related institution serving the universal church. These are calledcardinals, because they are "incardinated" onto a second diocese (Rome). All cardinals under the age of 80 participate in the election of a new pope when the office of the papacy becomes vacant.
There are 428 active and retired Catholic bishops in the United States:
255 active bishops:
173 retired bishops:
There are 16 U.S. cardinals.[86]
Four archdioceses are currently led by archbishops who have been created cardinals:
Two cardinals are in service to the pope, in the Roman Curia or related offices:
Ten cardinals are retired:
In 2018,[75] there were approximately 100,000 clergy and ministers employed by the church in the United States, including:
There are also approximately 30,000 seminarians/students in formation for ministry:
The 630 Catholic hospitals in the U.S. have a combined budget of $101.7 billion, and employ 641,030 full-time equivalent staff.[88]
The 6,525 Catholic primary and secondary schools in the U.S. employ 151,101 full-time equivalent staff, 97.2% of whom are lay and 2.3% are consecrated, and 0.5% are ordained.[89]
The 261 Catholic institutions of higher (tertiary) education in the U.S. employ approximately 250,000 full-time equivalent staff, including faculty, administrators, and support staff.[90]
Overall, the Catholic Church employs more than one million employees with an operating budget of nearly $100 billion to run parishes, diocesan primary and secondary schools, nursing homes, retreat centers, hospitals, and other charitable institutions.[91]
By the middle of the 19th century, the Catholics in larger cities started building their own parochial school system. The main impetus was fear that exposure to Protestant teachers in the public schools, and Protestant fellow students, would lead to a loss of faith. Protestants reacted bystrong opposition to any public funding of parochial schools.[92] The Catholics nevertheless built their elementary schools, parish by parish, using very low-paid sisters as teachers.[93]
In the classrooms, the highest priorities were piety, orthodoxy, and strict discipline. Knowledge of the subject matter was a minor concern, and in the late 19th century few of the teachers in parochial (or secular) schools had gone beyond the 8th grade themselves. The sisters came from numerous denominations, and there was no effort to provide joint teachers training programs. The bishops were indifferent. Finally around 1911, led by theCatholic University of America in Washington, Catholic colleges began summer institutes to train the sisters in pedagogical techniques. Long past World War II, the Catholic schools were noted for inferior plants compared to the public schools, and less well-trained teachers. The teachers were selected for religiosity, not teaching skills; the outcome was pious children and a reduced risk of marriage to Protestants.[94] However, by the later half the 20th century Catholic schools began to perform significantly better than their public counterparts.[95] In 2024, the National Catholic Educational Association reported that 99% of the students in 1,174 Catholic secondary schools graduated on time and 85% of them went on to four-year colleges.[96]
According to the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities in 2011, there are approximately 230 Catholic universities and colleges in the United States with nearly 1 million students and some 65,000 professors.[97] In 2016, the number of tertiary schools fell to 227, while the number of students also fell to 798,006.[98] The national university of the church, founded by the nation's bishops in 1887, is TheCatholic University of America in Washington, D.C. The first Catholic college/university of higher learning established in the United States isGeorgetown University, founded in 1789.[99] The richest U.S. Catholic university is theUniversity of Notre Dame (founded in 1842) with an endowment of over 20 billion in 2022.[100] In the 2025 edition ofU.S. News & World Report rankings, 9 of the top 100 national universities and 6 of the top national liberal arts colleges in the US were Catholic.[101]
According to the2016 Official Catholic Directory, as of 2016[update] there were 243seminaries with 4,785 students in the United States; 3,629 diocesan seminarians and 1,456 religious seminarians. By the official 2017 statistics, there are 5,050 seminarians (3,694 diocesan and 1,356 religious) in the United States. In addition, the American Catholic bishops oversee thePontifical North American College for American seminarians and priests studying at one of thePontifical Universities inRome.
In 2002, Catholic health care system, overseeing 625 hospitals with a combined revenue of 30 billion dollars, was the nation's largest group of nonprofit systems.[102] In 2008, the cost of running these hospitals had risen to $84.6 billion, including the $5.7 billion they donate.[103] According to theCatholic Health Association of the United States, 60 health care systems, on average, admit one in six patients nationwide each year.[104] According to Merger Watch (2018), Catholic facilities make up about 10% of all "sole community providers" in the US (49 out of 514). In some states, the percentage is much greater: in Wisconsin and South Dakota, for example, "Catholic hospitals account for at least 50% of sole community providers."[105]
Catholic Charities is active as the largest voluntary social service networks in the United States. In 2009, it welcomed inNew Jersey the 50,000th refugee to come to the United States fromBurma. Likewise, the US Bishops' Migration and Refugee Services has resettled 14,846 refugees from Burma since 2006.[106] In 2010 Catholic Charities USA was one of only four charities among the top 400 charitable organizations to witness an increase in donations in 2009, according to a survey conducted byThe Chronicle of Philanthropy.[107]
The number of Catholics grew rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries through high fertility and immigration, especially fromIreland andGermany,[108] and after 1880,Eastern Europe,Italy, andQuebec. Large scale Catholic immigration fromMexico began after 1910, and in 2019 Latinos comprised 37 percent of American Catholics.
Since 1960, the percentage of Americans who are Catholic has fallen from about 25% to 22%.[109] In a 2021 Pew Research study, "21% of US adults described themselves as Catholic, identical to the Catholic share of the population in 2014."[110] In absolute numbers, Catholics have increased from 45 million to 72 million. As of April 9, 2018[update], 39% of American Catholics attend church weekly, compared to 45% of American Protestants.[111]
About 10% of the United States' population as of 2010[update] are former Catholics or non-practicing, almost 30 million people.[112] People have left for a number of reasons, factors which have also affected other denominations: loss of belief, disenchantment, indifference, or disaffiliation for another religious group or for none. Though Catholic adherents are present throughout the country, Catholics are generally more concentrated in theNortheast and urban Midwest. Currently, however, they are also clustered in the southwest. This is because of the continuing growth of the American Hispanic community as a share of the U.S. population is gradually shifting the geographic center of U.S. Catholicism from the Northeast and urban Midwest to the South and the West.[113] Regional distribution of U.S. Catholics (as a percentage of the total U.S. Catholic population) is as follows: Northeast, 24%; Midwest, 19%; South, 32% (a percentage that has increased in recent years due to a growing number of Catholics mainly in Texas, Louisiana, and Florida, with the rest of the Southern states remaining overwhelmingly Protestant); and West, 25%.[114] While the wealthiest and most educated Americans tend to belong to someProtestant American groupings as well as to Jewish and Hindu constituencies as a whole, more Catholics (13.3 million ),[115] owing to their sheer numbers, reside in households with a yearly income of $100,000-or-more than any other individual religious group,[116] and more Catholics holdcollege degrees (over 19 million) than do members of any other faith community in the United States when divided according to their respective denominations or religious designations.[115]
There were 70,412,000 registered Catholics in the United States (22% of the US population) in 2017, according to the American bishops' count in theirOfficial Catholic Directory 2016.[98] This count primarily rests on the parish assessment tax which priests evaluate yearly according to the number of registered members and contributors. In July 2021, the Public Religion Research Institute issued its own report based on a new census of 500,000 people. It also noted that 22% of 330 million Americans identified as Catholic: 12%, white; 8%, Latino; and 2%, other (Black, Asian, etc.).[117] Estimates of the overall American Catholic population from recent years generally range around 20% to 28%. According to Albert J. Menedez, research director of "Americans for Religious Liberty", many Americans continue to call themselves Catholic but "do not register at local parishes for a variety of reasons."[118] According to a survey of 35,556 American residents (released in 2008 by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life), 23.9% of Americans identify themselves as Catholic (approximately 72 million of a national population of 306 million residents).[119] The study notes that 10% of those people who identify themselves as Protestant in the interview are former Catholics and 8% of those who identity themselves as Catholic are former Protestants.[120] In recent years, more parishes have opened than closed.[citation needed]
The northeastern quadrant of the US (i.e., New England, Mid-Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central) has seen a decline in the number of parishes since 1970, but parish numbers are up in the other five regions (i.e., South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Pacific, and Mountain regions) and are growing steadily.[121][122] Catholics in the US are about 6% of the church's total worldwide 1.3 billion membership.
A poll byThe Barna Group in 2004 found Catholic ethnicity to be 60% non-Hispanic white (includes Americans with historically Catholic ethnicities such asIrish,Italian,German,Polish, orFrench), 31%Hispanic of any nationality (mostlyMexicans but also manyCubans,Puerto Ricans,Dominicans,Salvadorans,Colombians,Guatemalans andHondurans among others), 4%Black (includingAfricans,Haitians,black Latino andCaribbean), and 5% other ethnicity (mostlyFilipinos,Vietnamese and otherAsian Americans,Americans who are multiracial and have mixed ethnicities, andAmerican Indians).[123] Among the non-Hispanic whites, about 16 million Catholics identify as being ofIrish descent, about 13 millionas German, about 12 millionas Italian, about 7 millionas Polish, and about 5 millionas French (note that many identify with more than one ethnicity). The roughly 7.8 million Catholics who are converts (mainly from Protestantism, with a smaller number from irreligion or other religions) are also mostly non-Hispanic white, including many people ofBritish,Dutch, andScandinavian ancestry.[124]
Between 1990 and 2008, there were 11 million additional Catholics. The growth in the Latino population accounted for 9 million of these. They accounted for 32% of all American Catholics in 2008 as opposed to 20% in 1990.[125] The percentage of Hispanics who identified as Catholic dropped from 67% in 2010 to 55% in 2013.[126]
According to a more recent Pew Forum report which examined American religiosity in 2014 and compared it to 2007,[63] there were 50.9 million adult Catholics as of 2014[update] (excluding children under 18), forming about 20.8% of the U.S. population, down from 54.3 million and 23.9% in 2007. Pew also found that the Catholic population is aging, forming a higher percentage of the elderly population than the young, and retention rates are also worse among the young. About 41% of those "young" raised Catholic have left the faith (as opposed to 32% overall), about half of these to the unaffiliated population and the rest to evangelical, other Protestant faith communities, and non-Christian faith. Conversions to Catholicism are rare, with 89% of current Catholics being raised in the religion; 8% of current Catholics are ex-Protestants,[127] 2% were raised unaffiliated, and 1% in other religions (Orthodox Christian, Mormon or other nontrinitarian, Buddhist, Muslim, etc.), with Jews and Hindus least likely to become Catholic of all the religious groups surveyed. Overall, Catholicism has by far the worst net conversion balance of any major religious group, with a high conversion rate out of the faith and a low rate into it; by contrast, most other religions have in- and out-conversion rates that roughly balance, whether high or low. According to the 2015 Pew Research Center, "the Catholic share of the population has been relatively stable over the long term, according to a variety of other surveys.[128] By race, 59% of Catholics are non-Hispanic white, 34% Hispanic, 3% black, 3% Asian, and 2% mixed or Native American. Conversely, 19% of non-Hispanic whites were Catholic in 2014 (down from 22% in 2007), whereas 55% of Hispanics were (versus 58% in 2007). In 2015, Hispanics were 38%, while blacks and Asians were at 3% each.[64][129] Because conversion away from Catholicism as well as dropping out of religion completely is presently occurring much more quickly among Hispanics than among Euro-American whites, Black (2.9% of US Catholic population)[130] and Asian-American Catholics, it is doubtful they will outnumber the latter three categories of Catholics in the foreseeable future. Pew Research Center predicts that by 2050 (when the Hispanic population will be 128 million),[131] only 40% of "third generation Latinos" will be Catholic, with 22% becoming Protestant, 24% becoming unaffiliated, and the remainder, other.[132] This corresponds to a sharp decline in the Catholic percentage among self-identified Democrats, who are more likely to be nonwhite than Republicans.[133] In one study, three authors found that around 10% of US Catholics are "Secularists", "meaning that their religious identification is purely nominal."[134]
Catholicism has had a significant political impact on the United States, and the religion has historically been associated withleft-wing politics and theDemocratic Party. Since the 1970s, Catholics are often being regarded asswing voters.[6]
The 1840s saw Catholics began to identify with the Democrats against theconservative andevangelical-influencedWhigs.[136] In the 1890s, Catholics favored theDemocratic Party over theRepublicans.[137] This continued into the 20th century, where Catholics formed a core part of theNew Deal Coalition.
Al Smithgovernor of New York was the first Catholic nominated for president by a major party as the Democratic nominee in the1928 election.
Two Catholics have beenPresident of the United States: Democratic presidentsJohn F. Kennedy (1961–1963) andJoe Biden (2021–2025),both predominantly of Irish heritage.[citation needed] In 2016,Pope Francis said of Donald Trump: "A person who thinks only about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, is not Christian."[138] According to thePew Research Center, Catholics are the most likely of any major Christian group in the United States to support the morality ofcasual sex.[139] Surveys have repeatedly indicated thatlaity are moreculturally liberal than the median voter,[140] including onabortion rights[141] andsame-sex marriage.[141] However, the Catholic Church officially opposes both.[142] Church leadership tends to lean moreorthodox.[141][143] There are also somefundamentalist-like activist conservative groups.[144]
In 2023, Pope Francis criticized the Catholic Church in the United States as reactionary, saying that ideology had replaced faith in some parts of it.[145][146][147] In November 2023, the Pope removed a conservative Texas bishop,Joseph E. Strickland of Tyler, Texas.[148]
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The following are some notable Americans declared asServants of God,venerables,beatified, andcanonized saints:
Servants of God
Venerables
Beatified
Saints
Parishes [...] 17,007
'Colleges and Universities [...] 217' and 'Total Students [...] 798,006'
Over 19 million Catholics – 26% of the US Catholic population – are college graduates
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Thank you Father Duffell for a beautiful homily as always and lunch at my pop's restaurant. I was so moved today when you said.. 'The Eucharist is not a prize for the perfect but the food that God gives us.' – Father Duffell, Blessed Sacrament Church. Nourishment. [sic]
the American songwriter, singer and actress has also posted two pictures of herself attending a Catholic Mass.
Her identification as a Catholic, while advocating progressive viewpoints, has ensured that Lady Gaga has often been criticised by religious commentators.
Kimmel was raised Catholic, was an altar server, and says he is a practicing Catholic.
The actor born Ramón Antonio Gerard Estévez is a devout Roman Catholic
