 Catholic Church in Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Gereja Katolik di Indonesia | |
 | |
| Type | National polity |
| Classification | Catholic |
| Orientation | Christianity |
| Scripture | Bible |
| Theology | Catholic theology |
| Governance | Bishops' Conference of Indonesia |
| Pope | Leo XIV |
| President | Antonius Subianto Bunjamin |
| Apostolic Nuncio | Piero Pioppo |
| Region | Indonesia |
| Language | Indonesian,Latin |
| Headquarters | Jakarta |
| Origin | 1534[1] Maluku Islands,Portuguese Moluccas |
| Official website | Official KWI webpage |
TheCatholic Church in Indonesia (Indonesian:Gereja Katolik di Indonesia) is part of the worldwideCatholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of thepope inRome. Catholicism is one of the six approvedreligions inIndonesia, the others beingIslam,Protestantism,Hinduism,Buddhism, andConfucianism. According to official figures, Catholics made up 3.12 percent of the population in 2018.[2] The number of Catholics is, therefore, more than 8.3 million. Indonesia is primarily Muslim, but Catholicism is the dominant faith in certain areas of the country.
The Church is organised into one military ordinariate, 10 archdioceses and 28 dioceses, all of which are members of the Indonesian Catholic Bishops Conference (KWI)[3] led now by BishopAntonius Subianto Bunjamin from theDiocese of Bandung. There are severalCatholicreligious institutes active in the country including theJesuits, theMissionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC) and theDivine Word Missionaries.
Catholicism in Indonesia began with the arrival of thePortuguese in search of theSpice Islands in the 16th century. Currently,East Nusa Tenggara andSouth Papuaprovince in Indonesia are the only places where Catholicism is the dominant faith of the population, with around 55% and 50% of its population respectively.[4] There are also significant Catholic populations inNorth Sumatra,West Kalimantan,South Papua,South Sulawesi,Maluku andCentral Java, especially in and aroundMuntilan.
In the 14th century, the first Catholic mission that reached Indonesia was led byItalian Franciscan friarMattiussi. In his book "Travels of FriarOdoric of Pordenone", he visited several places in today's Indonesia:Sumatra,Java, andBanjarmasin in Borneo, between 1318 and 1330. He was sent by the Pope to launch a mission into the Asian interiors. In 1318 he departed from Padua, crossed the Black Sea into Persia and then to Calcutta, Madras, and Sri Lanka. Thence he headed to Nicobar island and Sumatra, before visiting Java and Banjarmasin. He returned to Italy by land through Vietnam, China, and thesilkroad to Europe in 1330. The Javanese kingdom mentioned in his record was theHindu-BuddhistMajapahit kingdom. This mission was a pioneer one, providing the church with some information about Asia. At that time the Catholic church was not yet established in the region, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the religions of the majority of the population.
In the 16th century, the Portuguese sailed east to Asia and eventually capturedMalacca in 1511. They came for thespice but Catholicmissionaries soon arrived in the region, most notablyFrancis Xavier who worked inAmbon,Ternate and Morotai (Halmahera) in 1546–1547.Dominican missionaries also converted many inSolor. With the expulsion of Portugal from Ternate in 1574, many Catholics in the northern Moluccas were killed or converted to Islam. Ambon was conquered and occupied by the Dutch East India Company in 1605. Subsequently, the Catholics were forced to convert to Protestantism. The same happened inManado and the islands ofSangihe-Talaud. In 1613 Solor also fell to the Dutch, and Catholic mission activities declined in Flores andTimor, even though these were still under Portuguese administration.[5]
It was not until 1808 under H.W. Daendels, as governor-general, that Catholics were permitted freedom of worship in the Dutch Indies, though this measure was mainly intended for European Catholics since Daendels ruled under the authority of Napoleonic France. This freedom was consolidated by Thomas Raffles.
From 1835 the Catholic Church was affiliated with the colonial state: clergy received a salary from the colonial government which in turn had the right to reject church appointments. In 1846, clashes over policy led the Dutch authorities to expel all but one of the Catholic priests in the colony. In 1848 there were Catholic churches in only four centres in the colony.[5]
Active mission work resumed in the second half of the 19th century and was concentrated in a few areas. Larantuka in the island of Flores was a particularly important mission field under the Jesuits because the freedom of the Catholic Church was guaranteed there under an 1859 treaty with Portugal, which settled conflicting territorial claims in the region. Bengkulu,Bangka, West Borneo, and the islands south of New Guinea were also important. In other regions, Catholic mission work was banned. Many Batak people in the interior of North Sumatra adopted Catholicism at this time, even though authorities banned Catholic missionaries in other parts of the province. In 1898, a mission program also began in Muntilan, though the first ethnic Javanese priest was not installed until 1926.[5]
After Indonesian independence, the Church grew steadily although the Dutch and other Europeans were expelled. Catholicism and other religions grew phenomenally after theOverthrow of Sukarno in 1965.
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Portugueseexplorers arrived in theMaluku Islands in 1534, with the goal of converting the natives to Catholicism and to obtain valuablespices endemic to the region. TheSpaniardFrancis Xavier, a co-founder of theJesuit Order, worked in the islands from 1546 to 1547 andbaptised several thousand locals of the islands ofAmbon,Ternate andMorotai (or Moro), laying the foundations for a permanent mission there. Following his departure from Maluku, others carried on his work and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon; by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000. PortugueseDominican priests also had some success in missionary activities onSolor whereby in the 1590s the Portuguese and local Catholic population is thought to have numbered 25,000.[6]
Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman who sailed east to modern-day Indonesia, in 1595. Although his expedition could be considered a commercial failure, it showed the Dutch they were able to sail east in search of the spices. In 1602 theDutch East India Company (VOC) was created. The Netherlands, like Britain, had a staunchly Protestant government at the time, which extended to the VOC; even though there were many Dutch Catholics, they had little influence. Ambon was conquered and occupied by the VOC in 1605, and the Catholics were forced to convert to Protestantism. The same happened inManado and the islands of Sangihe-Talaud. In 1613 Solor also fell to the Dutch, and Catholic mission activity was reduced in Flores and Timor, which were still under Portuguese administration.[5]
The Catholic priests were replaced with Protestant clergy from theNetherlands. Many Christians at the time converted to Protestantism. For some time, Catholic priests were threatened with capital punishment if found to be residing in VOC territory. In 1624, Father Egidius d'AbreuSJ was executed inBatavia during the administration of Governor-GeneralJan Pieterszoon Coen, for celebratingMass in prison.
FatherAlexander de Rhodes, aFrench Jesuit who invented theVietnamese westernized alphabet system, was forced to watch his cross and Mass accessories burned underneath where two convicted thieves were just hung to their deaths. The Jesuit priest was then expelled from VOC territories in 1646.[7]
John Gaspard Cratz, anAustrian, was forced to leave Batavia due to difficulties with the administrators when he helped Catholic priests who were in transit in Batavia. He was moved toMacau, joined the Jesuit Order, and died as a martyr in Vietnam in 1737.[7]
At the end of the 18th centuryWestern Europe saw intense warfare between France andGreat Britain and their respective allies. The sympathies of the people of the Netherlands were divided, and the Netherlands lost its independence. In 1799 the VOC went bankrupt and was dissolved. In 1806Napoleon assigned his brotherLouis Bonaparte, a Catholic, to the throne of the Netherlands.
The change of politics in theNetherlands, mainly because of the accession ofLouis Bonaparte, a fervent Catholic, brought a positive effect. Religious freedom was recognised by the government. On 8 May 1807, the pope in Rome was given permission from King Louis to establish an Apostolic Prefecture of East Indies inBatavia.
On 4 April 1808, two Dutch priests arrived in Batavia. They were Fr.Jacobus Nelissen and Fr. Lambertus Prinsen. Nelissen became the firstApostolic Prefect when theApostolic Prefecture of Batavia was created in 1826.
Governor-GeneralDaendels (1808–1811) replacedVOC with the government ofDutch East Indies. Religious freedom was then practised, although Catholicism was still difficult.
Catholicism started to spread inCentral Java when Fr.Frans van LithSJ from theNetherlands came toMuntilan,Central Java, in 1896. His effort showed little progress until 1904 when four chiefs (the heads of the town) from the Kalibawang region came to his house and demanded that he catechize them. On 15 December 1904, a group of 178 Javanese were baptised atSemagung, between two trees called "Sono". This place is now called Sendangsono inMuntilan, districtMagelang, Central Java, near the border of the province ofDI Yogyakarta.
Van Lith also established a school for teachers in Muntilan called "Normaalschool" in 1900 and "Kweekschool (also for teachers)" in 1904. In 1918, all Catholic schools were put under the jurisdiction of an institute named "Yayasan Kanisius", which produced the first priests and bishops of Indonesia. In the 20th century, the Catholic Church grew quickly.
In 1911, Van Lith established the "Seminari Menengah" (minor seminary). Three out of the six candidates that were at the school during 1911–1914 were received into the priesthood in 1926–1928. Those priests were FX Satiman SJ,Adrianus Djajasepoetra SJ, andAlbertus Soegijapranata SJ.
Albertus SoegijapranataSJ became the first Indonesian bishop in 1940 and later Archbishop ofSemarang.
On 20 December 1948, Father Sandjaja and Brother Hermanus BouwensSJ were killed in a village called Kembaran, near Muntilan, when Dutch soldiers attacked Semarang. Father Sandjaja is recognised as a martyr by the Indonesian Catholics, (not officially canonized or approved by theHoly See).Monsignor Soegijapranata with Bishop WillekensSJ faced Japanese colonial rule. They managed, however, to keep Saint Carolus Hospital operating normally.
Some of the most notable Indonesian national heroes are Catholics, includingAgustinus Adisoetjipto (1947) after whom is named Yogyakarta International Airport,Adisutjipto Airport,Ignatius Slamet Riyadi (1945), andYos Soedarso (1961).
The first Indonesian archbishop to be madecardinal wasJustinus Darmojuwono on 29 June 1967. Indonesian Bishops took part inthe second Vatican Council, which was convened from 1962 to 1965.Pope Paul VI visited Indonesia in 1970, followed in 1989 byPope John Paul II. The places visited wereJakarta (capital of Indonesia),Medan (North Sumatra),Yogyakarta (DI Yogyakarta), cities ofCentral Java province,Maumere (Flores), andDili (Timor Timur) (now the country ofEast Timor).
The head of the Archdiocese of Jakarta ("Keuskupan Agung Jakarta") is ArchbishopIgnatius Suharyo Hardjoatmodjo. Indonesia's only cardinal isJulius DarmaatmadjaSJ. He took part in the conclave which electedPope Benedict XVI. For health reasons, however, he declined to take part in the recent conclave that electedPope Francis.
In 1965, after theoverthrow of Sukarno, a purge was carried out against Indonesian communists and alleged communists, especially in Java and Bali. Hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of civilians were killed in the ensuing turmoil by the army and vigilantes.[9] Communism was associated with atheism and since that time every Indonesian citizen has been expected to adopt one of the then five official state-endorsed religions.[10]
Catholicism and other minority religions have experienced enormous growth especially in areas inhabited by large numbers of Chinese Indonesians and ethnic Javanese. For example, in 2000 in Jakarta alone there were 301,084 Catholics, while in 1960 there were only 26,955. This means the Catholic population increased elevenfold while in the same period the population of Jakarta merely tripled, from 2,800,000 to 8,347,000.[10] This growth may also be attributed to increased migration to the capital from Christian parts of Indonesia when in 1960 there were not so many from the regions residing in Jakarta as now.
The dramatic increase of the number of Catholics in particular, and Christians in general, has led to enmity and unfounded allegations of "Christianization".[11]
The second half of the 1990s and beginning of the 2000s were also marked by violence against Catholics in particular and Christians in general. However, former presidentAbdurrahman Wahid, himself a leader ofNahdatul Ulama, one of the biggest Muslim organisations in Indonesia, made several contributions in reconciling the simmering antipathy among the different religious groups.
In 2006, theBishops' Conference establishedCaritas Indonesia, also known as Karina, as the official humanitarian relief organisation of the Indonesian Church.[12]
As recently as 2010, there were incidents where Catholics and other Christians were banned from celebrating Christmas services.[13][14][15]
Pope Francis visited Indonesia from 3 to 6 September 2024.[16]
TheStatistics Indonesia (BPS) conducts a census every 10 years. Data available from 2000 drew on 201,241,999 survey responses. BPS estimated that the census missed 4.6 million people. The BPS report indicated that 85.1 per cent of the population label themselves Muslim, 9.2 per cent Protestant, 3.5 per cent Catholic, 1.81 per cent Hindu, 0.84 per cent Buddhist, and 0.2 per cent "other," including traditional indigenous religions, other Christian groups, and Judaism. The country's religious composition remains a politically charged issue; as some Christians, Hindus, and members of other minority faiths argue that the census undercounted non-Muslims.[17] The 2000 BPS then claims 88.22% of the population would be Muslim if the missed 4.6 million people were counted.[18] In 2018, Indonesia made another census by the Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. The results stated that 86.7% of Indonesians areMuslims, 10.72% Christians (7.6%Protestants, 3.12%Roman Catholic), 1.74%Hindus, 0.77%Buddhists and 0.07% others.[2]
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