Catherine of Aragon (also spelt asKatherine,historical Spanish:Catharina,[3] now:Catalina; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) wasQueen of England as thefirst wife of KingHenry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until itsannulment on 23 May 1533. She had previously beenPrincess of Wales while married to Henry's elder brother,Arthur, Prince of Wales, for a short period before his death.
Catherine was born at theArchbishop's Palace of Alcalá de Henares, and was the youngest child ofIsabella I of Castile andFerdinand II of Aragon. She was three years old when she was betrothed to Arthur, the eldest son ofHenry VII of England. They married in 1501, but Arthur died five months later. Catherine spent years in limbo, and during this time, she held the position of ambassador of theAragonese crown toEngland in 1507, the first known female ambassador in European history.[4] She married Henry VIII shortly after his accession in 1509. For six months in 1513, she served asregent of England while Henry was inFrance. During that time the English defeated a Scottish invasion at theBattle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with an emotional speech about courage and patriotism.[5]
By 1526, Henry was infatuated withAnne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughterMary asheir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's schism with theCatholic Church. WhenPope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him byassuming supremacy over religious matters in England. In 1533, their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as supreme head of the Church in England and considered herself the King's rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy.[6] Despite this, Henry acknowledged her only asdowager princess of Wales. After being banished from court by Henry, Catherine lived out the remainder of her life atKimbolton Castle, dying there in January 1536 of cancer. The English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning.[7] Her daughter Mary became the first undisputed Englishqueen regnant in 1553.
Catherine commissionedThe Education of a Christian Woman byJuan Luis Vives, who dedicated the book, controversial at the time, to the Queen in 1523. Such was Catherine's impression on people that even her adversaryThomas Cromwell said of her, "If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History."[8] She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in theEvil May Day, for the sake of their families,[9] and also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor.[9][10] Catherine was a patron ofRenaissance humanism and a friend of the great scholarsErasmus of Rotterdam andThomas More.[10]
Early life
Portrait byJuan de Flandes thought to be of 11-year-old Catherine. She resembles her sisterJoanna.
Catherine was educated by a tutor,Alessandro Geraldini, who was a clerk in Holy Orders. She studied arithmetic, canon and civil law, classical literature, genealogy and heraldry, history, philosophy, religion, and theology. She had a strong religious upbringing and developed her Roman Catholic faith that would play a major role in later life.[15] She learned to speak, read and write in Castilian Spanish and Latin, and spoke French and Greek.Erasmus later said that Catherine "loved good literature which she had studied with success since childhood".[16] She had been given lessons in domestic skills, such as cooking, embroidery, lace-making, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving and was also taught music, dancing, drawing, as well as being carefully educated in good manners and court etiquette.[17]
At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife forArthur, Prince of Wales,heir apparent to the English throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother. Theoretically, by means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster:Blanche of Lancaster andConstance of Castile. In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage toKatherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and legitimised only after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine. The children of John and Katherine, while legitimised, were barred from inheriting the English throne, a stricture that was ignored in later generations. Because of Henry's descent through illegitimate children barred from succession to the English throne, the Tudor monarchy was not accepted by all European kingdoms. At the time, theHouse of Trastámara was the most prestigious in Europe,[14] due to the rule of theCatholic Monarchs, so the alliance of Catherine and Arthur validated the House of Tudor in the eyes of European royalty and strengthened the Tudor claim to the English throne via Catherine of Aragon's ancestry. It would have given a male heir an indisputable claim to the throne. The two weremarried by proxy on 19 May 1499 and corresponded in Latin until Arthur turned fifteen, when it was decided that they were old enough to begin their conjugal life.[18]
At first it was thought Catherine's ship would arrive atGravesend. A number of English gentlewomen were appointed to be ready to welcome her on arrival in October 1501. They were to escort Catherine in a flotilla of barges on theThames to theTower of London.[20]
Then-15-year-old Catherine departed fromA Coruña on 17 August 1501 and met Arthur on 4 November atDogmersfield in Hampshire.[22][23][24] Little is known about their first impressions of each other, but Arthur did write to his parents-in-law that he would be "a true and loving husband" and told his parents that he was immensely happy to "behold the face of his lovely bride". The couple had corresponded in Latin, but found that they could not understand each other's spoken conversation, because they had learned different Latin pronunciations.[25] Ten days later, on 14 November 1501, they were married atOld St. Paul's Cathedral, both 15 years old.[14] Adowry of 200,000ducats had been agreed, and half was paid shortly after the marriage.[26] It was noted that Catherine and her Spanish ladies in waiting were dressed in Spanish style at her arrival and at the wedding.[27]
Once married, Arthur was sent toLudlow Castle on the borders of Wales to preside over theCouncil of Wales and the Marches, as was his duty as Prince of Wales, and his bride accompanied him. A few months later, they both became ill, possibly with thesweating sickness, which was sweeping the area. Arthur died on 2 April 1502; 16-year-old Catherine recovered to find herself a widow.[28]
At this point, Henry VII faced the challenge of avoiding the obligation to return her 200,000-ducat dowry, half of which he had not yet received, to her father, as required by her marriage contract should she return home.[29] Following the death of Queen Elizabeth in February 1503, there were rumours of a potential marriage between Catherine and King Henry; such rumours were, however, unsubstantiated.[30][31] It was agreed that Catherine would marry Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, who was five years younger than she was. The death of Catherine's mother, however, meant that her "value" in the marriage market decreased.Castile was a much larger kingdom thanAragon, and it was inherited by Catherine's elder sister,Joanna. Ostensibly, the marriage was delayed until Henry was old enough, but Ferdinand II procrastinated so much over payment of the remainder of Catherine's dowry that it became doubtful that the marriage would take place. She lived as a virtual prisoner atDurham House in London.[32] Some of the letters she wrote to her father complaining of her treatment have survived. In one of these letters she tells him that "I choose what I believe, and say nothing. For I am not as simple as I may seem." She had little money and struggled to cope, as she had to support her ladies-in-waiting as well as herself. In 1507 she served as the Spanish ambassador to England, the first female ambassador in European history.[4] While Henry VII and his counsellors expected her to be easily manipulated, Catherine went on to prove them wrong.[4]
Marriage to Arthur's brother depended on the Pope granting adispensation becausecanon law forbade a man tomarry his brother's widow. Catherine testified that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated as, also according to canon law, a marriage could be dissolved if it was not consummated.[33][34]
Catherine's second wedding took place on 11 June 1509,[35] seven years after Prince Arthur's death. She marriedHenry VIII, who had only just acceded to the throne, in a private ceremony in the church of the Observant Friars outsideGreenwich Palace. She was 23 years of age.[36][37]
On Saturday 23 June 1509, the traditional eve-of-coronation procession toWestminster Abbey was greeted by a large and enthusiastic crowd. As was the custom, the couple spent the night before their coronation at theTower of London. On Midsummer's Day, Sunday,24 June 1509, Henry VIII and Catherine wereanointed andcrowned together by the Archbishop of Canterbury at a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey. The coronation was followed by a banquet inWestminster Hall. Many newKnights of the Bath were created in honour of the coronation.[36] In that month that followed, many social occasions presented the new Queen to the English public. She made a fine impression and was well received by the people of England.[28]
Influence
Henry VIII at the time of their marriage, byMeynnart Wewyck,c. 1509
On 11 June 1513, Henry appointed Catherine Regent in England with the titles "Governor of the Realm and Captain General", while he went to France on amilitary campaign.[38] WhenLouis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, was captured atThérouanne, Henry sent him to stay in Catherine's household. She wrote to Wolsey that she and her council would prefer the Duke to stay in theTower of London as the Scots were "so busy as they now be" and she added her prayers for "God to sende us as good lukke against the Scotts, as the King hath ther."[39] The war with Scotland occupied her subjects, and she was "horrible busy with making standards, banners, and badges" atRichmond Palace. Catherine wrote to towns, includingGloucester, asking them to sendmuster lists of men able to serve as soldiers.[40] The Scots invaded and on 3 September 1513, she orderedThomas Lovell to raise an army in the midland counties.[41][42]
Catherine was issued with banners at Richmond on 8 September,[43] and rode north in full armour to address the troops, despite being heavily pregnant at the time.[44] Her fine speech was reported to the historianPeter Martyr d'Anghiera inValladolid within a fortnight.[45] Although an Italian newsletter said she was 100 miles (160 km) north of London when news of the victory atBattle of Flodden Field reached her, she was nearBuckingham.[46] FromWoburn Abbey, she sent a letter to Henry along with a piece of the bloodied coat of KingJames IV of Scotland, who died in the battle, for Henry to use as a banner at the siege ofTournai.[47]
Catherine's religious dedication increased as she became older, as did her interest in academics. She continued to broaden her knowledge and provide training for her daughter, Mary. Education among women became fashionable, partly because of Catherine's influence, and she donated large sums of money to several colleges. Henry, however, still considered a male heir essential. TheTudor dynasty was new, and its legitimacy might still be tested.[48]
In 1520, Catherine's nephew, theHoly Roman EmperorCharles V,[49] paid a state visit to England, and she urged Henry to enter an alliance with Charles rather than with France. Immediately after his departure, she accompanied Henry to France on the celebrated visit toFrancis I, theField of the Cloth of Gold. Within two years, war was declared against France and the Emperor was once again welcome in England, where plans were afoot to betroth him to Catherine's daughter Mary.
Pregnancies and children
Catherine watching Henryjousting in her honour after giving birth to a son, byThomas Wriothesley, 1511. Henry's horse mantle is emblazoned with Catherine's initial letter, 'K'.
Name
Birth
Death
Details
Daughter
31 January 1510
Miscarried at approximately six months gestation.[50] Catherine was told she was carrying twins and that the other still lived, so the loss was kept secret as she prepared for the birth. No child came.[51]
Either miscarried, stillborn or lived for a few hours.[52]
Son
November/December 1514
Stillborn.Wolsey wrote in a letter on 15 November that Catherine was "tolie in shortly."[53] Two letters in December mention Catherine lost a child.[54][55]
In 1525, Henry VIII became enamoured ofAnne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine; Anne was between ten and seventeen years younger than Henry, being born between 1501 and 1507. Henry began pursuing her;[57] Catherine was no longer able to bear children by this time. Henry began to believe that his marriage was cursed and sought confirmation from the Bible, which he interpreted to say that if a man marries his brother's wife, the couple will be childless.[10][58] Even if her marriage to Arthur had not been consummated (and Catherine would insist to her dying day that she had come to Henry's bed a virgin), Henry's interpretation of that biblical passage meant that their marriage had been wrong in the eyes of God.[34] Whether the pope at the time of Henry and Catherine's marriage had the right to overrule Henry's claimed scriptural impediment would become a hot topic in Henry's campaign to wrest an annulment from the present Pope.[34] It is possible that the idea of annulment had been suggested to Henry much earlier than this, and is highly probable that it was motivated by his desire for a son. Before Henry's father ascended the throne, England was beset bycivil warfare over rival claims to the English crown, and Henry may have wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession.[59]
It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to secure an annulment.[60] Catherine was defiant when it was suggested that she quietly retire to a nunnery, saying: "God never called me to a nunnery. I am the King's true and legitimate wife."[61] He set his hopes upon an appeal to theHoly See, acting independently of CardinalThomas Wolsey, whom he told nothing of his plans.William Knight, the King's secretary, was sent toPope Clement VII to sue for an annulment, on the grounds that the dispensingbull ofPope Julius II was obtained by false pretenses.
As the pope was, at that time, the prisoner of Catherine's nephewEmperor Charles V following theSack of Rome in May 1527, Knight had difficulty in obtaining access to him. In the end, Henry's envoy had to return without accomplishing much. Henry now had no choice but to put this great matter into the hands of Wolsey, who did all he could to secure a decision in Henry's favour.[62]
Both the Pope andMartin Luther raised the possibility that Henry have two wives,[63] not to re-introduce polygamy generally, but "to preserve the royal dignity of Catherine and Mary".[64]: 54
Wolsey went so far as to convene an ecclesiastical court in England with a representative of the Pope presiding, and Henry and Catherine herself in attendance. The Pope had no intention of allowing a decision to be reached in England, and his legate was recalled. (How far the Pope was influenced by Charles V is difficult to say, but it is clear Henry saw that the Pope was unlikely to annul his marriage to the Emperor's aunt.[65]) The Pope forbade Henry to marry again before a decision was given in Rome. Wolsey had failed and was dismissed from public office in 1529. Wolsey then began a secret plot to have Anne Boleyn forced into exile and began communicating with the Pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and, had he not been terminally ill and died in 1530, he might have been executed for treason.[66]
A year later, Catherine was banished from court, and her old rooms were given to Anne Boleyn. Catherine wrote in a letter to Charles V in 1531:
My tribulations are so great, my life so disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the King's wicked intention, the surprises which the King gives me, with certain persons of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.[67][68]
When Henry decided to annul his marriage to Catherine,John Fisher became her most trusted counsellor and one of her chief supporters. He appeared in the legates' court on her behalf, where he shocked people with the directness of his language, and by declaring that, likeJohn the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. Henry was so enraged by this that he wrote a long Latin address to the legates in answer to Fisher's speech. Fisher's copy of this still exists, with his manuscript annotations in the margin which show how little he feared Henry's anger. The removal of the cause to Rome ended Fisher's role in the matter, but Henry never forgave him.[70][71] Other people who supported Catherine's case includedThomas More; Henry's own sisterMary Tudor, Queen of France;María de Salinas; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V;Pope Paul III; and Protestant ReformersMartin Luther[72] andWilliam Tyndale.[73]
Upon returning toDover from a meeting with KingFrancis I of France inCalais, Henry married Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony.[77] Some sources speculate that Anne was already pregnant at the time (and Henry did not want to risk a son being born illegitimate) but others testify that Anne (who had seen her sisterMary Boleyn taken up as the King's mistress and summarily cast aside) refused to sleep with Henry until they were married. Henry defended the lawfulness of their union by pointing out that Catherine had previously been married. If she and Arthur had consummated their marriage, Henry by canon law had the right to remarry.[78] On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgement at a special court convened atDunstable Priory to rule on the validity of Henry's marriage to Catherine, declared the marriage unlawful, even though Catherine had testified that she and Arthur had never had physical relations. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer ruled that Henry and Anne's marriage was valid.[79]
Until the end of her life, Catherine would refer to herself as Henry's only lawful wedded wife and England's only rightful queen, and her servants continued to address her as such. Henry refused her the right to any title but "Dowager Princess of Wales" in recognition of her position as his brother's widow.[77]
Catherine went to live atThe More Castle,Hertfordshire, late in 1531.[80] After that, she was successively moved to theRoyal Palace of Hatfield, Hertfordshire (May to September 1532),Elsyng Palace, Enfield (September 1532 to February 1533),Ampthill Castle,Bedfordshire (February to July 1533) andBuckden Towers,Cambridgeshire (July 1533 to May 1534). She was then finally transferred toKimbolton Castle, Cambridgeshire where she confined herself to one room, which she left only to attend Mass, dressed only in thehair shirt of theFranciscans, and fasted continuously.[81] While she was permitted to receive occasional visitors, she was forbidden to see her daughter Mary. They were also forbidden to communicate in writing, but sympathisers discreetly conveyed letters between the two. Henry offered both mother and daughter better quarters and permission to see each other if they would acknowledge Anne Boleyn as the new queen; both refused.[80]
In late December 1535, sensing her death was near, Catherine made herwill, and wrote to her nephew, the Emperor Charles V, asking him to protect her daughter. It has been claimed that she then penned one final letter to Henry:[82]
My most dear lord, king and husband,
The hour of my death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many troubles. For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly pray God that He will pardon you also. For the rest, I commend unto you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I have heretofore desired. I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three. For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, lest they be unprovided for. Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Katharine the Quene.
The authenticity of the letter itself has been questioned, but not Catherine's attitude in its wording, which has been reported with variations in different sources.[83]
Catherine died atKimbolton Castle on7 January 1536.[84] The following day, news of her death reached the King. At the time there were rumours that she was poisoned,[85] possibly byGregory di Casale.[86] According to the chroniclerEdward Hall, Anne Boleyn wore yellow for the mourning, which has been interpreted in various ways;Polydore Vergil interpreted this to mean that Anne did not mourn.[87] Chapuys reported that it was King Henry who decked himself in yellow, celebrating the news and making a great show of his and Anne's daughter,Elizabeth, to his courtiers.[88] This was seen as distasteful and vulgar by many. Another theory is that the dressing in yellow was out of respect for Catherine as yellow was said to be the Spanish colour of mourning. Certainly, later in the day it is reported that Henry and Anne both individually and privately wept for her death. On the day of Catherine's funeral, Anne Boleynmiscarried a male child. Rumours then circulated that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne or Henry, or both. The rumours were born after the apparent discovery during her embalming that there was a black growth on her heart that might have been caused by poisoning.[89] Modern medical experts are in agreement that her heart's discolouration was due not to poisoning, but tocancer, something which was not understood at the time.[90]
Catherine was buried inPeterborough Cathedral with the ceremony due to her position as a DowagerPrincess of Wales, and not a queen.[91] Henry did not attend the funeral and forbade Mary to attend.[90]
Faith
Catherine was a member of theThird Order of Saint Francis and she was punctilious in her religious obligations in the Order, integrating without demur her necessary duties as queen with her personal piety. After the annulment, she was quoted "I would rather be a poor beggar's wife and be sure of heaven, than queen of all the world and stand in doubt thereof by reason of my own consent."[92]
The outward celebration of saints and holyrelics formed no major part of her personal devotions,[93] which she rather expressed in theMass, prayer,confession andpenance. Privately, however, she was aware of what she identified as the shortcomings of the papacy and church officialdom.[93] Her doubts about church improprieties certainly did not extend so far as to support the allegations of corruption made public byMartin Luther in Wittenberg in 1517, which were soon to have such far-reaching consequences in initiating theProtestant Reformation.
In 1523 Alfonso de Villa Sancta, a learnedfriar of the Observant (reform) branch of theFriars Minor and friend of the King's old advisorErasmus, dedicated to the queen his bookDe Liberio Arbitrio adversus Melanchthonem. The book denouncedPhilip Melanchthon, a supporter of Luther. Acting as herconfessor, he was able to nominate her for the title of "Defender of the Faith" for denying Luther's arguments.[94]
Appearance
In her youth, Catherine was described as "the most beautiful creature in the world"[95] and that there was "nothing lacking in her that the most beautiful girl should have".[12]Thomas More and Lord Herbert would reflect later in her lifetime that in regard to her appearance "there were few women who could compete with the Queen [Catherine] in her prime."[96][97]
The controversial bookThe Education of a Christian Woman byJuan Luis Vives, which claimed women have the right to an education, was dedicated to and commissioned by her. Such was Catherine's impression on people, that even her enemy,Thomas Cromwell, said of her "If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History."[8] She successfully appealed for the lives of the rebels involved in theEvil May Day for the sake of their families.[9] Furthermore, Catherine won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor.[9] She was also a patron ofRenaissance humanism, and a friend of the great scholarsErasmus of Rotterdam and SaintThomas More. Some saw her as a martyr.[98][99]
In the reign of her daughterMary I of England, her marriage to Henry VIII was confirmed to be lawful and its annulment from 1533 was reversed by parliament in 1553.[100][101] Queen Mary also had several portraits commissioned of Catherine, and it would not by any means be the last time she was painted. After her death, numerous portraits were painted of her, particularly of her speech at the Legatine Trial, a moment accurately rendered inShakespeare's play about Henry VIII.
Her tomb inPeterborough Cathedral[102] can be seen and there is hardly ever a time when it is not decorated with flowers or pomegranates, her heraldic symbol. It bears the titleKatharine Queen of England.
In the 20th century,George V's wife,Mary of Teck, had her grave upgraded and added banners there denoting Catherine as a queen of England. Every year at Peterborough Cathedral a service is held in her memory. There are processions, prayers and various events in the Cathedral including processions to Catherine's grave in which candles, pomegranates, flowers and other offerings are placed on her grave. The Spanish Ambassador to the United Kingdom attended the commemoration of the 470th anniversary of her death. During the 2010 service a rendition of Catherine of Aragon's speech before the Legatine court was read byJane Lapotaire. There is a statue of her in her birthplace ofAlcalá de Henares, as a young woman holding a book and a rose.[103]
Catherine has remained a popular biographical subject to the present day. The American historianGarrett Mattingly was the author of a popular biographyKatherine of Aragon in 1942. In 1966, Catherine and her many supporters at court were the subjects ofCatherine of Aragon and her Friends, a biography by John E. Paul. In 1967, Mary M. Luke wrote the first book of her Tudor trilogy,Catherine the Queen which portrayed her and the tumultuous era of English history through which she lived.
In recent years, the historianAlison Weir covered her life extensively in her biographyThe Six Wives of Henry VIII, first published in 1991.Antonia Fraser did the same in her own 1992 biography of the same title; as did the British historianDavid Starkey in his 2003 bookSix Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII.[104][105][106]Giles Tremlett's biography,Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII, came out in 2010, andJulia Fox's dual biography,Sister Queens: The Noble, Tragic Lives of Katherine of Aragon and Juana, Queen of Castile, came out in 2011.
Places and statues
InAlcalá de Henares, the place of Catherine's birth, a statue of Catherine as a young woman holding a rose and a book can be seen in theArchbishop's Palace.
Peterborough istwinned with the Spanish city of Alcalá de Henares, located in the widerCommunity of Madrid. Children from schools in the two places have learned about each other as part of the twinning venture, and artists have even come over from Alcalá de Henares to paint Catherine's tombstone.
Many places inAmpthill are named after Catherine. Also in Ampthill there is a cross in Ampthill Great Park, theKatherine cross, erected in her honour in 1776. It is on the site of the castle where she was sent during her divorce from the King.[107]
Kimbolton School's science and mathematics block is called the QKB, or Queen Katherine Building.
Her baptismal name was "Catalina", but "Katherine" was soon the accepted form in England after her marriage to Arthur.[93] Catherine herself signed her name "Katherine", "Katherina", "Katharine" and sometimes "Katharina". In a letter to her, Arthur, her husband, addressed her as "Princess Katerine". Her daughter Queen Mary I called her "Quene Kateryn", in her will. Rarely were names, particularly first names, written in an exact manner during the sixteenth century and it is evident from Catherine's own letters that different variations were used. Loveknots built into his various palaces by her husband, Henry VIII, display the initials "H & K",[b] as do other items belonging to Henry and Catherine, including gold goblets, a gold salt cellar, basins of gold, and candlesticks. Her tomb inPeterborough Cathedral is marked "Katharine Queen of England".[109]
^Annulment was reversed during reign ofMary I in 1553.[1][2]
^As Latin inscriptions were used in structures, a "C" represented thenumeral 100, so a "K" was used instead. The same was applied during the time ofHenry II of France and his wifeCatherine de' Medici during her state entry in Paris on 18 June 1549.
References
Citations
^Edwards, John (2011).Mary I: England's Catholic Queen. Yale University Press: New Haven and London. p. 137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, 1:2 (London, 1920), no. 2243.
^Courtney Herber, 'Katherine of Aragon: Diligent Diplomat and learned Queen', Aidan Norrie,Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 53.
^Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, 1:2 (London, 1920), no. 2299.
^Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (London, 1920) no. 2278:Calendar State Papers Venice, vol. 2, no. 340: Edward Hall,Chronicle (London, 1809), p. 564.
^Catherine, having been told she was carrying twins, made her pregnancy official in March 1510 by going into confinement at what would have been eight months gestation, for her delivery in April. No child came since she probably had an infection which finally passed.
^Courtney Herber, 'Katherine of Aragon: Diligent Diplomat and Learned Queen', Aidan Norrie,Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 58.
^Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 212.
^Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 232.
^Edwards, John (2011).Mary I: England's Catholic Queen. Yale University Press: New Haven and London. p. 137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles, "Isabella I of Castile" inEncyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol.3, p. 298. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
Brecht, Martin (1994).Martin Luther: shaping and defining the Reformation, 1521–1532. Fortress Press.ISBN978-0-8006-2814-7.
Brigden, Susan (2000).New Worlds, Lost Worlds The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603. Penguin (Non-Classics).ISBN0-14-200125-2.
Cahill Marrón, Emma Luisa (2012).Arte y poder: negociaciones matrimoniales y festejos nupciales para el enlace entre Catalina Trastámara y Arturo Tudor (in Spanish). UCrea.
Chapuys, Eustace (Imperial Ambassador) (1533).Calendar of State Papers, Spanish IV.
Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas B. (1987).Contemporaries of Erasmus. University of Toronto Press.ISBN978-0-8020-2575-3.
Lindsey, Karen (1995).Divorced Beheaded Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII. Reading, Massachusetts: Perseus Books.ISBN978-0-201-40823-2.
Luke, Mary M. (1967).Catherine, The Queen, a biography of Catherine of Aragon, first wife to Henry VIII. Coward-McCann.OCLC12029254.
Mattingly, Garrett (2005) [1942].Catherine of Aragon. Ams Pr Inc.ISBN978-0-404-20169-2.
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