| Catalpa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Catalpa speciosa flowers, leaf and bark | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Bignoniaceae |
| Tribe: | Catalpeae |
| Genus: | Catalpa Scopoli |
| Species | |
Catalpa (/kə-ˈtæl-pə/,/kə-ˈtɑːl-pə/[1]), commonly also calledcatawba, is agenus offlowering plants in thefamilyBignoniaceae,native to warmtemperate andsubtropical regions of North America, the Caribbean, and East Asia.
MostCatalpa aredeciduous trees; they typically grow to 12–18 metres (40–60 ft) tall, with branches spreading to a diameter of about 6–12 metres (20–40 ft). They are fast growers and a 10-year-old sapling may stand about 6 metres (20 ft) tall. They have characteristic large, heart-shaped leaves, which in some species are three-lobed. The appearance of the leaves sometimes causes confusion with species such as the unrelated tung tree (Vernicia fordii) andPaulownia tomentosa.Catalpa species bear broadpanicles of showy flowers, generally in summer. The flower colour generally is white to yellow. In late summer or autumn the fruit appear; they aresiliques about 20–50 centimetres (8–20 in) long, full of small flat seeds, each with two thin wings to aid in wind dispersal.
The large leaves and dense foliage ofCatalpa species provide good shelter from rain and wind, making the trees an attractive habitat for many species of birds. They do not present many threats of falling limbs, but the dark-brown fruit husks that they drop in late summer may be a nuisance.
ThoughCatalpa wood is quite soft, it is popular for turning and for furniture when well seasoned, being attractive, stable and easy to work.[2]
Most catalpas begin flowering after roughly three years, and produce fruit after about five years.[citation needed]
The two North American species,Catalpa bignonioides (southern catalpa) andCatalpa speciosa (northern catalpa), have been widely planted outside their natural ranges asornamental trees for their showy flowers and attractive shape. Northern and southern catalpas are very similar in appearance, but the northern species has slightly larger leaves, flowers, and bean pods. Flowering starts after 275growing degree days.Catalpa ovata from China, with pale yellow flowers, is also planted outside its natural range for ornamental purposes. This allowedC. bignonioides andC. ovata to hybridize, with the resultantCatalpa × erubescens also becoming a cultivated ornamental.
Sources: (GRIN accepts 8 species)[3] (KEW accepts 8 species)[4]
The genus likely originated in North America, with the oldest fossils of the genus being seeds from the EarlyOligocene (Rupelian) ofOregon, USA. Fossil species are also known from the Late Oligocene (Chattian) of Europe, but they appear to have become extinct in the region by theMiocene epoch. The fossil speciesCatalpa hispaniolae known fromDominican amber indicates the presence of the genus in the Caribbean by the Miocene. Fossil leaves from China indicate their presence in East Asia by the mid Miocene. The living North American speciesC. bignonioides andC. speciosa seem to have originated from a back-migration to North America from East Asia, probably during the late Miocene.[5]
The name derives from theMuscogee name for the tree, "kutuhlpa" meaning "winged head" and is unrelated to the name of theCatawba people.[6][7] The spellings "Catalpa" and "Catalpah" were used byMark Catesby between 1729 and 1732, andCarl Linnaeus published the tree's name asBignonia catalpa in 1753.[8][9]Giovanni Antonio Scopoli established the genusCatalpa in 1777.
The bean-like seed pod is the origin of the alternative vernacular namesIndian bean tree andcigar tree forCatalpa bignonioides andCatalpa speciosa, respectively.
The tree is the sole source of food for the catalpa sphinx moth (Ceratomia catalpae), the leaves being eaten by thecaterpillars. When caterpillars are numerous, infested trees may be completely defoliated. Defoliated catalpas produce new leaves readily, but with multiple generations occurring, new foliage may be consumed by subsequent broods. Severe defoliation over several consecutive years can cause death of trees. Because the caterpillars are an excellent live bait for fishing, some dedicated anglers plant catalpa mini-orchards for their own private source of "catawba-worms", particularly in thesouthern states.[10]
Catalpa is also occasionally used as atonewood in guitars.
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