Castilla–La Mancha is bordered byCastile and León,Madrid,Aragon,Valencia,Murcia,Andalusia, andExtremadura. Prior to its establishment as an autonomous community, its territory was part of theNew Castile (Castilla la Nueva) region along with the province of Madrid, except for Albacete province, which was part of the former Murcia region.
Castilla–La Mancha is located in the middle of theIberian Peninsula, occupying the greater part of the Submeseta Sur, the vast plain composing the southern part of theMeseta Central. The Submeseta Sur (and the autonomous community) is separated from the Submeseta Norte (and the community ofCastilla y León) by the mountain range known as theSistema Central. Despite this, the region has no shortage of mountain landscapes: the southern slopes of the aforementioned Sistema Central in the north, theSistema Ibérico in the northeast, and theSierra Morena andMontes de Toledo in the south.
Castilla–La Mancha is the third largest of Spain's autonomous regions, with a surface area of 79,463 square kilometres (30,681 sq mi), representing 15.7 percent of Spain's national territory.
The regional urban structure is polycentric, with no dominant central city.[8] Insofar the largest municipality (Albacete) is located in the peripheral southeast, Madrid (outside the region), exerts influence over the extension of the so-calledCorredor del Henares [es] into the province of Guadalajara (including the provincial capital) as well as the north of the province of Toledo.[8] The rest of urban centres lie on the central plains (with for example, the presence of intermediate agro-cities in La Mancha), contrasting with the sparsely populated mountains and other peripheral areas.[9]
The Meseta is the dominant landscape unit of a great part of the territory of Castilla–La Mancha: a vast, uniform plain with little relief.
The west-to-eastMontes de Toledo range cuts across the meseta separating the (northern)Tagus and the (southern)Guadiana drainage basins. The most outstanding peaks of this modest mountain range includeLa Villuerca (1,601 meters (5,253 ft)) andRocigalgo (1,447 meters (4,747 ft)).
In contrast, a more mountainous zone surrounds the Meseta and serves as the region's natural border. In the north of theProvince of Guadalajara, bordering Madrid andSegovia, is a mountain range forming part of theSistema Central, among which can be distinguished the mountain ranges Pela,Ayllón, Somosierra, Barahona and Ministra, with the headwaters of the riversJarama,Cañamares andHenares. The Sistema Central also penetrates the northwest of the province of Toledo: a southwest to northeast sub-range known as theSierra de San Vicente, bordered on the north by theTiétar and on the south by theAlberche and the Tagus, rising up to its maximum heights at the summits of Cruces (1373 m), Pelados (1331 m) and San Vicente (1321 m).[10]
The Pico del Cervunal (foreground) and the Pico del Lobo (background) inEl Cardoso de la Sierra. The Pico del Lobo stands as the tallest summit in the region at 2,273 metres above mean sea level.[11]
The territory of Castilla–La Mancha is divided into five principalwatersheds. TheTagus,Guadiana, andGuadalquivir drain into theAtlantic Ocean and theJúcar andSegura into theMediterranean Sea. The Tagus provides water for some 587,000 inhabitants in a watershed of 26,699 square kilometres (10,309 sq mi).[12] It includes the entire province of Guadalajara and the greater part of the province of Toledo, including the two largest cities of the latter province: the capital, Toledo, as well asTalavera de la Reina.
The Guadiana watershed extends 26,646 square kilometres (10,288 sq mi) in Castilla–La Mancha, 37 percent of that river's entire watershed, with a population of 583,259 inhabitants.[13] It includes the southern part of the province of Toledo, nearly all of the province of Ciudad Real (except the very south), the southwest of the province of Cuenca and the northwest of the province of Albacete. The Guadalquivir watershed extends over 5.2 percent[14] of the surface area of the autonomous community, extending 4,100 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi) through the southern parts of the provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete, including such important population center asPuertollano.[15]
The Júcar watershed had, in 2006, 397,000 inhabitants in an area of 15,737 square kilometres (6,076 sq mi), 19.9 percent of the Castillian-Manchegan territory and 36.6 percent of total of the Júcar watershed.[16] It includes the eastern parts of the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete, including their respective capitals. Finally, the 34 municipalities of southeastern Albacete fall in the Segura watershed, with an extent of 4,713 square kilometres (1,820 sq mi).[17]
Lack of a marine influence leads to much more extreme temperatures: hotter summers and quite cold winters, with a daily oscillation as high as 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) on some areas. Summer is the driest season, with temperatures often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), and temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) are common in several areas. In winter, temperatures often drop below 0 °C (32 °F), producing frosts on clear nights, and occasional snow on cloudy nights. Most of the community hascontinental influences, although the climate is not exactly continental, as the average temperatures in the coldest month are above 0 °C (32 °F). Annual temperature ranges can reach over 20 °C (68 °F).
Castilla–La Mancha is part of what has traditionally been calledEspaña Seca ("Dry Spain").Precipitation in general is relatively scarce, even in areas with a Mediterranean climate, although there are areas that receive more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in). Precipitation presents a notable gradient from the center of the region, where it does not surpass 400 millimetres (16 in) per year, to the mountains where it can exceed 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year, on the slopes of the Sierra de Gredos and theSerranía de Cuenca. The greater part of the region has less than 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain annually. The driest area of Castilla-La-Mancha is in the southeast of the community, near the border with theRegion of Murcia, where rainfall does not exceed 300 millimetres (12 in).[19]
Climate data for Castilla-La-Mancha (1991-2020), extremes (1920-present)
ThePinedo site [es] presents material linked to the transition from earlier settlers to the EarlyAcheulean.[21] Archaeological sites related to the Middle Acheulean in the current-day region lie on theCampo de Calatrava as well as in the source of the Villanueva river, theGuadiana catchment area and theSegura catchment area.[22] The Upper Acheulean sites are mostly located within the limits of the current-day province of Ciudad Real, substantially increasing in number and territorial spread across the region for the ensuingMiddle Paleolithic.[23] TheUpper Paleolithic in the region presents instances of theart of the Upper Paleolithic in the Serranía del Alto Tajo and the UpperJúcar.[24] There are instances ofCardium pottery in Caudete from theEarly Neolithic.[25]
The natural region ofLa Mancha presents a number of archaeological sites related to the so-calledCulture of Las Motillas of theBronze Age, tentatively considered as the earliest reported case of human culture in Western Europe able to implement a system of underground water collection, whose installment is possibly connected to the surface water crisis caused by the4.2 kiloyear event.[26] A number of these Bronze Age settlements, themotillas, were built overChalcolithic settlements.[27]
During theIron Age II (La Tène culture), the territory occupied by the current provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete had a larger influence fromPunic-Phoenician andGreek colonists, while the territory occupied by the current provinces of Toledo, Guadalajara and Cuenca was more influenced by the substrate of the earlierAtlantic Bronze, helping to line up the diffuse separation of two large groups of pre-Roman peoples ("Iberi" and "Celtiberi").[28]
Iberian-related peoples dwelling the southern rim of the inner plateau such as theOretani andContestani were organised in tribes ruled by a kinglet or chieftain, each one controlling a number of settlements.[29] The main cog of the Iberian form of settlement was theoppidum.[29] From the 7th century BC onward, the Celtiberian settlements were characterised instead by the somewhat smallercastros.[30]
Antiquity
In the 2nd century BC, by the time of the advent of the Roman conquest wars, the first actual cities had begun to grow in the inner plateau.[31] The Roman conquest brought substantial transformations to theCarpetani urban settlements, including the social division between slaves and freemen, the monetary economy, the fostering of manufacture and trade or the newRoman acculturation.[32]
The territory of the current region was mining-rich in Antiquity, with mentions in classical sources to the mining ofcinnabar fromSisapo [es],[33] silver, gold and other minerals such asselenite fromSegobriga and thelaminitanasharpening stone.[34]
Built from scratch on state initiative, the founding of the city ofReccopolis by Visigoths in the late 6th century was a singular development in the context of theEuropean Early Middle Ages.[35][36]
Following the 8th centuryMuslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, just after the 741Berber Revolt, the so-calledMiddle March ofAl-Andalus (al-Ťāğr al-Awsat) was created as territorial sub-division,[37] existing for the rest of the ensuing emiral and caliphal period of Al-Andalus. During this era, the Middle March had eminently a military nature, both shielding the core of Al-Andalus from the raids of the Northern Christian polities as well as serving as staging ground for Muslim offensive campaigns against the former.[38] Berber clans such as theMasmuda Banu-Salim (linked to the founders ofGuadalajara) or theHawwaraBanu Zennun (based in theKura of Santover [es]) had an important role in the Muslim settlement of parts of the Middle March.[39] The city of Toledo stood distinctly unruly towards the Cordobese authorities, and remained a major city of al-Andalus, preserving quite of its former importance and hosting a leading cultural centre that lasted even after the Christian conquest.[40]
As consequence of thefitna of al-Andalus in the early 11th century, an independent polity with its center in Toledo (theTaifa of Toledo), emerged, roughly occupying the territory of the current-day provinces of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Guadalajara and Cuenca (as well as that of Madrid),[41]
Delivery of the fortress ofUclés to the Master of the Order of Santiago in 1174.
Following the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085, the ensuing unsuccessful attempts by North-AfricanAlmoravids andAlmohads to take the city turned the territory of the inner plateau south of theTagus subject to extreme warfare for about a century and a half.[42] The military insecurity south of the Tagus constrained the colonisation process undertaken by the new Castilian rulers. This underpinned the features of a sparse population in the region; as a result, ranching became a mainstay of the economy, which later led to the leading role of themilitary orders.[43] The latter controlled over 20,000 km2 in the region of "La Mancha", managed from just 25 castles.[44] The weak Christian grip over the territory collapsed after their crushing defeat from the Almohads inAlarcos (1195).[44] Christian control south of the Tagus would only start to consolidate after the 1212battle of Las Navas.[45] The weak settlement and insecurity also allowed for countrysidebanditry (the so-calledgolfines) in the area of theMontes de Toledo until its progressive quelling, already effective by the late 13th century.[46] By that time, ruralbeekeepers self-organised to repel the predatory practices in themonte [es] by the golfines,[47] whose presence in the Montes de Toledo was further obliterated by the creation of the so-calledhermandades viejas by councils at Toledo, Talavera or Villa Real in the dawn of the 14th century.[48]
Despite a poorly representative degree of permeability,urban oligarchies in the current-day region during the Late Middle Ages were largely perpetuated by means of lineage, through inheritance and marriage.[49] Following the ascension of theTrastámaras, the territory of the current-day province of Toledo underwent a process of seigneuralization, and a number of non-religious lordships were progressively created in the area.[50] The 15th century also brought a growing importance of the political elites belonging to towns of the southern meseta in the affairs of the Crown of Castile relative to the prior uncontested preponderance of those elites from towns north of the Sistema Central.[51]
Modern history
16th-century map showing thewatermills in the Guadiana, a historically major grain milling centre in La Mancha.[52]
The current provincial configuration roughly dates from the1833 division by Javier de Burgos, establishing the outline of the modern provinces ofAlbacete,Ciudad Real,Cuenca,Guadalajara andToledo, bar relatively minor later adjustments. Albacete was part, together withMurcia of a wider region, whereas Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo formed a region together with theProvince of Madrid, "New Castile".[56] The justice administration stood in between the national and provincial levels of government (also unaligned with the purported regional classification insofar Albacete is concerned), with theaudiencia of Albacete managing the provinces of Albacete, Cuenca and Ciudad Real, and theaudiencia of Madrid managing the provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara (and that of Madrid).[56]
The aforementioned modifications to the 1833 division include the party of Villena (lost by Albacete toAlicante in 1836), Requena (lost by Cuenca toValencia in 1851),Villarrobledo (lost by Ciudad Real to Albacetec. 1846)[56] orValdeavero (lost by Guadalajara toMadrid in 1850).[57] The provincial government institution was theprovincial deputation.[58]
The agrarian capitalism favoured by the bourgeoisie in the 19th century enshrined an economy based on cereal commodities and the primary sector, favouring the leveling of the reduced industrial activity—chiefly textile—in the territory corresponding to the current-day region, whereas mining output—with sites such of the mercury deposits in Almadén or the coal deposits in Puertollano—remained below potential.[59] Asilver rush broke out in the mining district aroundHiendelaencina after 1844.[60] Large-scale mining oflead andzinc in San Quintín (province of Ciudad Real) ensued in between 1884 and 1934.[61] The arrival of railway transport in the mid 19th-century subordinated the interests of the provinces to those of Madrid and theLevante, although it fostered the development of some urban centres such as those ofAlcázar de San Juan,Manzanares andAlbacete.[59] The five provinces lost relative demographic weight relative to the national total over the course of the century.[59]
The territory of the current-day region was singularly affected by thedesamortizaciones, particularly those of Mendizábal and Madoz.[62] From 1836 to 1924 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) of land were auctioned (1,100,000 hectares of municipal properties and the rest church's property).[62] They were purchased by the political and economic elites of the country.[62]
Seeking to curb immigration to the Spanish capital, the so-called Madrid Decongestion Plan of 1959 created planned industrial estates in Alcázar de San Juan, Manzanares, Guadalajara, and Toledo.[63] The plan did not yield the expected results as Madrid kept growing and the industrial zones eventually stagnated.[64]
Under the auspices of the1978 Constitution, adecree-law was issued on 15 November 1978,[65] establishing the conditions of the "pre-autonomous regime" of the "Castilian-Manchegan region". A joint assembly of legislators andprovincial deputies of the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Toledo was established inManzanares in 1981 to draft the early sketch of the regional statute.[66] On 17 June 1982, theCongress of Deputies approved the final text of the regional statute (anorganic law), which was later published on 16 August 1982, giving birth to theautonomous community of "Castilla-La Mancha".[67][n. 1] The constituent process of the autonomous community was sealed with theelection of the first regional legislature in May 1983 and the ensuing investiture ofJosé Bono as regional president.[69] By December 1983 still less than half of citizens actually knew the autonomous community they belonged to.[69]
Since its opening in 1979 theTagus-Segura Water Transfer has caused a severe social-economic impact on the region, with the water resources available in the Tagus headwaters decreasing by about a 47.5% after 1980.[70]
According to the official data of theINE, Castilla–La Mancha consists of 919 municipalities, which amount to 11.3 percent of all the municipalities in Spain. 496 of these have less than 500 inhabitants, 231 have between 501 and 2,000 inhabitants, 157 between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, and only 35 have more than 10,000 inhabitants. The municipalities in the north are small and numerous, while in the south they are larger and fewer. This reflects different histories of how these sub-regions were repopulated during theReconquista.[citation needed]
The Organic Law 9/1982 (August 10, 1982), which is the Statute of Autonomy of Castilla–La Mancha established the flag of Castilla–La Mancha and the law 1/1983 (30 June 1983) established the coat of arms.
Seven different designs for a flag were proposed during the era of the "pre-autonomous" region. The selected design was that ofheraldist Ramón José Maldonado. This was made official in Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy:
One. The flag of the region consists of a rectangle divided vertically into two equal squares: the first, together with the mast, crimson red with a castle ofOr masoned insable and port and windows ofazure; the second, white.
Two. The flag of the region will fly at regional, provincial, or municipal public buildings, and will appear next to the Spanish flag, which will be displayed in the preeminent place; historic territories [provinces] may also be represented.[71]
The coat of arms of Castilla–La Mancha is based on the flag of the region, and not the other way around, as is more typical in heraldry. Article 1 of the law 1/1983 describes it as follows:
The coat of arms of the Communities of Castilla–La Mancha is party perpale. On thedexter [the statute literally says "On the firstquarter"], on a fieldgules a castleOr,embattled, port and windows of azure and masonedsable. On thesinister [the statute literally says "The second quarter"], a fieldargent. On thecrest, a royal crown enclosed, which is a circle of Or crimped with precious gems, composed of eightfinials, ofAcanthus mollis, five visible, topped by pearls and whose leaves emerge from diadems, which converge in a globe of azure or blue, with a semimeridian and the equator Or topped by a cross Or. The crown lined with gules or red.[72]
Some institutions of the region have adopted this coat of arms as part of their own emblem, among these the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha, the Consultative Council and theUniversity of Castilla–La Mancha.
Although Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy indicates that the region will have its own anthem, after more than 25 years no such anthem has been adopted. Among the proposed anthems have been the "Canción del Sembrador" ("Song of the Sower") from thezarzuelaLa rosa del azafrán byJacinto Guerrero, the "Canto a la Mancha" ("Song of La Mancha") by Tomás Barrera, and many others, such as one presented by a group of citizens fromVillarrobledo with the title "Patria sin fin" ("Fatherland without end").[73]
Article 8 of the Statute of Autonomy states that the powers of the region are exercised through the Junta of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha). Organs of the Junta are theCortes of Castilla–La Mancha, the President of the Junta and the Council of Government.
The Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha represent thepopular will through 33 deputies elected byuniversal adult suffrage through thesecret ballot. They are elected for a term of four years under aproportional system intended to guarantee representation to the various territorial zones of Castilla–La Mancha. The electoralconstituency is at the level of eachprovince, with provinces being assigned the following number of deputies as of 2023: Albacete, 7; Ciudad Real, 7; Cuenca, 5; Guadalajara, 5; and Toledo, 9. Article 10 of the Statute of Autonomy states that elections will be convoked by the President of the Junta of Communities, following the General Electoral Regime (Régimen Electoral General), on the fourth Sunday in May every four years. This stands in contrast to the autonomous communities of theBasque Country,Catalonia,Galicia,Andalusia and theValencian Community where the president has the power to convoke elections at any time.
Since the Spanishregional elections of 2023, the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha has consisted of 17 deputies from social democraticPSOE, 12 from conservativePeople's Party and 4 from far rightVox. The Cortes sits in the formerFranciscan convent in Toledo, theEdificio de San Gil ("San Gil building").
The Council of Government is the collegial executive organ of the region. It directs regional political and administrative action, exercises an executive function and regulatory powers under theSpanish Constitution of 1978, the Statute of Autonomy, and the laws of the nation and region. The Council of Government consists of the president, vice presidents (if any) and the Councilors.
The President of the Junta directs the Council of Government and coordinates the functions of its members. The president is elected by the Cortes from among its members, then formally named by themonarch of Spain. The president's official residence is thePalace of Fuensalida in Toledo.
Large parts of the region are experiencing a demographic decline. In contrast, besides the provincial capitals, two specific areas bordering the Madrid region associated to theMadrid metropolitan area have experienced a population growth well above the national average:La Sagra (around theA-42 highway) and theHenares Corridor (around theA-2).[74] Overall, as of 2016, theNUTS-2 region of Castilla–La Mancha featured an average index of demographic vulnerability of 30, similar to those of the European regions ofUpper Palatinate (Germany),Styria (Austria),Catalonia (Spain),Overijssel (Netherlands) andCampania (Italy).[74]
According to the official 11 January 2008 data of theINE Castilla–La Mancha has 2,043,100 inhabitants in its five provinces. Despite being the third largest of Spains communities by surface area (after Castilla y León and Andalusia), it is only the ninth most populous. Castilla–La Mancha has just 4.4 percent of Spain's population.
With an averagepopulation density of 25.71 per square kilometre (66.6/sq mi), Castilla–La Mancha has the least dense population in all of Spain: the national average is 88.6 per square kilometre (229/sq mi). Industrialized zones such as theHenares Corridor (along the riverHenares, a tributary of the Jarama) with a density of 126 per square kilometre (330/sq mi),[75] thecomarca ofla Sagra or the industrial zone ofSonseca are dramatically more dense than the region as a whole.
Thepopulation pyramid of Castilla–La Mancha is typical for a developed region, with the central zone wider than the base or the upper zone. The population between 16 and 44 years of age represents about 44 percent, from 45 to 64 about 21.3 percent, with those 15 and under constituting 15 percent and those over 65, 18 percent. These data show the progressive aging of thecastellanomanchego population.
The region has about 9,000 more males than females; in percentage terms, 50.3 percent versus 49.7 percent. This is opposite to Spain as a whole, where women constitute 50.8 percent of the population.
According to 2006 INE numbers, thebirth rate in Castilla–La Mancha is 10.21 per thousand inhabitants, lower than the national average of 10.92 per thousand. Thedeath rate is 8.83 per thousand inhabitants, higher than the national average of 8.42 per thousand.
Life expectancy at birth is one of the highest in Spain: 83.67 years for women and 77.99 years for men.
The 2020 report on urban areas in Spain published by theMinistry of Transports, Mobility and Urban Agenda identifies among theurban areas in the region (with population data referring to 2019) those of Albacete (173,329), Guadalajara (161,683), Toledo (123,509), Talavera de la Reina (94,028), Ciudad Real (90,114), Cuenca (54,690) and Puertollano (47,035).[78]
Castilla–La Mancha generates aGDP of €33,077,484,000, 3.4 percent of the Spanish GDP, placing it ninth among the 19 Spanish autonomous communities. GDP has been roughly 3.4 percent of the national GDP since at least 2000. Aper capita GDP of €17,339 places Castilla–La Mancha 17th among the 19 communities, with only Andalusia and Extremadura having lower per capita GDP; the national average is €22,152. Nonetheless, in the early to mid-1990s,Sonseca in the province of Toledo several times had the highest per capita income in Spain.
According to the statistics of the INE's Encuesta de Población Activa for the first trimester of 2007, the active work force of Castilla–La Mancha numbered 896,513 persons, of whom 827,113 were employed and 69,900 unemployed, giving a workforce density of 55.5 percent of the population and an unemployment rate of 7.7 percent.
Agriculture and husbandry, still the foundation of the local economy, constitutes 11.6 percent of regional GDP, and employs 9.9 percent of the active workforce.
Fifty-two percent of the soil of Castilla–La Mancha is considered "dry". Agricultural activities have historically been based on the cultivation ofwheat (37.0 percent),grapes (17.2 percent) andolives (6.6 percent). Castilla–La Mancha has some of the most extensive vineyards in Europe, nearly 700,000 hectares (1,700,000 acres). The vineyards are predominantly, but by no means exclusively, in the west and southwest of La Mancha. In 2005 the region produced 3,074,462 metric tons (3,389,014 short tons) of grapes, constituting 53.4 percent of Spain's national production. After grapes, the next most important agricultural product isbarley, 2,272,007 metric tons (2,504,459 short tons), 25.0 percent of the national total.
As of 2014, the region (primarily areas in the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete) was by far the largest producer ofgarlic in Spain, which was in turn the largest producer country in Europe.[80]Black truffle is produced in areas of the provinces of Guadalajara, Cuenca and Albacete.[81] The overwhelming majority of thesaffron produced in Spain (97%) originates from the region.[82]
The region concentrates the 81% ofpistachio-cultivated area in the country, which increased fortyfold in a decade becoming the first European producer and fifth worldwide in the early 2020s.[83]
In terms of agricultural productivity and income, since Spain's incorporation into theEuropean Union (EU) theprimary sector of the regional economy has evolved dynamically. Among the reasons for this are growth rates higher than the national average, as well as increased capitalization fostering specialization and modernization, including the integration an externalization of the sector, whereby activities previously performed on the farm are now performed elsewhere. These changes have been fostered by the regional articulation of the EU'sCommon Agricultural Policy. Since 1986, subsidies have played a significant role in this sector.
Animal husbandry plays a lesser, but not negiglible, role in the regional economy. 2005 statistics show 3,430,501 head of sheep, 1,602,576 pigs, 405,778 goats and 309,672 cattle; these last produce 224,692,000 liters (59,357,000 U.S. gal) of milk each year.
Apiculture (bee-keeping) is another significant part of the primary sector output, with 190,989 hives as of 4 October 2017.[84]
Partial view of the petrochemical complex atPuertollano.
Traditionally, Castilla–La Mancha has had little industrial production, due to several factors among which are low population density and a shortage of qualified workers. However, since Spain's incorporation into the EU, there has been much progress. Industry has been growing as a sector of the regional economy at a faster pace than nationally. July 2006 figures show the region as third among the autonomous communities in the rate of growth of the industrial sector. Regional industrial GDP grew 2.8 percent in 2000–2005, compared to 1 percent nationally for the same period.
The greatest obstacles to industrial growth in the region have been:[85]
As throughout Spain in recent decades, the construction sector is one of the strongest. It employs 15.6 percent of the work force and produces 10.1 percent of regional GDP. It is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the economy: growth in 2006 was 13.6 percent. Most of the construction sector, is housing, including a new city of 30,000 inhabitants,Ciudad Valdeluz inYebes, Guadalajara; 13,000 dwellings inSeseña, Toledo and theReino de Don Quijote complex in the province of Ciudad Real, with 9,000 dwellings and 4,000 hotel beds.
As of 2019, the regionaldefence industry ranks third in Spain after those of Madrid and Andalusia, with a 5.8% share of sales.[86] The bulk of the defence industry lies in cities such as Illescas, Toledo, Cedillo, Valdepeñas, Puertollano, Ciudad Real or Albacete.[87] TheAirbus Group is present in Illescas since 1992 and in Albacete (Airbus Helicopters) since 2005.[88]
Aphotovoltaic power plant inPorzuna, in September 2019, part of the largest photovoltaic complex in the region: Picón I, Picón II and Picón III, designed with a peak power production of 150MW.[89]
The region is rich in mineral resources, particularly the south, and they have been exploited since Antiquity.[93]
As of 2018, with 270 active mining sites (only one of them an underground mine), most of the extractive sector is dedicated toaggregates,clays,plasters and other mineral products, accounting for a 10.15% of active sites in Spain.[94]
The majority of the regional workforce—55.5 percent—is employed in the service sector, generating 49.8 percent of regional GDP, according to Economic and Social Council of Castilla–La Mancha (Consejo Económico y Social de Castilla–La Mancha, CES) data for 2006. Although a large sector of the regional economy, it is small by national standards: 67.2 percent of employment in Spain is in the service sector.[96] Counted in the service sector are commerce, tourism, hospitality, finance, public administration, and administration of other services related to culture and leisure.
In the area of tourism, there has been a great deal of growth, with Castilla–La Mancha becoming in recent decades one of the principal tourist destinations in the Spanish interior. During 2006 the region had more than 2 million tourists (3 percent more than the previous year) for a total of 3,500,000 overnight hotel stays.Rural tourism increased 14 percent in overnight stays in a single year. From 2000 to 2005 the number of hotel beds increased 26.4 percent to 17,245 beds in 254 hotels. In the same period, the number ofcasas rurales (for farm stays) increased 148 percent to 837 and the number of beds in such facilities 175 percent to 5,751.[98]
The Servicio de Salud de Castilla–La Mancha (SESCAM, "Health Service of Castilla–La Mancha"), part of the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social ("Council of Health and Social Welfare") is the entity in charge of health in Castilla–La Mancha. It is an integral part of Spain's National Health System, based on universal coverage, equal access, and public financing.
For the purposes of healthcare provision, the region is divided in 8 health areas (Albacete, la Mancha Centro, Guadalajara, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, and Puertollano).[99][100] Those are further subdivided in basic health zones.
Students in a rural high school in the province of Cuenca
The Junta of Castilla–La Mancha assumed responsibility for education in the autonomous community as of January 1, 2000, directly managing over 1,000 schools, with 22,000 teachers and 318,000 students.[101] In the 2006–2007 school year, the region had 324,904 students below the university level, of whom 17.7 percent were in private schools.[102] In that same year, the region had 1,037 schools[103] and 30,172 schoolteachers;[104] 15.2 percent of the schools were private.[103]
The decentralizedUniversity of Castilla–La Mancha was formally established in 1982 and has operated since 1985.There are four maincampuses, one each at Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca and Toledo, with classes also offered in Almadén, Talavera de la Reina and Puertollano. The university offers 54 degree programs (titulaciones). The province of Guadalajara stands outside the regional university, with its ownUniversity of Alcalá offering degrees in education, business, tourism, technical architecture, and nursing. TheNational University of Distance Education also offers services in the region through five affiliated centers, one in each province: Albacete (with an extension in Almansa), Valdepeñas, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Talavera de la Reina. Finally, theMenéndez Pelayo International University has a location in Cuenca.
In the 2005–06 school year, the region had 30,632 students enrolled at universities, down 1.0 percent from the previous year.[105]
Castilla–La Mancha has the most kilometers ofautopistas (a type oflimited access highway) andautovíasdual carriageways, with a total of 2,790 kilometres (1,730 mi).[106] The most heavily trafficked of these are the radial routes surrounding Madrid and the routes in and out of the city, but there are also routes within Castilla–La Mancha, and national and international routes that pass through the province, including highways in theInternational E-road network.
The regional government put into action aPlan Regional de Autovías with the objective that all municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants would be connected to anautovía. If it is completed, 96 percent of the region's population will live within 15 minutes of a high-capacity road.[107] Among the developed projects of this plan are:
Autovía de los Viñedos, 127 kilometres (79 mi) connecting Toledo and Tomelloso (completely in service).
Autovía de la Sagra, 85 kilometres (53 mi) connecting theAutovía A-5 with theAutovía A-4 (Tranches I and II under way, duplication of highway CM-4001 in the tendering of works phase).
Autovía del Júcar, 130 kilometres (81 mi), will connect Albacete to Cuenca (in project).
Autovía de la Alcarria: although initially contemplated in the Plan Regional de Autovías, the Ministry of Development has taken over the work. It will connect the Autovía del Este (Autovía A-4) with the Autovía del Nordeste (Autovía A-2) (currently being studied).
Thered autonómica—the road network of the autonomous community—currently extends 7,900 kilometres (4,900 mi), of which 1,836 kilometres (1,141 mi) correspond to the basic network, 5,314 kilometres (3,302 mi) to the comarcal networks and 750 kilometres (470 mi) to local networks.
Numerous long-distance rail lines (líneas de largo recorrido) pass through Castilla–La Mancha, most of them radiating out of Madrid. Some of these are high-velocity trains (Alta Velocidad EspañolaAVE):[108]
Two local commuter rail lines out of Madrid (Cercanías Madrid) pass through Castilla–La Mancha. The C-2 line stops inAzuqueca de Henares in the province of Guadalajara and in the city of Guadalajara itself. The C-3 toAranjuez used to stop atSeseña, but service to that station was discontinued in April 2007.
Air transport is marginal in the region. Castilla–La Mancha has two airports, theAlbacete Airport (nocargo transport and with an insignificant civilian use) and theCiudad Real Central Airport, which was affected by the2008 crisis and closed in 2012, although efforts have been pursued to reactivate the latter.[97] Relatively close airports outside the region include those inMadrid,Valencia andAlicante.[97]
As of 2020, the region features 644bienes de interés cultural (BIC) across the 5 provinces: Albacete (92), Ciudad Real (108), Cuenca (99), Guadalajara (104) and Toledo (238) plus another 3 transcending the provincial borders.[110]
The regional legislation in force concerning the cultural heritage dates from 2013. Restrictions on the modification of historical buildings or the use ofmetal detectors were introduced then.[111]
^A historical precedent for the denomination of Castilla-La Mancha, unbeknownst to the creators of the autonomous community, is the denomination of "Castilla-Mancha" for a region with capital in Toledo featured in a 1842 proposal of territorial organization of Spain devised by Federal Republicanist authorWenceslao Ayguals de Izco.[68]
^"La gestión del agua en Castilla–La Mancha"(PDF).Consejo Económico y Social de Castilla–La Mancha (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla–La Mancha. pp. 137–144. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved12 May 2008.
^Menor Salván, César; Jordá Bordehore, Luis; Gutiérrez Gómez, Alfonso (2005)."Las minas de plata de La Bodera (Guadalajara)"(PDF).De re metallica: Revista de la Sociedad Española para la Defensa del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero (5):37–44.ISSN1888-8615.
^"La bandera". Archived fromthe original on 2009-11-22. Retrieved17 November 2009.Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla–La Mancha, Artículo quinto.
Uno. La bandera de la región se compone de un rectángulo dividido verticalmente en dos cuadrados iguales: el primero, junto al mástil, de color rojo carmesí con un castillo de oro mazonado de sable y aclarado de azur y el segundo, blanco.
Dos. La bandera de la región ondeará en los edificios públicos de titularidad regional, provincial o municipal, y figurará al lado de la bandera de España, que ostentará lugar preeminente; también podrá figurar la representativa de los territorios históricos.
El escudo de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha es partido. En el primer cuartel, en campo de gules un castillo de oro almenado, aclarado de azur y mazonado de sable. El segundo cuartel, campo de argento plata. Al timbre, corona real cerrada, que es un círculo de oro engastado de piedras preciosas, compuesto de ocho florones, de hojas de acanto, visibles cinco, interpolado de perlas y de cuyas hojas salen sendas diademas sumadas de perlas, que convergen en un mundo de azur o azul, con el semimeridiano y el ecuador de oro sumado de cruz de oro. La corona forrada de gules o rojo.
^García Mariana, Federico J. (2 February 2001)."Himno de Castilla–La Mancha".Proyecto de himno oficial para Castilla–La Mancha (in Spanish). Archived fromthe original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved12 May 2008.
^"La Minería en Castilla-La Mancha".Portal de la minería. Direccion General Transición Energetica. Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha. Archived fromthe original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved5 June 2021.
^"Plan Regional de Autovías".Consejería de Ordenación del Territorio y Vivienda (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla–La Mancha. Archived fromthe original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved12 May 2008.
![The Pico del Cervunal (foreground) and the Pico del Lobo (background) in El Cardoso de la Sierra. The Pico del Lobo stands as the tallest summit in the region at 2,273 metres above mean sea level.[11]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aEl_Cardoso%2c_picos_1.jpg)
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