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Cassius Dio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Greco-Roman statesman and historian (c. 155–c. 235)
This article is about the historian. For the later consul who was a descendant, seeCassius Dio (consul 291).
Lucius Cassius Dio
17th century illustration of Dio
17th century illustration of Dio
Native name
Δίων Κάσσιος
Bornc. 165 AD
Diedc. 235 AD (aged approx. 70)
Bithynia
OccupationHistorian,senator,praetor,proconsul,consul
NationalityRoman
SubjectHistory
Notable worksHistory of Rome
RelativesCassius Apronianus (father),Cassius Dio (grandchild or great-grandchild)

Lucius Cassius Dio (c. 165 – c. 235),[i] also known asDio Cassius (Ancient Greek:Δίων ΚάσσιοςDion Kassios), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of thehistory of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival ofAeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequentfounding of Rome (753 BC), theformation of the Republic (509 BC), and thecreation of the Empire (27 BC) up until 229 AD, during the reign ofSeverus Alexander. Written inKoine Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history.

Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such asXiphilinus, a Byzantine monk of the 11th century, andZonaras, a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century.

Biography

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Lucius Cassius Dio[ii] was the son ofCassius Apronianus, aRoman senator and member of theCassia gens, who was born and raised atNicaea inBithynia.Byzantine tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher,Dio Chrysostom; however, this relationship has been disputed. Although Dio was aRoman citizen, he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "my home", as opposed to his description of his villa inCapua, Italy ("the place where I spend my time whenever I am in Italy").[4]

For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of thepublic service. He was a senator underCommodus and governor ofSmyrna following the death ofSeptimius Severus; he became asuffect consul in approximately the year 205. Dio was alsoproconsul inAfrica andPannonia.Severus Alexander held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul in 229. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native Bithynia, where he eventually died.[3][9]

Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather ofCassius Dio, consul in 291.[10]

Roman History

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Excerpt (78.8.6-78.11.1) of Cassius Dio's Roman History from a 5th-century manuscript.

Dio published aRoman History (Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία,Rhōmaïkḕ Historía) in 80 books inGreek, later translated into Latin as theHistoria Romana. On the matter of its composition, he writes the following: "I spent ten years in collecting all the achievements of the Romans from the beginning down to the death ofSeverus [211 AD], and twelve years more in composing my work. As for subsequent events, they also shall be recorded, down to whatever point it shall be permitted me".[11][12]

The books cover a period of approximately 1,400 years, beginning with the tales fromRoman mythology of the arrival of the legendaryAeneas in Italy (c. 1200 BC) and the founding of Rome by his descendantRomulus (753 BC); as well as the historic events of therepublican andimperial eras through 229 AD. The work is one of only three written Roman sources that document theBritish revolt of 60–61 AD led byBoudica.[13] Until the first century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events; after that period, his accounts become more detailed.

Dio's work has often been deprecated as unreliable and lacking any overall political aim.[14][15] Recently, however, some scholars have re-evaluated his work and have highlighted his complexity and sophisticated political and historical interpretations.[16][17][18]

Survey of surviving books and fragments

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The first 21 books have been partially reconstructed based on fragments from other works, as well as the 12th-centuryepitome ofJoannes Zonaras who used Dio'sRoman History as a main source. Scholarship on this part of Dio's work is scarce but the importance of theEarly Republic andRegal period to Dio's overall work has recently been underlined.[18] Books 22 through 35, which are only sparsely covered by fragments, were already lost by the times of Zonaras.[19]

The books that follow, Books 36 through 54, are all nearly complete; they cover the period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign ofPompey and the death ofMithridates to the death ofMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Book 55 contains a considerable gap, while Books 56 through 60 (which cover the period from 9–54 AD) are complete and contain events from the defeat ofVarus in Germany to the death ofClaudius.

Of the 20 subsequent books in the series, there remain only fragments and the meager abridgement ofJohn Xiphilinus, a Byzantine monk from the 11th century sponsored by emperorMichael VII Doukas. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with Book 35 and continues to the end of Book 80. The last book covers the period from 222 to 229 AD (the first half of the reign ofAlexander Severus).

Collections of book fragments

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The fragments of the first 36 books have been collected in four ways:

Fragmenta Valesiana
Fragments that were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, and lexicographers, and were collected byHenri Valois
Fragmenta Peiresciana
Large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices", contained in the collection, or portative library, compiled by order ofConstantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged toNicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
Fragmenta Ursiniana
The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work by Constantine, entitled "Of Embassies". These are known under the name ofFragmenta Ursiniana, as the manuscript in which they are contained was found inSicily byFulvio Orsini.
Excerpta Vaticana
Excerpta Vaticana byAngelo Mai contains fragments of Books 1 to 35 and 61 to 80. Additionally, fragments of an unknowncontinuator of Dio (Anonymus post Dionem), generally identified with the 6th century CE historianPeter the Patrician, are included; these date from the time ofConstantine. Other fragments from Dio that are primarily associated with the first 34 books were found by Mai in two Vatican manuscripts; these contain a collection that was compiled byMaximus Planudes. The annals ofJoannes Zonaras also contain numerous extracts from Dio.

Content

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An outline ofRoman History.

Books ofRoman History

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BookDescription
1TheFounding of Rome.
2The seven legendaryRoman Kings. The rape ofLucretia and her suicide, theOverthrow of the Roman monarchy and the shift towards a Republic.
3The earlyRoman Republic.
4Internal strife between plebes and patricians.Roman dictator is established as a concept and office.
5TheConflict of the Orders, paused during times of crisis.Wars with the Volsci,Etruscans,Aequi,and Sabines, and the treason ofCoriolanus. TheLaws of the Twelve Tables.
6The creation of the offices ofconsular tribune and ofcensor. Wars with theEtruscans,Faliscans, & withVeii.
7War with the Gauls & Latins. The Capitol besieged. Failed coup ofMarcus Manlius Capitolinus. Camillus serves several terms as dictator.
8War is fought with theSamnites and withCapua. The people's debts are annulled by the tribunes.
9War is fought withTarentum andEpirus. Epirus is led by KingPyrrhus
10Tarentum and Epirus are defeated. Rome intervenes in Volsinii by bolstering the nobility.
11First Punic War. Creation of Roman navy. Recounting ofRegulus
12Rome wins the First Punic War. War is fought with the Gauls, the Faliscans, Liguria, Corsica, and Sardinia. Rome begins intervention in Greek affairs.
13Start of theSecond Punic War.
14Second Punic War, continues.Fabius Maximus, elected dictator, pursues a policy of attrition.
15Second Punic War continues.Battle of Cannae &theSiege of Syracuse & Roman capture of Capua. Death ofArchimedes.
16Second Punic War continues.Scipio's success in Spain.
17End of Second Punic War and Roman victory.
18War withPhilip V of Macedonia,Battle of Cynoscephalae leads to Philip's defeat. The Carthaginians incite up the Gauls.Cato the Elder and his writings.
19Rome's dealings with Greece continued. War with Antiochus. Death ofHannibal in exile in Bithynia.
20War against Perseus & Dalmatia. Rome's dealings with Rhodes, Cappadocia, Egypt.
21Third Punic War. Carthage and Corinth destroyed.
22–29TheBacchanalia scandal. Wars in Spain, and against the Cimbri and Marsians. Discussion onTiberius Gracchus.
30–35Beginning of theMithridatic Wars.Sulla's civil war.
36The Armenian campaigns.Pompey's campaign against pirates
37The career ofPompey. Campaigns against the Asiatic Iberians, the annexation of Syria and Phoenicia, and theFirst Triumvirate (Crassus,Caesar, and Pompey).
38Exile of Cicero. Julius Caesar's first consulate.
39Gallic War, continued. Caesar crosses into Britain. Ptolemy expelled from Egypt and restored.
40Gallic War, continued. Caesar crosses into Britain a second time. Crassus is defeated and killed. Rift between Caesar and Pompey begins.
41Caesar and his armiescross the Rubicon.Battle of Dyrrhachium,Battle of Pharsalus, Pompey's defeat.
42Death of Pompey. Caesar given honors in Rome.
43Caesar defeats Scipio and the younger Gnaeus Pompey. Caesar's triumphs celebrated in Rome. Ground is broken for theForum of Caesar. The Julian calendar reforms issued.
44Caesar's cult of personality and his murder.
45Caesar's heirOctavian, and his character. TheSecond Triumvirate (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus). Rift between Antony and Octavian, and Cicero.
46Octavian's victory over Antony.
47Rule of the Third Triumvirate. Defeat of Brutus and Cassius at theBattle of Philippi.
48Third Triumvirate continued. Octavian and Antony ally with, then defeat Sextus Pompey.
49Octavian defeats Sextus Pompey and deprives Lepidus of his army and powers. Antony's defeat against the Parthians. Octavian conquers Pannonia. Rome acquires Mauretania.
50Octavian and Antony fight each other, the latter is decisively defeated in thebattle of Actium.
51Antony and Cleopatra. Suicide of Antony. Octavian conquers Egypt.
52Octavian prepares to become the sole ruler of Rome.
53Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome, and in doing so ushers in the imperial period. Organization of provincial administration is discussed.
54Consolidation of power by Octavian, now calledAugustus. Roman rule extends to Rhaetia, Noricum, the Maritime Alps, and the Chersonesus.
55Dedication of the Precinct of Livia, the Campus Agrippae, the Diribitorium, the Temple of Mars. Tiberius retires to Rhodes. Augustus' heirs both die young. Empress Livia rises in influence.
56The Disaster of Varus. Dedication of the Temple of Concord and the Portico of Livia. Death of Augustus and his funeral.
57Tiberius assumes emperorship, his reign and character. Cappadocia becomes Roman. Deaths of Drusus and Germanicus Caesar.
58Rise and fall ofSejanus. Continuation of Tiberius's reign, his consolidation of his hold on power, and his death.
59Accession and reign ofCaligula.
60–61Accession and reign ofClaudius. Britain conquered. Claudius dies, poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Nero assumes the emperorship.
62Agrippina the Younger is put to death. Nero's reign includes the revolt ofBoudicca and theGreat Fire of Rome.Domitius Corbulo conquers Armenia. Seneca's plot and suicide.
63Nero's reign continued, and his suicide. Vespasian begins theFirst Jewish–Roman War. The brief reigns of Galba and Otho.
64The reign ofVitellius.
65Vespasian's reign. His son Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys theSecond Temple, winning theFirst Jewish War. Vespasian subdues Egypt. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus rebuilt.
66Upon the death of Vespasian,Titus assumes the emperorship for two years and his reign. The eruption of Vesuvius that buried Pompeii.
67The reign and character ofDomitian.
68The brief reign ofNerva. Reign ofTrajan. TheDacian Wars end in Roman victory. Successful campaigns in Armenia and Parthia. A major earthquake centered in Antioch. Trajan dies.
69Trajan's adoptive sonHadrian succeeds to the throne. His character and interests. Antinous. Hadrian brutally suppresses theBar Kokhba revolt. Hadrian's protracted illness and death.
70The reign ofAntoninus Pius.
71Marcus Aurelius assumes the emperorship. The war against Vologaesus in Armenia. Roman bridge-building techniques are discussed.
72Wars against the Marcomanni and the Iazyges. Cassius's revolt in Syria ends in his death. Character of Marcus Aurelius.
73The reign of Marcus Aurelius' sonCommodus and his character. His assassination.
74The reign and assassination ofPertinax.Didius Julianus wins power by purchasing it from thePraetorian Guard. Julianus's reign, and his assassination.
75Septimius Severus rise to the emperorship and his suppression of a rebellion.
76Severus defeats Albinus. War in Caledonia, and second siege of Hatra in Mesopotamia: neither one particularly successful. Power of Plautianus, prefect of the city.
77Eruption of Vesuvius. The downfall of Plautianus. Severus's campaign and death.
78Caracalla's reign as emperor. The wars he fought, his character and his mass killings of Alexandrians are discussed.
79Caracalla falls to Macrinus. Macrinus and his reign. Macrinus' reign primarily occupied with civil war. He is overthrown by Elagabalus.
80The reign ofElagabalus, who is overthrown due to his excesses.Severus Alexander assumes the throne.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^He was namedpraetor byPertinax (r. 194 AD) and assumed the office in 195 AD. Given that the minimum age for such office was 30, his birth date is given as 165, 164 or 163 AD.[1][2][3][4] Some authors argue that he was born earlier, in about 155 AD, but this is usually not accepted.[5] He probably died a few years beforeAlexander Severus's death in 235, but there is no way to determine this.[1]
  2. ^The name "Lucius" is attested byAE1985, 821. Another inscription (AE1971, 430) attests "Cl(audius) Cassius Dio", but the extra letter is probably a stone cutter's error.[6][7] Dio is also alleged to have had thecognomen "Cocceianus", but Alain Gowing argues that the evidence for it is insufficient, and the ascription is a Byzantine confusion withDio Chrysostom, whom Pliny shows to be named Cocceianus.[8]

References

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  1. ^abSwan, Peter Michael (2004).The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56. Oxford University Press. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-19-516774-0.Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved2023-06-02.
  2. ^Millar, Fergus (1964).Study of Cassius Dio.Oxford University Press. p. 250.ISBN 0-19-814336-2.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  3. ^abScott, Andrew G. (2018).Emperors and Usurpers: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History. Oxford University Press. p. 1.ISBN 978-0-19-087959-4.Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved2023-06-02.
  4. ^abPotter, David Stone (2004).The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395. Psychology Press. p. 72.ISBN 978-0-415-10057-1.Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved2023-06-02.
  5. ^Riesner, Rainer (1998)."Cassius Dio".Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 167–174.ISBN 978-0-8028-4166-7.Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved2023-06-02.
  6. ^Oxford Classical Dictionary,"Cassius Dio".Archived 2021-07-09 at theWayback Machine
  7. ^Dio's name:L'Année épigraphique 1971, 430 = Κλ΄ Κάσσιος Δίων.Roman Military Diplomas, Roxan, 133 =L. Cassius Dio.
  8. ^Gowing, Alain (January 1990),"Dio's Name",Classical Philology,85 (1):49–54,doi:10.1086/367176,JSTOR 269480,S2CID 161453524
  9. ^Carter, John (1987).The Reign of Augustus. London: Penguin Books. pp. 1.ISBN 978-0-14-044448-3.
  10. ^Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1971)."Cassius Dio".Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. I.Cambridge University Press. p. 253.ISBN 978-0-521-20159-9.
  11. ^Roman History, Book 73.23.Loeb Classical Library.
  12. ^See alsoKemezis, Adam M. (2014)."The date of composition of Dio's history".Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–293.ISBN 978-1-107-06272-6.Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved2023-06-02.
  13. ^Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016).Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England. Routledge. p. 22.ISBN 978-1-317-17296-3.Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved2023-06-02.
  14. ^Millar, Fergus (1964).A Study of Cassius Dio. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  15. ^Lintott, A. (1997). "Cassius Dio and the history of the late Roman republic".Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt.34 (3):2497–2523.
  16. ^Lange, Carsten Hjort; Madsen, Jesper Majbom, eds. (2016).Cassius Dio: Greek intellectual and Roman politician. Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-33531-8.OCLC 964448138.
  17. ^Fromentin, Valérie; Bertrand, Estelle; Coltelloni-Trannoy, Michèle; Molin, Michel; Urso, Gianpaolo, eds. (2016).Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures. Bordeaux: Ausonius.
  18. ^abBurden-Strevens, C.; Lindholmer, M.O. (2018). Burden-Strevens, Christopher; Lindholmer, Mads (eds.).Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome(PDF). Brill.doi:10.1163/9789004384552.ISBN 978-90-04-38455-2.S2CID 166209848.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved2022-04-10.
  19. ^Roman History, Introduction.Loeb Classical Library.

Further reading

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Library resources about
Cassius Dio
By Cassius Dio

External links

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Preceded byRoman consul
229
withSeverus Alexander		Succeeded by
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Bar Kokhba coin displaying the Temple in Jerusalem
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