 | It has been suggested that this article besplit into articles titledWheelwright andWooden wheel. (Discuss)(February 2025) |
 A wheelwright taps felloes onto spoke ends | |
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Activity sectors | Trades |
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Awheelwright is acraftsman who builds or repairswoodenwheels. The word is the combination of "wheel" and the word "wright" (which comes from theOld English word "wryhta", meaning a worker or shaper of wood) as inshipwright andarkwright.[1] This occupational name became the EnglishsurnameWright. It also appears in surnames likeCartwright andWainwright. It corresponds with skilful metal workers being calledSmith.
These tradesmen made wheels forcarts (cartwheels),wagons (wains), traps and coaches and the belt drives of steam powered machinery. They also made the wheels, and often the frames, forspinning wheels. First constructing the hub (called the nave), thespokes and the rim segments called felloes,[2] and assembling them all into a unit working from the center of the wheel outwards. Most wheels were made fromwood, but other materials have been used, such asbone andhorn, for decorative or other purposes. Some earlier construction for wheels such as those used in early chariots were bound byrawhide that would be applied wet and would shrink whilst drying, compressing and binding the woodwork together. After many centuries wheels evolved to be straked with iron, a method of nailing iron plates onto the felloes to protect against wear on the ground and to help bind the wheel together. Straking was considered to be a less skilled practice and could be done with less knowledge and equipment, this made the wheels easier to service without the need for a blacksmith.
Over millennia the overall appearance of the wheel barely changed but subtle changes to the design such as dishing and staggered spokes helped keep up with the demands of a changing world. These small changes in design made a massive improvement to the strength of the wheel whilst reducing its weight; vehicles then became more efficient to build and use.
Early wooden wheels were solid, made from slabs of trees. They were heavy but the simple construction did not requiring much skill. Wheels with spokes were lighter. They could be constructed with smaller trees and built larger in diameter because they were not limited by the size of trees in the region. However, spoked wheels required precise spacing and careful calculations to construct a perfect circle. It is thought that the special craft of wheelwright started with the invention of the spoke. Rural areas without access to a wheelwright continued to make solid wheels.[3]: 85–86
Due to the skill and experience required for making wheels, in Europe the wheelwright was formed into an identifiable trade.[3]: 149
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The basic parts of a wooden wheel are nave (or hub), spokes, felloes (felly) and tyre (tire).[3][4]
Thenave is the central block of the wheel. In a wooden-spoked wheel, the nave acts as thehub. One end of each spoke is set into the nave in a process calledtennoning. In older wheels, the nave had a 6-inch sleeve that fit over the axle to keep the wheel from wobbling; it required frequent greasing. More modern carriage wheels usebearings.[4]: 197 [3]: 232
Spokes are wooden sticks that fit into the nave at one end, and into the felloe at the other end.[4]: 251 [3]: 233
Afelloe is one of several curved pieces of wood that when pieced together make the rim of a wheel. They are fitted onto the outer ends of the spokes. Sometimes spelled "felly".[4]: 119 [3]: 231 The number of felloes required to make a circle varied by region, era and size of wheel—with a minimum of two half-circles of bent wood, to multiple felloes per wheel with at least two spokes per felloe.[3]: 83
Therim is the outer edge of a wheel, although some refer to the tyre as rim.[3]: 233
Thetyre ortire is a protective strip that goes outside the felloes. Tyres were make of iron or steel, usually as a hoop and fitted hot around the rim. As it cooled and shrank it tightened the joints of the spokes-to-felloes and spokes-to-nave, strengthening the wheel and making it more rigid.[4]: 158 Metal tyres are very noisy on hard road surfaces, so many carriages wheels were made with solid rubber tyres fitted into a metal channel.[4]: 71, 162, 298
Due to age or dry climate, a wheel would shrink and the metal hoop tyre would become loose. Routinely, the hoop would be removed, 'shrunk', heated and refitted to make the wheel tight again. Tools to shrink the hoops were called "tire upsetters" or "tire shrinkers".[5][6]
During the industrial age, iron strakes were replaced by a solidiron tyre custom made by ablacksmith after the wheelwright had measured each wheel to ensure proper fit. Iron tyres were always made slightly smaller than the wheel in circumference. They were expanded by heating in a fire, and while hot they were hammered, and pulled by a levered hook, onto the rim of the wheel. The hot tyre was then cooled by placing it into water. This shrank it onto the wood, and closed the wooden joints. Tyres were fastened to the wheels with nails, or tyre bolts. The metal tyres were drilled before being placed on the wheel. Tyre-bolts were less likely than tyre-nails to fall off because they were bolted through the felloes. Both countersunk and flush finished to the wheel's outer surface.
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During the second half of the 19th century, the use of pre-manufactured iron hubs and other factory-made wood, iron and rubber wheel parts became increasingly common. Companies such asHenry Ford's developed manufacturing processes that soon made the village wheelwright obsolete. With the onset of twoworld wars, the trade soon went into decline and was very rare by the 1960s and almost extinct by the year 2000. However, owing to the efforts of organisations like the Worshipful Company of Wheelwrights, wheelwrights still continue to operate in the UK.[7]
In modern times, wheelwrights continue to make and repair a wide variety of wheels, including those made from wood and banded by iron tyres. The wordwheelwright remains a term usually used for someone who makes and repairs wheels for horse-drawn vehicles, although it is sometimes used to refer to someone who repairs wheels, wheel alignment, rims,drums,discs and wirespokes on modern vehicles such asautomobiles,buses andtrucks. Wheels forhorse-drawn vehicles continue to be constructed and repaired for use by people who use such vehicles forfarming, competitions and presentations of historical events such asreenactments andliving history.
A modern wooden wheel generally consists of three main parts, thenave or hub at the centre of the wheel, the spokes radiating out from the centre and thefelloes or rims around the outside. Generally the wheel would be bound by a steel or iron tyre depending on its historical period and purpose.
The main timbers used in a traditional wooden wheel are elm for the nave, oak for the spokes and ash for the felloes although this can vary in some areas depending on availability of timber, climate, and style of production. Sometimes hickory is substituted for oak and ash as it is easier to bend for mass production and is quite springy for light wheels that require a bit of flexibility.
The elm is used for its interwoven grain, this prevents the nave from splitting with the force of the spokes being driven in tight.
The oak is used because it doesn't bend, compress or flex and transfers any load pressures directly from the felloes to the nave.
The ash is used for its flexibility and springy nature, this acts as a form of suspension and protects against shock damage.
In the second half of the 20th century, wheelwright training faded away due to a lack of demand for new wooden wheels. The skills were kept alive by small businesses, museums, societies and trusts such as TheColonial Williamsburg Foundation (USA) and TheCountryside Agency (UK).
TheWorshipful Company of Wheelwrights in London (UK) maintains a flourishing (government-backed) apprenticeship scheme that began in 2013.
Colonial Williamsburg (USA) has an ongoing apprenticeship program and has recently (2016) taken on new apprentices.
Wheelwright: The person who makes wheels and puts on the tyres.
