| Carson–Iceberg Wilderness | |
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| Location | Alpine County /Tuolumne County, Sierra Nevada Mountain range, California |
| Nearest city | Markleeville, California |
| Coordinates | 38°27′02″N119°44′57″W / 38.45056°N 119.74917°W /38.45056; -119.74917 |
| Area | 160,000 acres (650 km2) |
| Established | 1984 |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service / USDA |
TheCarson–Iceberg Wilderness is a federalwilderness area located 80 miles (130 km) northeast ofStockton, California. It encompasses 160,000 acres (650 km2)[1] and was designated by theCalifornia Wilderness Act of 1984. It protects an area of High Sierra landscape with elevations from 4,800 feet (1,500 m) to 11,462 feet (3,494 m) along the Sierra Mountains from Ebbetts Pass toSonora Pass in the south.[2] TheUS Forest Service manages the wilderness which is in both theStanislaus National Forest and theHumboldt–Toiyabe National Forest.
Located in the wilderness are theheadwaters of theCarson River draining the east side of the crest, as well as the North and Middle Forks of theStanislaus River on the west slopes.
The name Carson–Iceberg comes from two prominent geographical features: the Carson River (named for noted scout and explorerKit Carson) and the distinctive granite formation called "The Iceberg" on the southern boundary near Clark Fork Road.
Historical highlights:Jedediah Smith crossed theSierra Nevada Range near Ebbetts Pass sometime in 1827, and the first immigrant party ofBartleson–Bidwell crossed over in 1841 near Sonora Pass.
The wilderness supports large herds ofmule deer and there is also good habitat forblack bear, which have become a problem due to an insatiable appetite for backpackers' food.[3]Theforest cover consists oflodgepole pine,Jeffrey pine, aspen,Sierra juniper andcurl-leaf mountain mahogany.
The Carson–Iceberg Wilderness supports a native population of the onlyPaiute cutthroat trout in existence in the drainages of Silver King Creek, a tributary of the East Fork Carson River. They were listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 and upgraded to threatened status in 1973 with the passage of theEndangered Species Act (ESA) which allowed regulated fishing of the Paiute. Historically, theUS Fish and Wildlife Service believe the Paiute trout only occupied the Silver King Creek and its tributaries below the barrier of LLewellyn Falls, and around 1912 were introduced to other streams where the Paiute hybridized with the Lahonton and rainbow trout species.[4]: p11
The "revised recovery plan"[4] by the US Fish and Wildlife Service seeks to remove nonnative fish from the environment, protect habitat for the current populations of Paiute trout, both within the historical range of the Silver King Creek watershed and the other streams in the region, such as North Fork Cottonwood Creek, and lastly, to study the Paiute trout to better understand the population trends.[4]: p13
The main distinguishing characteristic is the lack of spots on the body. The closely relatedLahontan cutthroat trout has between 50 and 100 spots whereas the Paiute may have up to nine, but rarely more than five.[4]: p6
The Paiute trout require a habitat of clean, well-oxygenated, moving water with gravel bottoms and quiet pools near riparian zones. They reach maturity in 2 years, spawn during June and July with eggs hatching in 6–8 weeks and the fry emerging from the gravel in 2–3 weeks. The rate of growth depends on water temperature and food access, with the Silver King Creek Paiute having been measured at 13.5 inches. Predators include the water shrew and the dipper, a bird that can go underwater to feed. Humans impact the Paiute trout as the fish show a lack of wariness to anglers, possibly because of the high elevation environment and lack of predators. Serious population declines have occurred from moderate to light fishing of the trout.[4]: p22
Also in the Silver King Creek watershed are theSierra Nevada yellow-legged frog,mountain yellow-legged frog and theYosemite toad.[4]: pp17–19
A permit is required from May to October for overnight visits into the wilderness but can be used to visit more than one wilderness area in a single trip. There is a limit of 15 people and 25 stock in the wilderness.Leave No Trace methods of wilderness travel are highly encouraged by the US Forest Service.
Here is an example of climate trends that can be seen in the wilderness at about 7800 feet.
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